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Chapter 5
Dietary Components Consisting of Bioactive Molecules in the Prevention of Neurodegenerative
Diseases................................................................................................................................................. 73
Aynur Müdüroğlu Kırmızıbekmez, Nisantasi University, Turkey İhsan Kara, SANKARA Brain and Biotechnology Research Center, Turkey
Chapter 6
Gut Effect on Phytochemicals .............................................................................................................101
Fatma Cebeci, Bayburt University, Turkey
Chapter 7
Medicinal Plants for Gastrointestinal Diseases ................................................................................... 124
Bui Thanh Tung, VNU University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam National University,
Hanoi, Vietnam
Nguyen Thi Nhung, VNU University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam National
University, Hanoi, Vietnam
Duong Thi Hai Linh, VNU University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam National
University, Hanoi, Vietnam
Ngo Thi Hue, VNU University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam National University,
Hanoi, Vietnam
Chapter 8
Current Status of Commercial Anticancer Phytochemicals and Their Derivatives: Natural
Anticancer Bioactive Compounds ......................................................................................................141
Nikhil Mehta, Kurukshetra University, India Kritika Mehta, Kurukshetra University, India Raman Saini, Kurukshetra University, India
Chapter 9
Medicinal Plants for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes .....................................................................163
Bui Thanh Tung, VNU University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam National University,
Hanoi, Vietnam
Nguyen Thi Ngoc Huyen, VNU University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam National
University, Hanoi, Vietnam
Chapter 10
Efficacy of Phytochemicals and Natural Products in the Management/Treatment of
Neurodegenerative Diseases ............................................................................................................... 178
Johnson Olaleye Oladele, Kings University, Nigeria Oluwaseun Titilope Oladele, Osun State University, Nigeria Taiwo S. Adewole, Kings University, Nigeria Oyedotun M. Oyeleke, Kings University, Nigeria Adenike T. Oladiji, University of Ilorin, Nigeria
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Chapter 11
Phytochemicals as Antimicrobial Agents: Applications in Infectious Diseases ................................. 211
Oluwaseun Titilope Oladele, Osun State University, Nigeria Modupe O. Aladejana, Kings University, Nigeria Taiwo Scholes Adewole, Kings University, Nigeria Boyede D. Olowookere, Kings University, Nigeria Johnson O. Oladele, Kings University, Nigeria
Chapter 12
The Use of Plant Extracts as Potential Cancer Agents: Approach to Plant-Derived Cancer Drugs ... 246
Gizem Akman, Istanbul University, Turkey
Section 2
Biological Activities of Medicinal Plants and Natural Bioactive Compounds
Chapter 13
Beneficial Effects of Moringa oleifera Seed Oil Bioactive Compounds ............................................. 268
Karima Gharsallah, Physics laboratory of Soft Matter and Electromagnetic Modeling,
Faculty of Science of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia & Process Engineering Department, Higher Institute of Technological Studies of Zaghouan, Tunis, Tunisia
Leila Rezig, University of Carthage, Tunisia & National Institute of Applied Sciences and
Technology, Tunisia & High Institute of Food Industries, Tunisia
Nesrine Mahfoudhi, Laboratory of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Biotechnology Center
in Borj-Cedria Technopole, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia & Department of Biotechnology, University of Kairouan, Sidi Bouzid, Tunisia
Chapter 14
Bioactive Compounds of Cucurbitaceae Seed Oils as Nutraceuticals and Health-Promoting
Substances ........................................................................................................................................... 292
Leila Rezig, High Institute of Food Industries, Tunisia Karima Gharsallah, Faculty of Science of Tunis, Tunisia Nesrine Mahfoudhi, University of Kairouan, Tunisia
Chapter 15
Experimental Informational Compilation on Isolation From Herbal Sources and Biological
Activity of Rosmarinic Acid ............................................................................................................... 314
Ayse Kuruuzum-Uz, Hacettepe University, Turkey Seren Gundogdu, Hacettepe University, Turkey
Chapter 16
The Importance of Arugula (Eruca sativa) and Pharmacological Effects of Different
Phytochemical Components in Its Content for Human Health ........................................................... 327
Özlem Ateş Duru, Nişantaşı University, Turkey Fatma Özsel Özcan Araç, Haliç University, Turkey Ozan Aldemir, Kocaeli Health and Technology University, Turkey
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Chapter 17
Overview of Extraction, Isolation, and Bioavailability Enhancement of Resveratrol:
Phytochemistry and Bioavailability of Resveratrol ............................................................................. 341
Seren Gundogdu, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Turkey Ayse Kuruuzum-Uz, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Turkey
Chapter 18
Phytochemicals From Mangroves and Their Anti-Viral Applications ................................................350
Raghunath Satpathy, Gangadhar Meher University, India Sonali Acharya, Gangadhar Meher University, India
Chapter 19
Anticancer Effect of Aristolochia tagala and Curcuma caesia Acting Through Tumor Necrosis
Factor-α: Mediated Nuclear Factor κB Pathway ................................................................................. 366
Khetbadei Lysinia Hynniewta Hadem, North Eastern Hill University, India Lakhon Kma, North Eastern Hill University, India Rajeshwar N. Sharan, North Eastern Hill University, India Arnab Sen, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Research Center for North East Region,
India
Chapter 20
Essential Oils and Their Biological Applications: Extraction methods, Types, Biological
Activities, Antimicrobial Fumes ......................................................................................................... 395
Minky Mukhija, Ch. Devi Lal College of Pharmacy, India Ankush Sundriyal, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, India Aanchal Loshali, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, India
Section 3
Advanced Biological Technologies in Herbal Drug Discovery
Chapter 21
Implications and Future Perspectives of Nanomedicine and Plant-Based Biogenic Nanoparticles
(NPs) for Cancer Management............................................................................................................414
Ajeet Singh, ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley of Research, India Neha Patwa, Kurukshetra University, India Nikhil Mehta, Kurukshetra University, India Ankita Gautam, Gautam Budha University, India Priyanka Mishra, University of Texas, USA Masoumeh Majidi Zolbin, University of Texas, USA Kanchan Joshi, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, India Navneet Bithel, Gurukul Kangri University, India
Chapter 22
Nano Particle-Based Targeted Drug Delivery for Effective Treatment of Cancer Disease: Current
Updates and Future Prospective .......................................................................................................... 432
NISHA Rana, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, India
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Chapter 23
Role of Herbal Bioactive Compounds as a Potential Bioavailability Enhancer for Active
Pharmaceutical Ingredients ................................................................................................................. 450
Barbara Sawicka, University of Life Science in Lublin, Poland Parisa Ziarati, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Iran Mohammed Messaoudi, Nuclear Research Centre of Birine (CRNB), Djelfa, Algeria &
Chemistry Department, University of Hamma Lakhdar El-Oued, Algeria Jinous Agarpanah, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Iran Dominika Skiba, University of Life Science in Lublin, Poland Bernadetta Bienia, Carpathian State College in Krosno, Poland Piotr Barbaś, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute-National Research Institute,
Jadwisin Research Center, Poland Abdelkrim Rebiai, University of Hamma Lakhdar El-Oued, Algeria Barbara Krochmal-Marczak, Carpathian State College in Krosno, Poland Farhood Yeganehpoor, University of Tabriz, Iran
Chapter 24
Bioavailability and Bio-Accessibility of Phytochemical Compounds ................................................ 496
Pinki Saini, University of Allahabad, India Mazia Ahmed, University of Allahabad, India
Chapter 25
Essential Oils and Their Biological Application in Drug Discovery: Essential Oil as Potential
Drug Leads .......................................................................................................................................... 521
Chandrasekaran Sankaranarayanan, Annamalai University, Tamilnadu, India
Compilation of References ............................................................................................................... 539
About the Contributors .................................................................................................................... 709
Index ................................................................................................................................................... 718
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Detailed Table of Contents

Preface ................................................................................................................................................xxv
Acknowledgment .............................................................................................................................. xxxi
Section 1
Phytochemicals in Disease Management and Herbal Drug Discovery
Chapter 1
Therapeutic Utilization of Bioactive Compounds and Phytochemicals: A Current Scenario and
Future Prospective ................................................................................................................................... 1
Himani Sharma, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, India Aashaq Hussain Bhat, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchatel, Switzerland Ashok Kumar Chaubey, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, India
Bioactive compounds are compounds that are naturally extracted from plants and microbes. They are designated as energy-dense molecules because they play an important role in the normal functions and metabolic pathways of life. Not all bioactive compounds have positive impacts on pathways, and some have negative consequences as well. It has been observed that these derived bioactive compounds possess remarkable characteristics such as healing, anti-cancerous, anti-oxidant, etc. Phytochemicals are the bioactive compounds that are present in foods and possess the ability to interfere positively with the metabolism of human health. They have been classified as alkaloids, terpenoids, phytosteroides, resveratrol, and cardiac glycosides. It has been observed that these bioactive compounds are the center of attraction in the drug discovery areas which are utilized against various diseases as plants and microbes are exploited for the extraction of bioactive compounds.
Chapter 2
Decoction and Their Biological Activities ........................................................................................... 23
Ankit Kumar, Kumaun University, India Rashi Miglani, Kumaun University, India Nagma Parveen, Kumaun University, India Gaurav Rawat, Kumaun University, India Mahendra Rana, Kumaun University, India Satpal Singh Bisht, Kumaun University, India
Modern procedures and unique approaches to therapeutic modification get a boost from ethnic expertise. Ayurvedic medicine is a specialized form of traditional medicine that developed in India and the
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surrounding subcontinents. Decoction is a basic Ayurvedic dose form that is one of the most commonly used and thought to be one of the most effective in traditional medicine. Plant ingredients are chopped into small pieces and soaked in a certain amount of water in an earthenware pot and other vessels to make decoctions. Polyherbal formulations, such as decoctions, have long been used in Ayurveda to treat a variety of ailments. It has been discovered that decoction can aid in the treatment and prevention of a variety of diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, nasal diseases, allergic rhinitis, cancer, jaundice, liver disorders and metabolic diseases, cold pathogenic diseases, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and so on. This chapter delves into one of the oldest types of extractions utilized by our forefathers to treat a variety of ailments.
Chapter 3
Role of Medicinal Plants and Herbs in Veterinary Medicine ...............................................................32
Bhumika Varshney, Mangalayatan University, India Sumit Malik, Shoolini University, India Ajeet Singh, Gurukul Kangri University, India Nikhil Mehta, Kurukshetra University, India
Ethnoveterinary medicine is a branch of ethnobotany concerned with the study of traditional remedies. Ethnoveterinary methods are as old as domestication of numerous livestock species when it comes to animal healthcare. Herbal medicine has experienced a variety of conceptual modifications over time, yet its tone has stayed mostly same from antiquity to the present. Antibacterial, antifungal, insecticidal, and antioxidant action has been demonstrated for plants. Herbal treatment strives to not only cure the underlying cause of the illness, but also to reverse aberrant symptoms and restore the animals’ health and vigour.
Chapter 4
Plant Extracts With Antibiotic Effect ................................................................................................... 49
Mona Luciana Gălăţanu, Titu Maiorecu University, Romania Mariana Panţuroiu, Titu Maiorescu University, Romania Mariana Popescu, Titu Maiorescu University, Romania Carmen Marinela Mihăilescu, Titu Maiorescu University, Romania
This chapter tries to describe the most important plant extracts and their bioactive compounds which determine the antibiotic activity. Pharmacological assays performed for each plant extract are presented, including the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) as the most used experimental method to determine antimicrobial activity. Also, the effective associations between classic antibiotics and plant extracts with antibacterial are presented. The mechanisms of action are deeply explained to the extent that they are known and discovered by in vitro and in vivo studies. Plant-derived compounds have different mechanism of action as antibiotics. They can have other target sites than traditional antimicrobials and subsequently having different mechanisms of action against microbes. Ultimately, this chapter tries to be an invitation to use plant extract as an alternative to chemical, synthetic antibiotics, or used complementary, synergistic for better therapeutically results.
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Chapter 5
Dietary Components Consisting of Bioactive Molecules in the Prevention of Neurodegenerative
Diseases................................................................................................................................................. 73
Aynur Müdüroğlu Kırmızıbekmez, Nisantasi University, Turkey İhsan Kara, SANKARA Brain and Biotechnology Research Center, Turkey
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s diseases and cognitive disorders originating from these are among the age-related diseases with the highest mortality rates. Our lifestyle, especially our eating habits, has an effect on neuronal survival. New data shows that improving dietary habits provides successful results in the prevention or treatment of diseases. The effective role of bioactive components on neuronal survival helps develop new therapeutic approaches. In this chapter, the potential benefits of bioactive foods and particularly flavonoids that can be used to reduce the incidence of neurodegenerative diseases will be examined.
Chapter 6
Gut Effect on Phytochemicals .............................................................................................................101
Fatma Cebeci, Bayburt University, Turkey
The gut microbiota play an important role for host nutritional, physiological, immunological functions like food digestion, vitamin production, protection of gut integrity, regulation of host immunity, and disease pathogenesis. Dietary phytochemicals are important factors to shape and change the human gut microbiota composition in diversity and abundance context. On the other hand, the microbial community of the gut provides a broad range of enzymes to host which are different from its own resources. This enables human gut microbiota to affect and direct the biosynthesis and metabolism of many bioactive compounds. Bioavailability of phytochemicals is important to benefit from health conferring effects of these compounds. Most of the phytochemicals are not absorbed well by the small intestine and pass through to the gut then gut microbiota acts on the compounds to form different metabolites. Therefore, elucidating the role of human gut microbiota on phytochemical metabolism is essential. This chapter discusses the studies reporting the gut microbial effect on different phytochemicals.
Chapter 7
Medicinal Plants for Gastrointestinal Diseases ................................................................................... 124
Bui Thanh Tung, VNU University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam National University,
Hanoi, Vietnam
Nguyen Thi Nhung, VNU University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam National
University, Hanoi, Vietnam
Duong Thi Hai Linh, VNU University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam National
University, Hanoi, Vietnam
Ngo Thi Hue, VNU University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam National University,
Hanoi, Vietnam
Gastrointestinal (GI) diseases are those that affect the digestive tract. This may include sections from the esophagus to the rectum and the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas digestive organs. Gastrointestinal diseases may be acute, chronic, or recurrent. Natural products show the potential ability to treat the causes and decrease the GI tract production systems. This chapter is to present some of the medicinal plants that are used to treat and minimize signals of GI disease pathogenesis.
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Chapter 8
Current Status of Commercial Anticancer Phytochemicals and Their Derivatives: Natural
Anticancer Bioactive Compounds ......................................................................................................141
Nikhil Mehta, Kurukshetra University, India Kritika Mehta, Kurukshetra University, India Raman Saini, Kurukshetra University, India
Cancer is one of the most deadly diseases caused due to abnormal division of the cells. Researchers are facing major challenge for finding the effective treatment of the cancer. Various methods of cancer treatment are chemotherapy, surgery, stem cell/bone marrow transplant, radiotherapy, hormone therapy, and anticancer drugs. The anticancer drugs may be natural, semi-synthetic, or synthetic in nature. The most widely used anticancer drugs are the phytochemicals isolated from the plants of their semi-synthetic analogues. So the research focuses on the isolation and identification of the bioactive compounds from natural sources as a potent anticancer agent. However, now the trend has been moved from the natural plant-based products to the natural products mimics of molecule that is the part of human response system. So, the present chapter briefly highlights the current status of commercialized phytochemicals used as anticancer drugs along with mechanism of action of some important drugs.
Chapter 9
Medicinal Plants for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes .....................................................................163
Bui Thanh Tung, VNU University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam National University,
Hanoi, Vietnam
Nguyen Thi Ngoc Huyen, VNU University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam National
University, Hanoi, Vietnam
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a metabolic disorder related to persistent hyperglycemia. It is characterized by lack of secretion and/or reduce activity of insulin, which causes many chronic complications. Medicinal plants offer a passel of remedies that resolve symptomatology and mitigate the progression of T2D. Although several pre-clinical and clinical investigations indicate the success of conventional medicine in the prevention and treatment of diabetes, still there are several side effects. Consequently, this necessitates the exploration of complementary and alternative treatment programs that may include natural products as safe and effective anti-diabetic candidates. This chapter reviews the medicinal plants and their bioactive compounds utilized in diabetes therapy and molecular targets of Type 2 diabetes treatment. The authors elucidate present findings and contribute to ongoing investigations into potential alternative therapies for T2D.
Chapter 10
Efficacy of Phytochemicals and Natural Products in the Management/Treatment of
Neurodegenerative Diseases ............................................................................................................... 178
Johnson Olaleye Oladele, Kings University, Nigeria Oluwaseun Titilope Oladele, Osun State University, Nigeria Taiwo S. Adewole, Kings University, Nigeria Oyedotun M. Oyeleke, Kings University, Nigeria Adenike T. Oladiji, University of Ilorin, Nigeria
Neurodegenerative illnesses are disorders that cause considerable loss of neurons, both structurally and functionally, and affect millions of people globally. These disorders include Parkinson’s disease, which
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is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons; Huntington’s disease, characterized by the loss of spiny, medium-sized striatal neurons; and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), characterized by cerebral atrophy. As a result of current therapeutic procedures and the progressive nature of these diseases, a number of side effects have emerged, prompting patients to seek alternative treatment. The concept of neuroprotection concerns the administration of a specific agent, which should reverse some of the damage or prevent further adverse changes associated with these disorders. The involvement of medicinal plants and natural products in such situations has proven advantageous due to their manifestation through many cellular and molecular pathways. This chapter focuses on role of phytochemicals and natural products on major pathological factors in NDs.
Chapter 11
Phytochemicals as Antimicrobial Agents: Applications in Infectious Diseases ................................. 211
Oluwaseun Titilope Oladele, Osun State University, Nigeria Modupe O. Aladejana, Kings University, Nigeria Taiwo Scholes Adewole, Kings University, Nigeria Boyede D. Olowookere, Kings University, Nigeria Johnson O. Oladele, Kings University, Nigeria
Microbial infections and antibiotic resistance are two of the most serious threats to society’s health today. Millions of people die each year as a result of microbial infections. In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic caused by viral infections was responsible for the highest amount of all deaths that year. Existing antimicrobial drugs have become less effective, if not ineffective, as a result of the emergence of resistance. Several antibiotic resistance-fighting strategies have been proposed in recent years. One strategy proposed to achieve this objective has been to use combination therapy which appears to restore the desired antimicrobial activity. Several medicinal plants have demonstrated therapeutic effects against pathogens that cause human infections due to their phytochemicals constituents which have been elucidated to act as antimicrobial agents. This chapter focuses on phytochemicals as antimicrobial agents, giving information about infectious diseases and the pathobiology of these diseases. Also, the mechanisms of antimicrobial activity of phytochemical were discussed.
Chapter 12
The Use of Plant Extracts as Potential Cancer Agents: Approach to Plant-Derived Cancer Drugs ... 246
Gizem Akman, Istanbul University, Turkey
The number of people with cancer and death rates are constantly increasing in the world. Although surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy are still the most preferred methods, they have inadequacies, limited efficacy, and side effects. Therefore, development of new treatment methods has gained importance. Natural products were used for medical and therapeutic purposes in ancient times and are still used today. While some naturally derived molecules have already been shown to be effective against cancer, studies are ongoing for many natural molecules as cancer therapeutics. There are still many plant species and compounds whose effectiveness has not yet been discovered in the world. Therefore, identifying potential natural compounds that can be used in cancer treatment, demonstrating their effects on different types of cancer, and elucidating their mechanisms of action will lead to the discovery of new natural compound-derived drugs and overcome the existing difficulties of cancer.
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Section 2
Biological Activities of Medicinal Plants and Natural Bioactive Compounds
Chapter 13
Beneficial Effects of Moringa oleifera Seed Oil Bioactive Compounds ............................................. 268
Karima Gharsallah, Physics laboratory of Soft Matter and Electromagnetic Modeling,
Faculty of Science of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia & Process Engineering Department, Higher Institute of Technological Studies of Zaghouan, Tunis, Tunisia
Leila Rezig, University of Carthage, Tunisia & National Institute of Applied Sciences and
Technology, Tunisia & High Institute of Food Industries, Tunisia
Nesrine Mahfoudhi, Laboratory of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Biotechnology Center
in Borj-Cedria Technopole, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia & Department of Biotechnology, University of Kairouan, Sidi Bouzid, Tunisia
Humans have always been on the lookout for health-promoting drugs. Edible oils are one of the most well-known items for their nutritional and health benefits. This study looked at bioactive compounds in Moringa oleifera seed oil (MOSO) and its enormous potential use in the production of a variety of beneficial products. In fact, Moringa oleifera (MO) is cultivated for nutraceutical and medicinal utilities. Nevertheless, MOSO is now being researched for its possible application as a natural antioxidant for both edible and/or medicinal drugs. The effect of the different extraction techniques of seed oil and the origin of moringa seeds on the amount and quality of bioactive compounds were investigated in the present work. According to the findings, MOSO is a good source of nutrients and may be classified as a health-promoting product and can be used as a resource in the production of diverse culinary and medicinal items.
Chapter 14
Bioactive Compounds of Cucurbitaceae Seed Oils as Nutraceuticals and Health-Promoting
Substances ........................................................................................................................................... 292
Leila Rezig, High Institute of Food Industries, Tunisia Karima Gharsallah, Faculty of Science of Tunis, Tunisia Nesrine Mahfoudhi, University of Kairouan, Tunisia
Edible oils are one of the important products that have lately come to light for their beneficial and nutritional properties. As a result, scientists and the oil industry are always working to demonstrate the health-giving benefits of both fruit and vegetable seed oils. Fruits are popular for their fleshy parts. However, the seeds are often discarded since they are thought worthless. This research looked at the bioactive components found in Cucurbitaceae (Cucurbita spp., Cucumis melo L., Citrullus lanatus) seed oils extracted using various extraction procedures on Cucurbitaceae seeds from various species and geographical places throughout the globe. The outcomes of the study show that Cucurbitaceae seed oils are a good source of nutrients and may be classified as health-promoting compounds. The discoveries have also cleared the way for the use of these seed oil resources in the production of a broad variety of therapeutic products.
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