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92 M. Chaudhuri et al.
based wound dressings with prepopulated probiotic bacteria such as
Bifidobacterium spp., Lactobacillus spp., and Pediococcus spp. that effectuate
the maximum antimicrobial activity obviously do demostrate immunomodulatory
and wound healing properties (Devi and Kumar
2021).
According to the reports, probiotic strain from BC based dressing has antimicrobial activity against various wound pathogens which thereby reduce the infection and promote the wound healing. Moreover, the PBC also modulates the
intestinal immune system, modulating the immune responses in the wound site,
triggering balanced inflammatory environments and speeding up wound healing
processes. Similarly, the ability to immobilize a range of probiotic bacteria
provides a way for various bioactive compounds (e.g., antimicrobial peptides and
growth factors) to be delivered directly to the wound by BC-based dressings, a
process which contributes toward healing (Jabbari and Babaeipour 2024a, b).
In addition, PBC dressings are endowed with certain properties (reduced pain
and minimal scarring) and benefits (biodegradable, leading to comfort for the
patient and ease of removal upon completion of the wound healing process). By
researching on it further an developing it enough PBC can serve as a revolutionary component in wound closure operations and their curing process in the
domain of variety of wound management.
2. Tissue Engineering:
Due to its features and the synergistic effects it presents with probiotic bacteria,
PBC is destined to have great perspectives for tissue engineering in the near
future. These bacteria, which are mainly acetic acid bacteria such as
Komagataeibacter xylinus, produce bacterial cellulose (BC) a polymer that is
almost ideal for the fabrication of scaffolds for tissue regeneration because it is
biocompatible, porous, and has astoundingly good mechanical strength
(Gorgieva and Trček 2019). It has been reported in different studies that BC
yield is increased in presence of probiotic bacteria such as Lactobacillus and
Bifidobacterium species, which in turn showed enhanced bioactivity (increased
cell adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, and tissue regeneration).
Additionally, PBC scaffolds are able to support the proliferation of various
cells, for instance, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and neural cells, which characterize
PBC as a candidate for bone, cartilage, and nerve tissue engineering. Also,
probiotic BC has immunomodulatory properties which create a microenvironment normalising tissue regeneration since it is capable of modulating immune
responses and inflammation. The presence of live probiotic bacteria in BC based
scaffolds, provides an increased ability to release bioregulators such as cytokines,
growth factors and others that potentiate the regeneration phenomenon (Khan
et al. 2022). Generally, probiotic BC looks like an excellent, highly efficient
biomaterial for tissue engineering solutions and for the production of applicable
tissue substitutes in regenerative medicine.
3. Drug Delivery:
The probi
otic BC-based drug delivery systems could be a new methodology for
the site-specific release under controllable conditions. Due to the high surface
area, the porous structure of BC that enables efficient loading and encapsulation
4 Probiotic Bacterial Cellulose: A Bio-mediated Nanomaterial for Health… 93
of drugs, proteins, and growth factors, as well as probiotic bacteria that help
improve bioavailability (Khan et al.
2022). In summary, Probiotic BC carriers
offer a promising approach in the field of targeted carriers and have been used to
deliver various bioactive molecules viz. antibiotics, anti-cancer drugs and growth
factors with desired release kinetics at specific sites (Severino et al. 2019).
Through the development of probiotic BC-based DDS, researchers ultimately
endeavor to address the limitations observed among conventional drug delivery
platforms (e.g. poor solubility, rapid clearance and/or broad systemic toxicity),
leading to enhanced patient therapeutic efficacy and adherence.
4. Gastrointestinal Health:
Probiotic bacterial cellulose (PBC) is a novel method with various beneficial
properties supported by present research conclusions for better gastrointestinal
(GI) health. As PBC acts as an efficient carrier for probiotic bacteria, it supports
their survival in the acidic environment of the stomach and promotes their aggregation in the intestines. Whereas the colonisation-induced BC would result in the
alteration of gut flora which will help promote epiphytic bacteria such as Lactoba-
cillus and Bifidobacterium and suppress that of dangerous pathogens (Shi and
Walker 2004). Furthermore, a research by Selvamani et al. (2022)demonstrated
that probiotics generated from PBC exhibit their anti-inflammatory effects by
modulating immune reactions and diminishing the production of
pro-inflammatory cytokines to limit inflammation in maladies such as colitis
(Selvamani et al. 2022). Studies also suggested that the symbiotic crosstalk of
probiotics and cellulose in PBC may play a role in preserving gut barrier function
by restricting harmful pathogens and toxic substances through movement across
the intestinal epithelium (Selvamani et al. 2022). Furthermore, Vesterhus et al.
(2020) have proved that PBC-based probiotics in the GI tract were found to
enhance nutrition absorption and metabolism in the gut, and thus increased digestive efficiency (Vesterhus et al. 2020). Also, it is clear that the use ofprobiotics with
PBC on a regular basis has definitely helped boost gut motility and counter
symptoms of intestinally-related illnesses such as diarrhoea and irritable bowel
syndrome. Altogether, these investigations highlight the promising therapeutical
effect of PBC towards digestive health and the management of broad-spectrum GI
pathologies, which need to be further validated clinically.
5. Cancer and Tumour Therapy:
ic ba
Probiot
cterial cellulose has shown to be an effective solution for cancer and
another tumours with the help of its unique properties and advantages of therapeutic benefits of probiotic bacteria. Conclusively, BC offers a desirable platform
for the administration of anticancer drugs and also contribute to modification in
tumour microenvironment. They are produced by bacteria like Komagataeibacter
xylinus. Furthermore, BC based formulations exhibit higher anticancer efficacy
with reduced systemic toxicity as well as enhanced therapeutic effects when
combined along with probiotic bacteria particularly Lactobacillus and
Bifidobacterium species (Singh et al. 2023)
According
to the studies conducted so far, it is evident that using probiotic BC
.
carriers may facilitate specific regulation of targeting and triggering drug release
by delivering immunomodulators/anticancer peptides/chemotherapeutical agents
94 M. Chaudhuri et al.
directly into tumour location. In addition, the probiotic BC also has an immunomodulatory activity that can enhance anticancer immune responses, eventually
improving cancer immunotherapy (Nami et al.
2023). Researchers are aiming to
devise exciting cancer-therapy strategies that can be implemented with improved
safety, efficacy and specificity through the coo perative action of plausible
combinations of probiotic bacteria along with BC-matrices.
6. Oral Health:
The multi-benefit probiotic bacterial cellulose
a novel biopolymer in oral
can be
health. It repopulates the beneficial natural microbiota by introducing good
bacteria (like various strains of Lactobacillus and Bifidobact erium) into the oral
environment while at the same time suppressing the harmful bacteria responsible
for causing diseases like dental caries (such as Streptococcus mutans). Therefore,
the restoration of this microbial balanc e has significant implications for preventive dentistry since it can reduce cavity incidence and enhance overall oral health.
The wound-healing abilities of PBC may also be advantageous, helping recover
oral tissue and accelerating recovery in postoperative or traumata when
implemented (Rowińska et al.
2021).
Furthermore, together with its probi otic activity in bacterial cellulose, it not
only preserves the existing microbiological balance but also treats common oral
problems such as halitosis. The result is fresher breath as some strains stabilise the
oral pH and prevent odour-causing bacteria from developing by producing
organic acids, such as lactic acid. The PBC-based novel composite for oral
hygiene not only uses its capacity as an adjuvant to balance the oral microbiota
but also eliminates odour (Gregory et al. 2021).
Although PBC has promising qualities, these findings need to be further
explored and confirmed before probiotic bacterial cellulose may become a common material in dental applications. More extensive clinical trials are important to
decide whether it is successful in the long term at any dosage or technique of
conveyance, even if the underlying research tells us something positive. However, the growing interest in PBC demonstrates its ability to transform oral health
care by using the strength of helpful bacteria and their wound-healing capabilities
(Swingler et al. 2021).
7. Immunomodulation:
Because of its immunomodulatory properties, PBC can be proved as an ideal
supplement either for immunological responses control or treating diseases
related to immune system. BC-based matrices also challenged immune cells to
interact with probiotic bacteria, and BC scaffolds group increased immune
surveillance against infections and tumor cells while helped immune cell function
and even contributed in the production of anti-inflammatory cytokine (Guha et al.
2023). Based on these findings, Probiotic BC represents a natural and biocom-
patible tool to drive immune homeostasis, thus holding promise for the clinical
management of inflammatory disorders, allergies and autoimmune diseases (Han
et al. 2024).
8. Skin-Care Applications:
PBC could
be a prospective substitute material for skin care applications as a
natural and multilateral bio-material for the skin. Because of these unique
4 Probiotic Bacterial Cellulose: A Bio-mediated Nanomaterial for Health… 95
properties, PBC is widely used as a substrate in cosmetics because it has a highly
porous structure, biocompatibility and the ability to hold moisture. PBC
formulations loaded with probiotics can maintain the balance of the skin
microbiome and control inflammation, which will increase wound healing processes. Research by Chilicka et al. (
2022) also demonstrated the antimicrobial
activity of PBC-based skincare products on acne-related bacteria proving that
sustainability can be one of the alternative solutions for skin conditions such as
acne (Chilicka et al.
hydration and
2022). In addition, PBC-derived probiotics improved skin
elasticity by promoting collagen production and increasing the
function of the skin barrier, which could further increase overall moisture content
in the same. Studies by Jabbari and Babaeipour (2024a, b) highlight the scope of
PBC in formulations for skin care to protect against moisture loss and accelerate
healing following injury (Jabbari and Babaeipour 2024a, b). These results suggest
that PBC has a potential for creating new and advanced skincare formulations
contributed to probiotics in skin health and skincare.
Figure 4.2 represents different dirrections healthcare applications of PBC.
Fig. 4.2 Different applications of probiotic BC
96 M. Chaudhuri et al.
4.7 Conclusion
In conclusion, probiotic bacterial cellulose, or PBC is an incredible bio-mediated
nanomaterial that could revolutionize many different medical applications entirely.
BC, as a biopolymer with significant material properties and combined benefits of
probiotics towards human health, is one of the best candidates from this perspective.
Due to the increased interest in green and sustainable biomaterials nowadays, with
its outstanding mechanical properties together with a complex nanofibrillar structure
it is highly suitable for a range of biological applications. The high degree of
biocompatibility and biodegradability make PBC highly desirable in the healthcare
industry for reduced adverse effects and environmental consequences. PBC’s ability
to retain moisture and its porous structure makes it a very good option in cases where
wounds need to be kept moist to allow faster healing. The addition of probiotic
bacteria into PBC matrices makes the material more therapeutic; in combination with
antibacterial properties, it creates conditions favourable for tissue regeneration.
Besides wound healing, PBC reveals a promising application in the develop ment
of tailored drug delivery systems exploiting probiotic benefits for individual treatment as described. Immobilizing probiotic bacteria in PBC permit researchers to
develop new delivery systems with defined release kinetics and enhanced therapeutic effects. In addition, for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, PBC is an
inimitable material owing to its scaffold-like structure. Combining PBC with
biomolecules, growth factors, and live cells becomes a feasible procedure. It might
provide solutions to significant issues related to organ transplantation and regenerative treatments but also penetrate novel ways of performing tissue regeneration. In
any case, there must be standardization of production processes and careful safety
evaluations to achieve uniform quality levels without (much) danger, no matter how
great the potential. Meanwhile, in order to uncover the therapeutic advantages of
PBC and fully functionalize it for specific clinical purposes, further studies are
needed. These properties make PBC a promising nanomaterial that could revolutionize the field of healthcare, offering state-of-the-art reme dies for numerous
medical conditions, and improving the outcomes of diff erent patients. Furthermore,
this biopolymer can be used in many sectors more cost-effectively by using different
carbon sources as the nutrition media for bacterial fermentation. PBC is such a green
biomaterial that it can be considered as an excellent candidate for future sustainable
material because of its biodegradability.
Acknowledgement This work is supported by the internal grants IGA/CPS/2023/005 and
IGA/CPS/2024/005 from Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Czech Republic.
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Mr. Mainak Chaudhuri, B.Sc. and M.Sc. in Zoology from The
University of Burdwan, India. At present, working as a doctoral
student at the Centre of Polymer Systems of Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Czech Republic, under the supervision of doc.
Nabanita Saha, M.Sc. Ph.D. in the course ‘Biomaterials and
Biocomposites’. In the meantime, I attended “Training School
2022 Textile Technologies” in July 2022, organized by
COSTAction_CONTEXT_CA17107 at Prato, Italy and “Training
on
Studies” in August 2022, organized by Rudlofs Cimdins
Cell
Riga Biomaterials Innovation and Development Centre at Riga,
Latvia, for INJECT-BIO project “Bioactive injectable hydrogels
for soft tissue regeneration after reconstructive maxillofacial
surgeries”.
Mainak Chaudhuri represented his University in the All-India
Science Congress with his team during his master’s degree.
Besides this, his hobby is Wildlife and nature photography, and
he is fond of capturing beautiful photographs of nature.
Dr. Nabanita Saha is a biotechnologist, who received her
B.Sc. and M.Sc. degree in “Life Sciences (Botany)” from Visva
Bharati University, Santiniketan, India, and was awarded a PhD in
“Microbial Biotechnology” from the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur. She received her habilitation ‘Associate Professor Degree’ in “Technology of Macromolecular Substances” in
2006 from Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Czech Republic. For
the last 22 years, she has been working at Tomas Bata University
in Zlin, Czech Republic, on biomaterials and biocomposites/biobased polymeric materials. Dr. Nabanita Saha currently holds an
Associate Professor (Faculty of Technology) and Senior
Researcher (Centre of Polymer Systems & Footwear Research
Centre) position at the same university. Her research group mainly
focused their research on the preparation and characterization of
bio-based biomaterials (in the form of gel and hydrogels and the
production of bacterial cellulose) for health care and commodity
applications. She is the author/co-author of more than 89 papers