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286 K. Tani et al.
Fig. 11.5 (a) SEM image and EDS map (Ag) of the lyophilized Ag nanoparticles prepared using
Paeonia lactiflora leaf extract and (b) its EDS analysis
and 66.7% in Ag nanoparticles by Acacia ehrenbergiana exocarp extract (Alamier
et al. 2023). The Ag nanoparticles prepared using Paeonia lactiflora leaf extract in
this study appear to contain more biomolecular coating components.
The antibacterial activity of the Ag nanoparticles against typical Gram-negative
bacteria Escherichia coli and Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis was evaluated.
The number of viable cells after incubating with Ag nanoparticles was determined
by measuring colony formation using the standard plate count technique. Figure 11.7
the ratio of viable cells to the initial cell count for each Ag nanoparticle
shows
concentration. The ratio of viable cells decreased with increasing Ag nanoparticle
concentration, indicating that the Ag nanoparticles have antibacterial activity against
both bacteria. In the low-concentration region of the nanoparticles, the antibacterial
activity against E. coli was slightly greater than that against B. subtilis. In general,
Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer, whereas Gram-negative
bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer that is easily permeable to Ag ions (Marcus
et al.
The antibacterial effect of the Ag nanoparticles was also greater against
2012).
11 Green and Sustainable Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Wastes… 287
Fig. 11.6 TG analysis
nanoparticles prepared using
Paeonia lactiflora leaf extract
Fig. 11.7 Viable microbe
cell ratios of B. subtilis and
E. coli in the presence of Ag
nanoparticles prepared using
Paeonia lactiflora leaf extract
of Ag
E. coli with a thin peptidoglycan layer in our experiment. Proteins, terpenoids, and
flavonoids in plants function as coating agents in metal nanoparticle preparation
using plant extracts (Shankar et al. 2004; Elumalai et al. 2014). Therefore, this result
is related to the surface chemistry of Ag nanoparticles due to the components in
Paeonia lactiflora leaves.
288 K. Tani et al.
In addition, the Ag nanoparticles prepared using Paeonia lactiflora leaf extract
have sufficient antimicrobial properties even though their Ag content is lower than
that of Ag nanoparticles prepared using other plant extracts, as mentioned in the TG
measurement results.
The Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) values of the extracts of
medicinal plant parts were measured as an indicator of reducing ability. The TEAC
assay measures the antioxidant capacity of a sample compared with the standard
Trolox. The TEAC assay is often used to measure the antioxidant capacity of foods
(Huang et al. 2005). In this study, the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay
was used to measure the TEAC value of the samples. The samples measured were
extracts of Paeonia lactiflora leaves and flowers from different collection sites, Gose
and Shimoichi in Nara, and Phellodendron amurense fruit, respectively. The TEAC
values of the samples are shown in Fig. 11.8a. For Paeonia lactiflora, differences in
TEAC levels were observed depending on the plant part. Flowers had higher TEAC
values than leaves. The TEAC values also differed depending on the location of the
Paeonia lactiflora collection. Differences by sampling location may be due to the
soil conditions in which the plants grew. The fruit of Phellodendron amurense, one
of the plants used in Kampo medicine, which has reducing components similar to
Paeonia lactiflora, had a lower TEAC value than that of Paeonia lactiflora leaves.
Figure 11.8b show
s the
absorbances at the maximum absorption wavelength of
aqueous solution of Ag nanoparticles prepared using these plant extracts. The
absorbance at the maximum absorption wavelength can be used as an indicator of
the number of nanoparticles produced. The relative difference in absorbance for each
Ag nanoparticle sample (Fig. 11.8b) corresponds to the relative difference in TEAC
values for each extract sample (Fig. 11.8a). This indicates that if the TEAC values of
plant part extracts are known, the nanoparticle-forming ability of the plant parts can
be determined. However, as mentioned above, in the preparation of metal
nanoparticles using plant extracts, it is important not only whether the extract has
Fig. 11.8 (a) TEAC values of extracts from various parts of medicinal plants in Nara and (b)
absorbances at the maximum absorption wavelength of aqueous solutions of Ag nanoparticles
prepared using these extracts. Used medicinal plants: Paeonia lactiflora leaves, Paeonia lactiflora
flowers from Gose and Shimoichi in Nara, and Phellodendron amurense fruit
11 Green and Sustainable Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Wastes… 289
reducing components, but also whether it has components with coating ability on the
nanoparticles. It is necessary to evaluate the ability of plant extract biomolecules to
act as coating agents in the future.
11.5 Conclusion
In this chapter, first, recent topics on eco-friendly metal nanoparticle preparation
using plant extracts and sustainable metal nanoparticle preparation using waste
materials were introduced. The overview of recent topics demonstrates that the
preparation of metal nanoparticles using plant extracts is an eco-friendly preparation
method that does not discharge hazardous waste solutions and that the preparation of
metallic nanoparticles using Agri-wastes is a sustainable method that reduces waste
and creates high-value-added functional materials. On the other hand, the drawback
of the preparation methods using plant extracts and Agri-wastes were also
highlighted, and measures to overcome the drawback were proposed. It was also
noted the importance of establishing a method for selecting plant parts and
bio-wastes suitable for nanoparticle synthesis. Finally, the preparation of
antibacterial silver nanoparticles using the extract of waste leaves of Yamato
peony (Paeonia lactiflora), which is cultivated in Nara, a World Heritage site, as a
traditional medicinal plant, was presented. The conditions for the preparation of
silver nanoparticles using the extract of waste leaves were experimentally
investigated, and the antibacterial properties of the prepared silver nanoparticles
were evaluated. In addition, the relationship between the reducing ability of plant
extracts and the production of silver nanoparticles was also investigated. Thus, it is
demonstrated that antimicrobial silver nanoparticles can be prepared using the waste
parts of crude drug plants for traditional medicinal use in Nara, Japan, without the
emission of effluents containing organic solvents or strong chemical reducing
agents.
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Kimihiro Tani was a student at the Department of Chemical
Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Nara College. He
worked on the eco-friendly synthesis of metal nanoparticles using
medicinal plant extracts in Nara at Prof. Naoe’s laboratory. At
present, he is a bachelor course student of Applied Chemistry
program at Kyoto Institute of Technology.
11 Green and Sustainable Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Wastes… 293
Suguru Sakamoto is a student at the Department of Chemical
Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Nara College. He
is working on the eco-friendly synthesis of metal nanoparticles
using extracts from the wastes of traditional medicinal plants in
Nara at Prof. Naoe’s laboratory.
Yukie Tatsumoto is the
Institute of Industrial Development. She graduated from Kyoto
Pharmaceutical University in 1993. She is working on the evaluation of the functional ingredients of traditional medicinal plants in
Nara and their application to foods, and the development of
alcoholic beverages and foods using unique yeasts in Nara.
chief researcher at the Nara Prefecture
Masanao Imai is a Research Fellow at the Institute of Science
and Technology, Kanto Gakuin University. In 1976, he Graduated
from Dept, of Industrial Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Toyama College. In1980, he graduated from Dept. of Chemical Engineering, The University of Tokyo. In 1987, he has
received PhD from The University of Tokyo under supervisory
Professor Shintaro Furusaki. In April 1985, he entered the Fuji Oil
Co. Ltd. In 1987, he moved to Tokyo University of Agriculture
and Technology. In 1998, he moved to Nihon University and work
as Professor of Chemical Engineering (2012–2022)) and Director
of Food Manufacturing and Educational Center (2017–2021)). In
2021, he moved to Institute of Science and Technology, Kanto
Gakuin University and worked as Research Fellow of Chemical
Engineering. He has received honorable the award “Academic
Cultural Award of Takaoka City” (Mayor Prize) in Feb, 2001.
His research activities are presented as followed; 22 Books,
109 refereed papers, 249 international presentations and 73 other
academic publications. He specializes in enzyme reaction in
microemulsion phase and supercritical carbon dioxide concerned
about separation of functional component from natural resources.
Biopolymer sciences involved in characteristics of gel and membrane are currently investigated.
294 K. Tani et al.
Kazumitsu Naoe is Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Nara College. He
graduated from Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
and received his PhD from Kyushu University in 2001 under the
supervision of Prof. Shintaro Furusaki. He studied applications of
amphiphile aggregates in protein extraction and enzymatic
reactions. He was awarded the Research Encouragement Award
of The Membrane Society of Japan in 2004. After spending time
as a visiting scientist at Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris VI),
France, he began the preparation of metal nanoparticles using
amphiphile aggregates and their applications. Recently, his laboratory focuses on emulsions and droplets stabilized by food-grade
microparticles and eco-friendly synthesis of metal nanoparticles
using local plant extract.
Metal Framework in Biosensor
Stephen Rathinaraj Benjamin, Eli José Miranda Ribeiro Júnior,
Rosa Fireman Dutra, and Geanne Matos de Andrade
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are permeable substances composed of inorganic metal-based elements and naturally occurring ligands. Their unique
properties, including tunable pores and diverse functional sites, have positioned
them as promising candidates for immobilizing biomolecules in various
environments. Recent advancements have enabled biomolecules like antibodies,
enzymes, peptides, nucleic acids, and phages to be incorporated into or within the
cavities of MOFs. This integration has opened up new possibilities for sensing
applications, offering enhanced sensitivity, specificity, and a broader range of
target detection. Researchers have shown significant interest in developing MOF
12
S. R. Benjamin (✉)
Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM),
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Cearà,
Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
Department of Science and Engineering Materials, Federal University of Ceará, Pici Campus,
Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
E. J. M. R. Júnior
Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of CGESP (Centro Goiano de Ensino Superior), Goiânia, GO,
Brazil
R. F. Dutra
Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
G. M. de Andrade
Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM),
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Cearà,
Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
#
T
he Author(s), u
R. Malviya, S. Sundram (eds.), Sustainable Green Biomaterials As Drug Delivery
Systems, Biomaterials, Bioengineering and Sustainability 1,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-79062-1_12
nder exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025
295