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2. ɊȺɁɊȺȻɈɌɄȺ ɉɊɈȽɊȺɆɆɕ ɊȺɋɑȿɌȺ
ɈɉɌɂɆȺɅɖɇɕɏ ɊȿɀɂɆɇɕɏ ɉȺɊȺɆȿɌɊɈȼ ɉɊɈɐȿɋɋȺ ɊȿɁȺɇɂə
2.1. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ Delphi 7
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ Del-
phi 7.
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ Delphi7 (ɞɚɥɟɟ – Delphi) ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ «ɩɨɞ
Windows». Ȼɟɡ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ «ɩɨɞ Windows» ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ
ɫɥɨɠɧɨ ɢ ɤɪɨɩɨɬɥɢɜɨ, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɭɦɟɧɢɹ, ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɜɨɪɱɟ-
ɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɢ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɢ. Delphi ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɵ ɫɨ
ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɡɧɚɸɳɢɟ Pascal – ɹɡɵɤ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢ-
ɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ
ɭɪɨɜɧɹ [5, 6].
ɋɪɟɞɚ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬ ɧɨɜɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɸ ɫɨ-
ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɹ ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɧɚ ɷɤɪɚɧɟ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɚ ɞɨ ɜɵɩɨɥ-
ɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɟɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ. Ȼɟɡ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɯ-
ɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɧɚɩɢɫɚ-
ɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɬɥɚɞɤɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɚ
ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɟɧ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ.
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ Delphi ɜɵɜɨ-
ɞɢɬ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɭɸ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ɉɧɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ (RAD – Rapid Ap-
plication Development). ɉɪɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɜ Delphi ɬɪɚ-
ɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɭɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɢɬɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚɦ, ɜɵ-
ɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ Delphi. ɗɬɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟ-
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɩɭɳɟɧɵ ɜɟɪɫɢɢ ɨɬ Delphi ɞɨ Delphi7. Ʉɚɠ-
ɦɚ. ȼ
ɞɚɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɚɹ ɜɟɪɫɢɹ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɭɸ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɥɚ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɪɟ-
ɫɭɪɫɚɦ ɉɄ. ɇɚ ɉɄ ɫ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɧɧɢɟ ɜɟɪɫɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɇɨɜɵɟ ɜɟɪɫɢɢ Delphi ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɣ ɨɛɴ-
ɟɦ ɞɢɫɤɨɜɨɣ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ. Ɋɚɫɬɭɬ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ.
21
ȼɫɟ ɜɟɪɫɢɢ Delphi ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɵ ɫɧɢɡɭ ɜɜɟɪɯ, ɬ. ɟ. ɜɫɟ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɡɪɚ-
ɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɜɟɪɫɢɣ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɛɟɡ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɯ
ɜɟɪɫɢɹɯ Delphi (ɤɪɨɦɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɛɚɡɚɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ).
ɉɪɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɯ ɜɟɪɫɢɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ Delphi ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ
ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɚɦɢ Access'97, CORBA, MicroSoft Transaction Server(MTS),
ɫ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ OLE, ɫɟɪɜɟɪɚɦɢ COM Windows. ȼɫɟ ɨɧɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ
Delphi5. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɜɟɪɫɢɣ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚɯ: Standard
(ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɣ), Professional (ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ), Client/Server (ɤɥɢɟɧɬ/ɫɟɪɜɟɪ),
Enterprise (ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɦɨɳɧɵɯ ɛɚɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ). Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɛɨ-
ɥɟɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɯ ɜɟɪɫɢɣ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɦɢ.
ɋɪɟɞɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɩɨɞ Windows ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ
ɨɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ Del-
phi. ɗɬɚ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɜɨɟɜɚɧɚ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɨɣ, ɥɟɝɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɢɡɭ-
ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ. ɋɪɟɞɚ Delphi ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɟ
ɱɟɧɢɢ
ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɛɚɡɚɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. Delphi ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜ-
ɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɭ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ, ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ.
Delphi – ɷɬɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦ-
ɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ (ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ
) Delphi ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɚɤ-
ɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɥɶ-
ɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɨɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ (ɩɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ), ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɟ
ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɦɢ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ.
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ (ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ) ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ – ɷɬɨ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɴ-
ɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɢɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. Ɉɛɦɟɧ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ. ɋɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɩɨɹɜ-
ɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ.
22
ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɦɢ, ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢ-
ɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɨɜ ɢ ɧɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨ-
ɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ɋɨɛɵɬɢɟ – ɷɬɨ ɨɬɤɥɢɤ ɧɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ. ɋɭɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɦɢ, ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɨɬɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɪɟ-
ɛɭɸɬ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢ-
ɫɬɟɦɵ (Ɉɋ) Windows ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ, ɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨ-
ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɨɬɤɥɢɤɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ. ɋɪɟɞɚ Delphi ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ
ɪɵɟ
ɦɟɬɨɞɵ (ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ) ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɦɢ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɦɢ ɜ Ɉɋ. əɡɵɤ ɩɪɨ-
ɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɣ ɜ Delphi, ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɧɢɠɧɟɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ
ɫ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɦɢ Windows. ɗɬɚ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɫɤɪɵɬɚ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɯ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɯ
ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɯ Delphi. ɋ ɢɯ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɭɩɪɨɳɚɟɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ Windows-ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ.
Ɉɛɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɯ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ
ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ, Windows ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬ ɫɨɨɛɳɟ-
ɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɢɩɚ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɬ
ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ Windows – ɷɬɨ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɩɨɫɵ-
ɥɚɸɳɢɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ Windows, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ
ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ.
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ Windows ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɡɚɢ-
ɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦ
ɦɢɪɨɦ (ɫ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ) ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ, ɩɨɫɵɥɚɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ.
ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ:
1.
ɋɨɛɵɬɢɹ, ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɦ: ɜɜɨɞ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɜ ɫ ɤɥɚɜɢɚɬɭɪɵ,
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɦɵɲɢ, ɧɚɠɚɬɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɚɧɢɟ ɤɧɨɩɤɢ ɦɵɲɢ.
2.
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɢ Windows, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ,
ɩɪɢɜɟɞɭɬ ɤ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ ɨɬ Windows ɤ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ.
3.
ɋɪɟɞɚ Windows: ɨɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɫɵɥɚɬɶ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦ Win-
dows; ɜ Windows, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɫ ɨɤ-
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ɧɨɦ: ɩɪɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɡɚɤɪɵɬɢɢ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ, ɩɟɪɟɪɢɫɨɜɤɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɨɤɧɚ, ɩɪɢ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɨɤɧɚ.
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ Windows ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɫɵɥɚɬɶ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɭ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɧɚɦɢ-
4.
ɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ (dynamic data exchange – dde) ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɦɟɧɢ-
ɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ.
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɭɧɢ-
ɱɬɨɠɚɬɶɫɹ. ɗɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɉɄ (ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɶ-
ɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚ). Ⱦɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ
ɢɯ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ – ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɵ. Ⱥ ɞɥɹ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧɢɹ – ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɵ.
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-
ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ (ɈɈɉ, OOP – Object Ori-
ented Programming) ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɚɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɸ, ɤɨɬɨ-
ɪɚɹ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɟɬ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɨɤ.
ɈɈɉ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ
ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɣ ɤɨɞ. ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ Windows
ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɹɡɵɤɚ ɋ++, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɬɪɢɜɢɚɥɶ-
ɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ. ɈɈɉ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɧɟ-
ɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ Windows. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɋɢ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɢɡɭɱɚɬɶ ɢ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɚɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɟɲɚɥɨ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɸ.
Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ BASIC. ɋɜɨɟ ɜɬɨ-
ɪɨɟ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɧ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ Microsoft Visual Basic
(ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ VBX – Visual Basic extensions). ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɨɯɨɠ ɧɚ Delphi.
ɇɨ ɭ ɧɟɝɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɚɹ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨ-
ɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɉɧ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɟɧ ɞɥɹ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɦɨɳɧɵɯ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɢ-
ɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ, ɱɟɦ Delphi.
Delphi ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɹɡɵɤ Object Pascal ɜ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ.
Ʉɨɦɩɢɥɹɬɨɪɵ ɫ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɚ ɉɚɫɤɚɥɶ ɮɢɪɦɵ Borland – ɨɞɧɢ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɵɯ
ɛɵɫɬɪɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɬɨɪɨɜ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ Delphi ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
ɢ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ: ɋ++ ɢ ɚɫɫɟɦɛɥɟɪɟ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɋ++ ɮɢɪɦɨɣ Borland ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨ-
ɬɚɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ «ɋ++ Builder», ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɚɹ
ɹɡɵɤ ɋ++. Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ Delphi
ɢ «ɋ++ Builder» ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟ-
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ɝɨ. ȼ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ «ɋ++ Builder» ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɵ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɟ
ɜ ɫɪɟɞɟ Delphi.
Ɉɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ Delphi – ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɛɚ-
ɡɚɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ȼ Delphi ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɋɍȻȾ (ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜ-
ɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɚɡɚɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ).
ɉɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɫ Delphi ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɈɈɉ, ɧɨ ɢɫ-
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɟɞɟɬ
ɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟ-
ɧɢɸ ɈɈɉ.
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɜ Delphi – ɷɬɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ: ɮɨɪ-
ɦɚ, ɪɚɦɤɚ, ɤɧɨɩɤɚ, ɦɟɬɤɚ ɢ ɩɪ. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɦɵɣ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɣ
ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɧɨɩɤɚ) ɜ ɬɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɦɟ-
ɳɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɬ-
ɫɹ ɧɚ ɷɤɪɚɧɟ ɞɨ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɜ Delphi – ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ [5, 6].
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɨɤɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ. ȼ ɩɪɨ-
ɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɟ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɤɧɨɩɤɢ) ɜ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ (ɪɚɡɦɟɪ, ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
ɧɚ ɷɤɪɚɧɟ, ɰɜɟɬ ɢ ɩɪ.) ɫɪɚɡɭ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ
ɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɟ, ɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɟɦɭ ɤɨɞ
ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤɟ Object Pascal ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɚ-
ɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɣ ɮɚɣɥ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɷɬɨɬ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɣ ɤɨɞ ɤɨɦɩɢɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɹɟ-
ɦɵɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɞ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɣ ɤɨɞ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ.
ɇɟ ɜɟɫɶ ɤɨɞ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ Delphi, ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟ-
ɧɢɢ Delphi. ɇɟɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɱɚɫɬɶɸ Windows. ɇɚɩɪɢ-
ɦɟɪ, ɤɨɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɨɤɨɧ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɚ ɢ ɤɧɨɩɨɤ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ
ɨɬ Windows. Delphi ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɢɯ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɵɡɨɜɵ
ɢɡ Windows DLL (Dynamic Linked Library).
ɋɯɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɫ Delphi ɢ Windows ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ
ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 2.
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Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2 – ɋɯɟɦɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ
ɫ Delphi ɢ Windows
ɋɪɟɞɚ Delphi 7 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɭ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬ-
ɱɢɤɚ (ɪɢɫ. 3), ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ, ɨɬɜɟɬ-
ɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɷɬɚɩɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɝɨɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ [6].
ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɣ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɟ Delphi 7 ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɜɫɬɪɨ-
ɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜ. ɗɬɨɬ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧ. Ɉɧ ɨɬ-
ɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɢɛɤɢɦɢ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɰɜɟɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ
ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ (ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ, ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɣ, ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ, ɱɢɫɟɥ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɤ) ɢ ɩɪɟɞɨ-
ɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɜɜɨɞɚ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ.
Ʌɟɜɚɹ ɩɚɧɟɥɶ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɉɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɣ
ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɱɚɫɬɹɦɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɢ ɩɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚ-
ɟɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ. ȼɚɠɧɟɣɲɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ –
ɭɞɨɛɫɬɜɨ ɟɟ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ
, ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢ-
ɦɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
ȼ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ Delphi 7 ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɳɢɤ ɮɨɪɦ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨ-
ɳɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɤɧɚ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɮɨɪɦ. ɉɪɨ-
ɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɳɢɤ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɞɨɛɪɚɬɶ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɨɤɨɧ, ɪɚɡɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɢ
ɧɚɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɜɫɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɟɧɸ, ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɟ ɢɡɨɛ-
ɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ, ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɡɚɝɨɥɨɜɤɢ, ɩɨɞɫɤɚɡɤɢ, ɩɨɞɩɢɫɢ ɢ ɬɚɤ
ɞɚɥɟɟ.
26
L
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 3 – Ɉɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɤɨɧ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ Delphi
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɫɪɟɞɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ Delphi 7 ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚɦ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɟ ɜɨɡ-
ɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ Windows, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ
ɟɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɨɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ.
2.2. Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɛɥɨɤ-ɫɯɟɦɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɨɩɬɢ-
ɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ [7–17] ɛɵɥɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɛɥɨɤ-ɫɯɟɦɚ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɚ ɩɪɨ-
ɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɗȼɆ (ɪɢɫ. 4). Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɷɬɚɩɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜ-
ɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ [18–25].
Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢ-
ɧɟɣɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɟɟ, ɱɬɨ ɰɟɥɟɜɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɥɢɧɟɣɧɚ [26]. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɲɬɭɱɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
tns ɛɵɥɨ ɦɢɧɢ-
0
ɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɲɩɢɧɞɟɥɹ ɧɚ ɩɨ-
27
ɞɚɱɭ ns ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɰɟɥɟɜɨɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɚ ɮɭɧɤ-
f
ɰɢɹ [27]:
() max
ns o. (2.1)
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 4 – Ȼɥɨɤ-ɫɯɟɦɚ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɗȼɆ
28
ɍɤɚɡɚɧɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɟɪɢɨ-
ɞɨɜ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ ɲɬɭɱɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ.
ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɪɟɠɢɦɵ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ
ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɨɬ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ n, S, t. Ƚɥɭɛɢɧɭ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ t, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ
ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɹ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɜɟɞɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɪɨɯɨɞ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ
ɞɥɹ ɬɨɤɚɪɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɜɡɹɬɵɟ
ɢɡ ɪɚɛɨɬ [1, 26, 27]. ȼɫɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚɦ, ɜ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ – ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ,
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɋɉɂȾ (ɫɦ. ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ (1.3)–(1.14)).
Ɇɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ
ɜɢɞɟ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 5. Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤ, ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ ɱɟɪɧɵɦ
Ʉɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɟɧ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɨɜ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ 5 ɢ 8.
.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 5 – Ƚɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜ
29
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɨ-
ɝɪɚɦɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ [28].
ɋɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɛɥɨɤ-ɫɯɟɦɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɚɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɭɸ ɜɵɲɟ ɦɚ-
ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ (ɪɢɫ. 6).
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 6 – Ⱥɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɪɟɠɢɦɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ
2.3. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ
(ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɗȼɆ)
ȼɵɛɨɪ ɰɟɥɟɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ
ɛɵɥɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɜ ɩɭɧɤɬɟ 2.2. Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɵ ɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɵ, ɜɵɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɭɧɤɬɟ,
ɥɟɝɥɢ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɩɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ. ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɤɚɪɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɨɫ-
ɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 7.
ɇɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɬɨɱɟɧɢɹ
, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɧɚɞɨɛɹɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ ɢ
ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
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