Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Общая и неорганическая химия. Учебно-методический комплекс
.pdf
#S#"'& (#202 0C !0@0&(#@
9
A− A 0##%0#>
!0@0&(#@>с0QSe4A4?,%F<
)S !%!(#,0>& >(#202 0#>!0@0&(#@>9!0 �&#
' @#@КдA $2&%0##%0$O!0@0&(#@O254(#{
:<'0C"(# &2( &(2'('#0#C2#& > 1#2!2"! &"
&0 & >!!# $ #)C+! &QKae:A3€54H8S<# &#"& &10%'
@#@'> 5 v 4A45 v (# &2(2 1#2!2"! &C< 1('&
!0@0&(#@O 1#2!2" ! &CA1( !&(" &10% ' @#@α
' &#&66b<#1E&(#!@O #,0#@&(2'('#<
;<#'#(> (!#,,C 0#,A & pH !V(#20 7A7< W& 2C2#0
&,A&pH &"2'C#(# &2(0020"$! ##(#20
7A7< @0& !0@0&(#@O $%0" ! &C 2 2' 1( 0(,#%0C+
$ 2>+A!0@0&(#@O2 +# &@2(# &2(Q2!O#>pkHS &10%
' @#@! &C1!#V'" &$10<
K
a5Qk3rp?
Se7€54H;AKa3Qk3rp?Se7€54
H55
<
=<$!#0#2(,> 22(V0>2C)( :A8,0&00'! '#
(C<! ' (C)C10 &%O1*02',,QVe54!,?SA2
0!E, 2 ($%&#& &#>0> '0!2< 1('& pH )(#2#2E >
2',# !0@0&(#@O $%&022 0, Q'> )(#2#2E" > 1(
(# &2(0'! '# (C! &CKa5e3€54H3AKa3e54H;S<
6<>4A454(# &2(#! &CpHe3<I(!#!"0##%0"!0
@0&(#@P&"! &CpH)$'&(#205{>4A455(# &2(#! &C
/ pHe3< I( !#!" 0##%0" !0@0&(#@ P&" ! &C pH )$'&
(#205{,(#0@#,V'$! &#,/{
54< 5, 4A5 (# &2(# '0 020" ! &C '(V& >
5A3€545:02<#"'&B
#S!0 �&$! &0 &G
)S &10%' @#@! &C25(# &2(G
2SpH4A5(# &2(# N|m<
55<#"'&!0@0&(#@2 +# &@Q2,%FSpH(# &2(2B
#S4A8b,# <N|pkAQ1&0 &%–5F,SG
)S4A4:?b,# <kNp?AQ1&0 &%–5F,SG
2S5kNp?G
S4A5krNQ}|e54−6SG
'S4A47M|QpS3Q'(! ')#(>H %0 02#0SG
S4A45! &CkrspQKae54−=SG
VS4A445v}3Lp8<
!#V&(# &2(C %0C+P!&(&2<
53<#1E&$(#200> 1(@ 2A1( +'>*+1( (# &2(02
2'+(E(# &2(," N|rN$ �22E+ >2(# &2((#20
75
2 "A K
QkrNSe54−6<#!#> ('#)$'&2(# &2(N|rNH! #>A
a
0"&(#%0#>A*0#>{&2&) 0$"&<
5?<>! &C!0 �&#! &0 &1( �'#(&0C+$ 2>+
(#20#54−7<#"'&B
#S &10%' @#@4A5(# &2(#G
)SpH4A47(# &2(# M|m3G
2S �'#(&0$O P0(O )) # )(#2#0>
�'#(&0C P0( )) # )(#2#0>
9
Q2'0<S
Q2'0<S
−
Q2'0<S
4
A
∆
36=Gf
(#20C 4
−?:6!VF,% &2& &200<
58<1('&pH(# &2(2A1$00C+ ,E0,(#20C+)i,2B
#S54H3N|pk54H3krspQKae54−=SG
)S54H3}pk54H3krsp8G
2S4A3}pk4A=krNQKae54−6SG
S54H5N|pk3€54H5kNrpQKae8€54−8S<
57<&C( &#!#0#0#174,4A43(# &2(#$! $ 0"!
&Crk?rppkQKae3Œ54−7S<#&,2 &#!#0R5'74,2'CA2 &#
!#0 R3H 74 , 4A43 (# &2(# >0"! &C krsA 2 &#!#0R ? H
74,4A43 (# &2(##@&#&# 0#&(> rk?rppN|A2 &#!#0R8 H 74 ,
4A48 (# &2(#rk?rppN|<1('&pH1$00C+ (# &2(2<#!
,0& >pH2 &#!#0R8A !0,$*')#2&%B
#S54,54H3vkrsG
)S54,54H3vN|pkG
2S544,2'C{
5:<1('&pH &10%' @#@'> '$O*+(# &2(2B
54H?rnG 54H?kKp?QKae3Œ54−5SG 54H?v}Kp?G 54H3kM^p?<
5;<#"'&!0@0&(#@O2 +# &@Q,%FSpH'> 2'0C+(#
&2(2B
#S4A43M|QNp?S3G
)S4A447M|QpkS3Q'(! ')#(>H %0 02#0SG
2S4A5k3L Q|5e54−;A|3e54
−5?
SG
S4A447vM|QrspS3 Q}|QkrspSe54›=SG
'S(# &2(A1$00C")i'00,5(# &2(#а6(# &2(#б<
5=<1('&A0# !%!,0& >1((#)#202'"2544(#
pH '$O*+2'0C+(# &2(2B
#S4A7(# &2(#L^QS3Q'(! ' &(0@>H %0 02#0SG
)S4A5(# &2(#}rsp3QKaQkrsp3Se54›3SG
:
−
(# &2(#k3L]p8Qk3L]p8H %0#>! &#SG
2S54
73
S)$(0 (# &2(#A '(V#* 1 5 ,%F ! &C kNp
QKae7Œ54−8S }Np3<
56<1('&pH '$O*+(# &2(2B
#S5 >0"! &Ckrs !0@0&(#@"C0e4A443G
)S5Nk? !0@0&(#@"C0e4A443QKbe3€54H7SG
2S3Nk? !0@0&(#@"C0e4A443<
#!, �&pH P&+(# &2(21 ')#20> !!#V',$0+
4A53:kNp?{
34<1('&pH(# &2(2B
#S3 &"2'CG
)S5$! $ 0"! &C !0@0&(#@"C0e4A3QKae3€54H7SG
2S3$! $ 0"! &C !0@0&(#@"C0e4A3<
#!, �&pH P&+(# &2(21 ')#20> !!#V',$0+
=A4N|pk{
35<# 1V& 2 1(>'! $20> pH 4A5 2'0C (# &2(C
kNp3AkNp?ANk?AN8Np?AN|Np?AN|Np3<) 0$"&2C)(Q1(2'&
$(#200> &2& &2$O*+! &0 020C+(#202 "A@0&•9•
H&0C"(# &0)>#&0S< 1%$"& % 1(#20C,'#00C,<
33<# 1V&21(>'!$20>pH4A52'0C(# &2(Ck3LA
k3Lp8Q &#&% %0"1), &$10>,SAN|kLAN|kLp8AN|pkAN|3LA
N|3Lp8< ) 0$"& 2C)( Q1(2'& $(#200> &2& &2$O*+ !
&0 020C+(#202 "A@0&•9•H&0C"(# &0)>#&0S<
1%$"& % 1(#20C,'#00C,<
3?<2(,>12"1(#!&! &$'0&$$1&()2# >!2
(& #,#0C, 0# !#,A &)C 1()$(&% 'C(!$ 2>&% 1$0!@O
100,# $ !#,02E &(>< 1 !#+ 0 &($,0&# &$'0&
#)(# >21##&!$1(1'#2#&>1E)!&!(C>*! +,(#!&
2#,< V#0OA)$&C!0)C1'1 #0C!#! '$&A0#!"!
0#0+ '(V# %A 2&(A2(2#2E" >( 10#!(C&"
1##&!A!0#&%0 (2#+1(,E#<&$'0& )(#P&!&!
$2' 0#'1 B N|3rp? Q4A445 vS QKa5 e 7€54H;A Ka3 e 7€54
H55
SA
Q4A445SA k3Lp8Q4A445S QKa3 e 4A43SA N|rs Q4A445SA N|Np3 Q4A445S
QKae7€54H8SAkrsp8Q4A445SAr|QpkS3Q4A445SQKb3e8€54H3S<1,*%O
pH,&(# &$'0&1,(pH)C &(2(0$P&!&!0# , &<# 1
V& 1$C(%! 2 1(>'! $20> pH< &2& )i> 0&< @0&
0#0>pH'#00C+(# &2(2<
3
7?
8.17. Растворимость, произведение растворимости
6%'$.%', \L] H P& '(V#0 Q!0@0&(#@>S (# &2(00
2* &2#20# C*00,Q(#202 0,S(# &2(<
G$ $%'$.%'\KL ПР] H P& !0 �&#(#202
>&2('&($'0(# &2(,P!&(&# (# &2(,<
>(#202 >Qv
"xvy99ymxHB
xmyS&2<
KLWknymxXkNxDmyW\xL]xX\yL]yG
& O'#
&('
LW$%&&'
'
V!
5<#"&1('010>&>,растворимостьAнасыщенный растворA
произведение растворимости (ПР)<
3<2>& > 1(2'0 (# &2(, & !0 �&" (#202 >{
'#A&'>!#!1(@ #{
?<I(2'&1(,(C+(E&($'0(# &2(,C+ "A) 0$"&
2C)('#00C,1(# &2(, &FI<
8<#"'&(# &2(, &%mxrs2,%F,F 1(#20C+'#00C+
Q1IS<
7<# &2(, & " vŽA vŽ3 vŽ? '0#!2C (#20C
4A4445,%F<#"'&I'>!#V'" <I,$0(#0C{
:<0#0> 1(2'0> (# &2(, & '> " v?‘A v3‘A v‘
'0#!2C(#20C54
;<#"'& !0@0&(#@O 2 + # &@ Q,%FS pH '> 2'0
0# C*00(# &2(#vxQpkS3QКLe8€54
& !%!,{S1( 2#04A74A444=}pk4A74A4448vxrs3{
=<544,#?1(0!&("&,1(#&$(A1(!&("KLe54
›?:
<#"'&(# &2(, &%!#V'" <
−53
S<C1#'& #'!Q '#A
−54
1 '2#&%0')#254QаSA64QбS644QвS2'C<!#!+ $
#>+)(#2# >'0#0C"(# &2(A#2!#!,H(# &2(90(# &2(0
0C" #'!{ #"& !0@0&(#@O02 !#%@> 2 (# &2(#+A 2 ,%FA
'>аA бA в<
6<$'& #V'#&% > mxrN 1( pH e ? (# &2(#A '(V#*
%mxNp?! &$krNA С4QmxNp?SeC4QkrNSe5A4€54H8v{
54<C &,# $2C1#2E #'!#!#()0#&# ()(#Q2S!0
@0&(#@O02mx9
−3
2(# &2(A1$00,1( 2#0'2$+
rp
?
(# &2(2mxNp?N|3rp? '0#!2"!0@0&(#@"C4e4A45,%FA
2 '$O*+ $#>+B
#S4A7mxNp?94A7N|3rp?G
)S4A445mxNp
I(2'0(# &2(, &!#()0#&# ()(#KLe:A3Œ54
94A666N|3rp?<
?
H53
<
A
78
55<)$(0C"(# &2()i,,5gpHe8A??)( 544r^QpkS?<
K
Qr^QpkS?Se;Œ54
L
53<#"'&(# &2(, &%2F'> 02#0>vxQpkS3QКLe8€54
H?5
<1('&,# $0(# &2(2E > #'!#<
−53
S2
2'Q#S24A5vxrs3Q)S<!%!&(22'C1&()$& >'>(# &2
(0>7A=vxQpkS3{
5?<#"'&(# &2(, &%Q2FS '> M|Lp?QКLe?A:€54
−55
S#S 2
2' )S 2 4A? }3Lp?< '2$, &'%0C,1(@>,150# C*00
2'0(# &2(#M|Lp?')#2B
2S52'CG S3A5;M|Lp?<
#"&!0@0&(#@O02M|392,%F'>вг<
58<#"'& (# &2(, &% ˆ|Lp8 2 2' Q,%FSA
K
Qˆ|Lp8Se?A:€54
L
−55
<!%!(#,,2 $%#�#&(>N|3Lp8Q(#
&2(, &%1(2CE#&4A5,%FS0#'')#2&%!50# C*002'
0 (# &2(# $%#&# (#'> ˆ|Lp8A &)C $,0%E&% !0@0&(#@O
02ˆ|3925444(#{
57<# &2(, &%l]QpkS322'1(0!&("&,1(#&$(Т
>&8A74€54
−8
QFS<#"'&B
#S1(2'0(# &2(, &l]QpkS3G
)SpH0# C*00(# &2(#G
2S,0,#%0 ! &2 2'CA 0)+', '> (# &2(0>
4A6l]QpkS3G
S!#!,0& >!0@0&(#@>02V#•l]39•250# C*00
(# &2(#l]QpkS31(')#20!0,$6l]QpkS3{4A5,%N|pk{
5:<#"'&!0@0&(#@02Zo39Q,%FS2B
#S0# C*00,(# &2(Zor^p8QKLe54
−58
SG
)S(# &2(A1$00,1( ')#205 2'C!5 0# C*00
(# &2(#Zor^p8Q0 '(V#* #'!#+(,#&#SG
2S(# &2(A1$00,1(')#2054A47N|3r^p8!822
Zor^p8Q0# C*00C"(# &2(9 #'!S<
5;<I(2'0(# &2(, &M|Lp822'1(0!&("&,1(#
&$((#205A44€54
−54
<
#S#"'&(# &2(, &%M|Lp822'A2F<
)S#"'&(# &2(, &%M|Lp824A5N|3Lp8A2,%F<
2S 0# C*00,$ (# &2($ M|Lp8 2 2' ')#2 3??, M|Lp
8Q&2<S
#!1(P&,,0& >!0@0&(#@>02)#(>2(# &2({
5=<I(2'0 (# &2(, & #&# ()(# 2 2' >&
H56
3A;€54
mx
<C &B
#S!0@0&(#@ !#&0# mx9A #00# Zp
(# &2(, &%P&" Q2,%FFSG
?Zp8
?H
2 0# C*00, (# &2(
8
)S,0,#%0C" )i, 2'CA 2 !&(, ,V0 (# &2(&% 856,
mx?Zp8G
<
77
2S!0@0&(#@O !#&0# mx9 1 ')#20> 5A:8 N|?Zp8 ! 5
0# C*00(# &2(#mx?Zp8G
S!#! ,0& > (# &2(, &% 1( ')#20 ! (# &2($
77A7:,%2'C<
56<>'(! '#QS3KLe8€54
H53
<#"'&B
#S(# &2(, &%22'2F,%FG
)S,0,#%0 ! &2 2'CA 0)+', '> (# &2(0>
4A443,%QS3<
2S 5 (# &2(#A '(V#*,$ 8, N|pkA ')#2 7€54H8 ,%
QS3<#!")$'&P&# &,#1((#202 H '0#0"Q(# &2(S
'2$+#0"Q(# &2(9 #'!S{#"'&!0@0&(#@Ov392(# &2
(! &2QS32 #'!<
34<I(2'0(# &2(, &|rp?1(;;—КLe5€54−=<#"'&B
#S(# &2(, &%|rp?22'2,%FFG
)S!0@0&(#@Or|39Q2,%FS254A5(# &2(#N|3rp?A!!&(,$
')#25#?G
2S!#!",0,#%0C")i,2'C0$V0'>(# &2(0>5#?<
Sc)*,2' %& &,$$(#200"'>(# &#(#202
0C+ !0@0&(#@"2 + # &@ 2 0# C*00, (# &2( #? $&,
'(#!#()0#<I(2'0(# &2(, &#? !0
�&C! &0 &$%0"! &C2 &0C<
35<# 1V& $%'C, 2 1(>'! $20>+(# &2
(, &22' Q) 02#00SB mx3LQПРe54
QПРe54
−34
SAkxLQПРe54
−73
SG
−86
SAM_3L?QПРe54
−547
SAr[L
#S@0&! &22'CA0)+','>(# &2(0>3A??kxLG
)S !%!02QE&$!S '(V& >250# C*00(# &2(#r[L{
33<'0 0#)0#E$,2E+&(#20"ŽŽK 2<)C $* &2
0 1%2#0, "10><I('1V,A&$)"@# 1%
2# (# &2( $%#&# 10> QZ[QLp8S3A KLe 3A:Ÿ54H;SA 1(>�C"
21&#"0,& !21( &0Q)i,e 5,S<!%!Q,#! ,#%0S,
(#,,P& '00>11#2#E!$!V(&2C{!%!(#,,2
$%#�#&(>0)+',' C1#&%2#E!$!Q544,SA&)C!0
@0&(#@>02Z[89$,0%E# %25444(#{
3?<# &2(, &% #?2 2'1(Тe3=4} (#20#5A4€54−7,%FA#
1(Тe?34}H7A4€54−:,%F<@0&2 0$2, 1()V0(# &2
(, &%#?22'1(Тe?:4}<
38<>(#!@ƒmx3L
Q&2<S
#S �'#(&0$OP0(O)) #(#!@
)S!0 �&$(# &2(, &К
4
2S
'>0# C*00(# &2(#G
∆
?34Gr
e3mx
1(36=G
L
9
Q2'0<S
9L
3−
∆
Q2'0<S
4
36=Gr
0#"'&B
G
7:
S!#!,0& >(# &2(, &%mx3L1(0#(2#0{
mx
9
54:;8;;
3−
−
ƒmx3LH?3
588H84
* &2F02
2'
4
Hf∆
36=
!VF,%
A
4
A
S
36=
VFQ,%€}S
4
A
∆
36=Gf
!VF,%
L
??
57
=7
8.18. Расчет констант равновесия в водных растворах
2 &0C, 1(#20C, 20#, &0 >& > !0 �&C ! &0
&F 020 & 1(2'0> (# &2(, &< I( @0! !,$O
!0 �&$(#202 >),00"(#!@P!&(&222'0C+(# &2(#+
'$&1C&#&% >2C(#&%(P&2 &0C!0 �&C<')0'#&%
P&&#!B
5S#1 #&%$(#2001(@ #2 !(#*00"00"(,G
3S 2C(#&% !0 �&$ (#202 > ( (#202 0C !0@0&(#@
!,100&2G
?S11C&#&% >',0V&% &%0#,0#&%P&2C(#V0>0#
!0@0&(#@&#!+02 2&#!" &10A&)CP& 1(2!2C(#
V0OA '(V#*,$!,)0#@2C(#V0"2 &0C+!0 �&КаAКbA
K
Kw<>! &0 020C+1(@ 2#*2 &#!, ,0V
L
&>,)$'$&)•k9•A)•pkH•20$V0C+ &10>+G'>(#!@" $#
&, &($'0(# &2(,C+ P!&(&21(V' 2 0$V0 &(,&% >
1$&%2C(#V0>A '(V#*1(2'0>(# &2(, &A&<<',
0V#&% 0# !0@0&(#@ 1('00C+ $# &0!2 1(@ # H !#&02
F#002H20$V0C+ &10>+<
V!
5<C(#& !0 �&C (#202 > &2& &2$O*+ 1(@ 2 2 2'
0C+(# &2(#+(2 &0CKaAКbКLA 1%$> 1(#20C'#00CA
0#"'&+ 00C0#0>B
9
#SNk
‡Nk?9k9G
8
)SNk?9}3kZp8‡}3QNk8SZp8G
2S3Nk8rs9vxQpkS
Smxrs
9}K‡mxK
Q&2<S
‡vxrs393Nk?93k3pG
3Q&2<S
9}rsG
Q&2<S
'S3}pk9k?Zp8‡}3kZp893k3pG
Sr|QrNS393k3p‡3krN9r|QpkS
rsA }3kZp8A }3QNk8SZp8A vxrs3A }rsA r|QrNS3 H +(E (# &2(,C
Nk
8
3Q&2<S
<
<
7;
3<#1E& $(#200> (#!@" 2 !(#&!" 00" (,A 2C(#&
!0 �&C (#202 > P&+ (#!@" ( &2& &2$O* !0 �&C
K
AKbAKL KwA 1%$> 1(#20C'#00CA0#"'& + 00C
a
0#0>B
#Spk9krs‡}rs9k3pG
)Sms3L?9:k3p‡3msQpkS
9?k3LG
?Q&2<S
2S3Nk?9k3Lp8‡QNk8S3Lp8G
Sl]rp
93k3p‡l]QpkS
?Q&2<S
9k3rp?G
3Q&2<S
'SNk8rs9N|pk‡Nk?9N|rs9k3pG
SN_QpkS39N|kL‡N_L
9N|pk9k3p<
Q&2<S
}rsAQNk8S3Lp8ANk8rsAN|rsAN|kLH+(E(# &2(,C <
?<1('&A)$'&(# &2(>&% >'(! '!)#%&#QKKS2(# &2(
'( $%'# !#>< Ka5Qk3LS e 54H;G Ka5Qk3LS e 54
K
Qr[QpkS3Se:A?€54
L
H57
GKLQr[LSe?A5€54
H3=
<
H5?
8<>1(2'0>P! 1( #0##$1&()2# %1(2 &2
(# &2()(#@C,0(#2 '(&#Ql]rp?SA2O(@&#Qy`LS!20#
QrwLS<#!P&+,0(#20 ,V&(# &2(&%2 >0"! &
rs{ #1E& 1('1##,C $(#200> (#!@" 1(2'& (# &
!0 �&(#202 >< 1%$"& % 1(#20C,'#00C,<
7< 1(#20C+'#00C+1КаKb1('&!0 �&C(#202 >
0#1(#201(@ 2Q1( �'#(&0C+ &>0>+2 +2* &2SB
#SNk
)SNk
9
eNk?9k9G
8
9
9rN›eNk?9krN<
8
:< 1(#20C+'#00C+1ПР Ка1('&!0 �&C (#202
>0#1(#201(@ 2Q1( �'#(&0C+ &>0>+2 +2* &2SB
#Sr|rp
)Sr|rp
9393e#399
?Q&2<S
9393e#3993
?Q&2<S
3›
93?G
?
›
<
?
I!#!,$1$&Aа б Q $&C2#&%&%!&(,'0#, !
#!&(CSA)$'$&(#22#&% >!#( &2C>20>22 &0>!{
8.19. Номенклатура неорганических соединений
V!
5<#S#2& '00>1&(#'@00"+, !"0,0!#&$(B
Ll8Arnrsp8GM|p3Gk7Kp:GvxrsQprsSG|3L_p8GLg3L_3p;<
)S#1E&(,$C1 0#2#0>,B ,('#&&>G+(' !#
>0#&(>G+(&)#(>G)(,02#& &#>! &#G' $%'V#QKKS<
3<#2& '00>1(,$#,A0#1E&(,$C10#2#0>,B
L_GvxL_p?Gkrsp3GM|kmnp8GmsQpkSL]p?Grn3rp?Gr|Qkrp?S3G
#Sr|
3
)S ' &>G '(& !#& !#>G )(,#& #,,0>G ,&# &)&
@>G! ',#(#0@#QuKKS<
G
7=
?<#2& '00>1(,$#,A0#1E&(,$C10#2#0>,B
#Sr|?M3Gvxq]p?G•r[QNk?S:•rs?GM|kLop8G…|QpkSt]p?Grsp3G
)S1 &(#0@>G,&# !#&!#>G10&#'(#& $%#&#,
'QKKSA0#'1(! '0#&(>A#( 0<
8<#S#2& '00>B N|3L]p?G vxLG N_Lp8€:k3pG QNk8S3kmnp8G
•rwQpkS•3rp?G}rsp?GZprs?<
)S#1E&(,$CB(& !#&!#%@>G'+(,#&#,,0>G1(
)(,#&@0!#G+(02#&#>! &#G! #'(! �#&QKuS!#>G+
(''(#0><
7<> '00>}•ul:•1('&B20E0OO20$&(00OO (CA
@0&(#%0C"#&,A.Q (#20& &10%O! 0>!2#0&0
&%OSA#0'CG2C(#&!0 �&$)(#2#0>!,1! #( &2&
&2$O*(#202 0C!0@0&(#@<#!#!# &@C' @($&P&
'002 (# &2(#+{I(2'&1(,(C '00" !,1! 0C,
!#&0,A' @($O*+2(# &2(0#&(0#&C(0#<
8.20. Кислотно-основные свойства, гидролиз, обменные реакции
V!
5<I(2'&1(,(CB
#S'0 020" #)") ! ('0"! &CG
)S'2$+ 020"! (' '(V#*"! &CG
2S&(+! &0 02#0>G
S#,&(0 '(! '#,&##< > 1 '01(2'&(#!
@A',0 &(($O*#,&(0C 2" &2#<
3<#S#1E&$(#200>(#!@" (0"! &C B
5S…_pkG 3Sv`pQ 020C"! 'SG ?SL_p3Q! &0C"! 'S<
)S#1E&(,$C0#2&! &$ 02#0A!&(C)(#
$O& $%#&V#QKKKS<
2S#1E&(,$C0#2&2 A!&(C,$&)(#2#&%
#,,#!(&,CE%>!2#>! &#<
?<I(2'& 1(,(C ! &A &2& &2$O*+ (,$#, kŽpA
kŽp3A kŽp?A kŽp8A k3Žp?A k3Žp8A k?Žp? QŽ 0 'V0 12&(>&% >S<
#1E&(,$C+)#(2C+ "<#2&! &C <)(#
& &($!&$(0C(,$C! &<#!0+ >2>O& >'2$+ 020C
,{%0C,{
8<I(2'& &($!&$(0C (,$C 0#2#0> 2C E+ ! & Q
'(! '2S '> P,0&2 #20C+ 1'($11 ? 1('#I('
!" &,C<#!1,$Q0# 02P!&(00 &(0>S,0>O&
>+ ! &0C 2" &2#{I(2'&$(#200>(#!@"A+#(#!&($O
*+! &0 020C 2" &2#<#!0+&0 >& >!00C,A#
!#!H!,!$>(0C, '00>,{
76
7<> (>'# ! '2P,0&2 uQmS ($11CB N3p? H Z3p? H mn3p? H
Lo3p?HM_3p?)i> 0&,00! &0 020C+ 2" &2<!#V&A
!#! 1(' 00C+! '2 &0 >& > ! ! &0,$A 020,$
#,&(0,$&1#,< >P&1(2'&&#,A'P& &()$& >A$(#20
0>(#!@"! '2 2'"A'(! ',!#> >0"! &"<
:<#! ,0>O& > ! &0 020C 2" &2# ! '2 W3 ($11C
KuQmSI(' !" &,C&3!Zop3{#1E&$(#200>(#!
@"3L_p3gk3prnpk<
;<> P,0&2? 1('# 0#1E&(,$C2C E+ ! '2A
1('&+ ! &0 020C 2" &2# 0#1E& $(#200> (#!
@ 2'"<
=<>0E2C E! '2+(#0#( $"& &($!&$(0C(
,$CG!!#!,$&1$H! &0,$A 020,$A#,&(0,$H 0&0
>& >{#!'#00C ! 'C2#,'" &2$O& 2'"A! &#,A 02#
0>,{I(2'&$(#200> &2& &2$O*+(#!@"<
6<(#20&1(('$+, !" 2>&0E0!2'Q (#
($O&A 0#1E& (#!@S '$O*+ +('2B vxrs3G L_rs8G L`rs8A
L`rs3AZrs?AZrs7<
54<#!0& #$-' '$O* ! &0 020C (#!@<
!#V&$ 2>Q&#,A' P& 0)+',S< #2& )(#$O* >
'00>1&(#'@00"0,0!#&$(B
|S}3p9rs3p?eUG
)S}3p9k3peUG
2S}3p9r|peUG
SZrs79k3peUG
'SZrs79N|pk
SN|pk9k3Lp
9k3peUG
Q)<S
eUG
8Q)<S
VSN|pk9y`QpkS3eUG
SU 9Uel]QpkS3rs 9 U G
SU 9Ue}msp
9 U G
3
!SU 9Uems3p? 9 U <
55<#!0&$(#20>"& '$O*),00C(#!@B
#SZrs79M|QpkS3eUG
)SN|3L_p?9kNp?eUG
2Sl]L9krseUG
Smsrs?9N|3L9UeUG
'S…_?N9kM^
]SL_p39kl
VSM|rs
9N|3Lp8eUG
3
Q)<S
Q)<S
eUG
eUG
Sr|Qkrp?S39rk?rppkeU<
:4
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]