Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Общая и неорганическая химия. Учебно-методический комплекс
.pdf
0 ,!$>(0C+ ()&#>+< 1(>V0 2>"< W!&(&(@#
&%0 &%#&,2A 1>(0 &% 2>< 1%0C" ,,0&< I>(#@>
1>($, &% 2>"< !2#0&0C 2#,'" &2>B 00#>A ,V,
!$>(0#>Q2#0'(2##% 2#>SA2'('0#> 2><
2'$8%'
(#&0C &>0>2* &2#B#)(#0AV'!A&2('<(#20
0> &>0>Q$(#2000'2#H#1"(0#!#!1(,(S<( &#
!0!( &# !Q#,(0CS&2('C2* &2#<2#0&0CA
00CA ,!$>(0C ,&# ! !( &#C< ,' , !
&(' , ! !( &#C< I(' 0 00" &( Q,&#CA
'P!&(!A1$1(2'0!S<!&C!( &##B ) &200C1(,
0CG&0CQ&&!A(0!>SA'0,(0CQ' !#@SA'2$,(0C<
&+,&( !Q'#%&0'CS0 &+,&( !Q)(&'CS
'00>< I,(C< # &2(CB V'!A &2('C< ,(,< 1#2C<
'00>20'(0><#2C'(#&CA0&(!#>&C<
B.!%"% ,
0# 2> P!&20C (#'$ C #&,2 02B !2#0&0CA
00CA,&# !A 2#0'(2##% 2C< W!&20C#(>'C #&,2<
W0(> 2><,& !"&(& !"(#(C2 2><#
0C# 1!&C2#0&0 &B!2#0&0 &%A &10%! 0>A!('0#@
00 </, !#> 2>%I(' !#> &,#P,0&2<
B;&;E=2;FG6=22
%*1$"'$%'"1.!%")$(%%
&+,&( ! $(#200 +, !" (#!@< (#200> ,#&
(#%0 )##0 #A $(#200 )##0 # #(>'2 QP!&(0"&(#%0 &S<
!$>(0#> 00#> (,# #1 $(#200> (#!@< )(#&,C
0)(#&,C1(@ C<I(' 0+, !,(#202 !(
&1(@ 2<
C$'"1.!%"1)$(%%
12CP!&C+, !+1(@ 2AP!P0'&(, !(
#!@<!( !1 !"&(,'0#, !"1'+'!P0(&!+
, !+1(@ 2A1 &$1#&%0#>A2(#*#&%0#>!)#&%0#>20$&
(00>>P0(><0$&(00>>P0(>A&1&#A(#)&#<I(20##&(
,'0#,!<W0&#%1><#!0 #<,0020$&(00"P0(AP0
&#%1P0( 2>"1( +, !+(#!@>+<1,! &%A#2
, &%P0&#%1 (#!@ & &,1(#&$(C<�'#(&0C $ 2>A �
55
'#(&0 &>0<W0&#%1>)(#2#0><# &P0&#%1(#!@
&(,'0#, !+'#00C+<
B.!%"$%
W0&(1> H ,!( !1 !" &(,'0#, !" 1'+'< &(
0##&(,'0#,!<#2 , &%P0&(1&&,1(#&$(CA'#20>A
!0@0&(#@< ,00P0&(11((#!@>+<W0(> )) #A#2
, &% & &,1(#&$(CA '#20>A !0@0&(#@< #1(#20+,
!+1(@ 2B 1(2'01(@ # !0 �&# (#202 >< #2
, &%P0( )) # 1(@ # & !0@0&(#@" Q'#20"S(#0&2
1('$!&2Q&(,#+, !1(@ #S< #!0'" &2>,# !0
�&#(#202 ><#0C 1 )C2C(#V0>!0 �&C(#202 ><
)00 &&(00C+(#202 "<#2C(#202 >2'0!,1
00&0" &,<2>%!0 �&C(#202 > �'#(&0"P0()
) #1(@ #< #2 , &%!0 �& (#202 >& &,1(#&$(C '#2
0><I(0@1h #&%< # &!0 �&C(#202 >(#202 0
# 1%2#0, 1(#20C+'#00C+1 �'#(&0C,P0&(1>,
P0&#%1>,)(#2#0>2* &2<
G$%'1.!%"-"'"
,00C &(00C 1(@ C< !( &% (#!@A !0 �&#
!( &AP0(>#!&2#@<W,0&#(0C V0C(#!@<!$
>(0 &%1(>'! (#!@<,00C(#!@B 1(2C"1(>'!A 2&
("1(>'!< &(00C&1+, !(#!@B #2 , &% !
( &&(#!@00"12(+0 &A$(#200 V,#O*" > (C<I(
@ C#('CE)(#2#0>( &##('CE"<2>%!0 �&(#202
> !( &<#&##2&!#&#A0)(2#0<
;*$%*1$%'$1
1 )C2C(#V0>!0@0&(#@(# &2(2: 1(@0&0C"Q1,#
)i,$SA,>(0C"<# &2(CP!&(&20P!&(&2<%0C
#)CP!&(&C<&10%' @#@< &C 02#0>1(
(0$ $ (j0 &'$<0 �&C0#@ Q! &0 & 020 &S<
001(2'02'CA#2 , &%&&,1(#&$(C '#20><
'('0C"1!##&%DpH<'( "<$(0C(# &2(C<
6%$%'$D%"
# &2(0!#!!+, !"1(@ <#)#200C!0@0
&((2#00CA 00# C*00CA 0# C*00C 1( C*00C (# &2(C<
# &2(, &%< >0 1(('C 2> 2 2* &2 2 (# &2(& 0#
(# &2(, &%<%2#&#@>< I(2'0(# &2(, &< 2 #
53
V'0>(# &2(0> #'!2A(%pH1((# &2(0 "<>0
&,1(#&$(C'#20>0#(# &2(, &%,0(#2<),00C(#!@
22'0C+(# &2(#+<
"%',%%'',*$"(
! &%A 2 �2&%A ! 0A 2 �20< 1C
H1(@ 2B ,V,!$>(0CA 20$&(,!$>(0CA ' 1(1(@
0(2#0A !01(1(@0(2#0< 0 $(#200"
H(#!@"< >0 ! &0 & ('C 0# 1('$!&C 1(&!#0
H(#!@"< #%2#0 !" P,0&A P!&('A P!&('0C" Q!
&%02 �2&%0C"S1&0@#AP!&('2V$*#> #QWS1(
@ #A 2>% P0(")) #1(@ #<(#200(0 &#<@0!#&(
,'0#, !" 2,V0 & 02,V0 & 1(&!#0>
H(#!@" 1(#20C+'#00C+1 �'#(&0C,P!&('0C,1&0
@##,<>'0#1(>V0",<#(#,,Ch#&,(#<W!&(<!
!$,$>&(CA+, ! &0!&!#<
>=6@>;E=2@AB;&;A
B;&;E=2;=2F27@G627HB=?=27
;G627=FI;B2=;>=>;F
%%0"($!%"1%-
1.!%"1)$(%%
020C!# C 0(#0 !+ '00"B ,&#C H 0,&#CG
! 'CA! &CA 02#0>A <# !#@>1! &0 020C,
2" &2#,B! 'C! &0CA#,&(0CA 020CA0 )(#$O*A
! ! &C Q'(! 'CS< ,0!#&$(C 0(#0 !+ '00"<
1C (#!@"B ! &0 020CA ! &%02 �2&%0CA
!,1! )(#2#0>A ),00C Q1(0 # #&,# ($11 #&,2SA
1( '00>Q 0&#SA(#V0><
B.JKL.'
$ $#)) M<<N< '('C 00CA !2#0&0CA ,&#
!<#02'('Ck< 1(1(@0(2#0#022*
0" ('< #!0,(0 ,00 ! &%02 �2&%0C+
2" &2 3F−< ('0C '00> A 3A ?A 8 !#!
1(>20(#0"!2#0&0 &#&,2<&+,P,0&2
2&(1('#I�#21($110#1(,(l<
$#))M<N/,>! ('#<'#<! 'CA1(! 'C<&2
&(0+,! ('#&+, (C'($++#%!02</,>
5?
(C2 020C+ &10>+! 0>Q $%'CA' $%'CA $%&CA
$%#&CS< 1(1(@0(2#0 (C2*0" ('<
$#)) MN /,> '00" #&#B #,,#!A 0&('CG '(#0A
'(! #,0G! 'C#&#A #&0#> ! &#A 0&(#&CA 0&(&C< &
+, (#&+,#&#<+' &2&+,ZAmnALo
M_< #!0,(0 & ,00> ! &0 020C+ 2" &2 1 ($11
Q&N3p? &2& &2$O*"! &C!M_3p? &2& &2$O*,$'(!
'$S ,00, &10! 0>P,0&#<
$#)) <MN &(0 2" &2# 1( &C+2* &2 H #,#A (#&A
!#()0A$(0A &($!&$(0 &%L_Aq]AL`A1,(,2#<(
#0 !#>+,>$('#D ! 'CA !#()0#&C '(!#()0#&CA@#
0'CA!#()'C< )#>(%$('#2+,D(#0 !#>+,><%
)00 &"+, !" 2>2 2" &2#+ '00"0#1(,(rp3
L_p3< )#>(%!(,0>2+,B !#&CA 2>%+ &(0> P!
&(00"!0$(#@"!(,0>! ('#< 020C1(' 0>
+,q]AL`Zo<
$#))<<<N(H ! 'A! &CA)(#&CA)('C<O,0"H !
'CA'(! 'CA#O,0#&CA#O, !#&C<#2 , &%+, !+
2" &2&1,(0",'!#@Q0#1(,(ms3p?S<
$#))*<N <<N '('CA! 'CA '(! 'CA 1(! 'CA#
0'C'($ <00C"+#(#!&( 2><
G$%'1.OPL.'
/,>1'($11CKKK</,>1'($11Ct_</,>1'($11Cu</
,>1'($11Cr^<+' &2 &>2+,P,0&2#20C+1
)0C+1'($11< I(' 0 !('0#@00C+Q!,1! 0C+S
'00>+B@0&(#%0C"#&,A!('0#@00 A#0'CA!0 �
&C$ &"2 &</,>1'($11Cv`< /,>l]Ar[N_< I#&02C
,&#C</,>rwAmxmw</,>y`kx<h#0�'C#!&0'C<
58
5.3. План семинарских занятий
47.%.$%" '
'$,
5%A!0@0&(#@
3H?'(A(#'#!&20 &%
?2#0&2C #A'0P!&(00C# &@C
80P!&(00C#&,C
7W!&(00C!0$(#@I(' !#> &,#
5
:H=!$C
H &($!&$(0C(,$CA,&(>
61%0C",,0&
54H55/, !#> 2>%2!( &##+
5
53I(20##&(,'0#,!AP0&#%1>
5
5?&10 2)'CA&1&#A&1,! &%
58W!
P0'&(, !1(@ CA#!0 #
57J!(0#
H#)(#
5:H5;# &&(,'0#, !+$0!@"(#!@
5=H56&(,#+, !1(@ #A
34(,C2C(#V0>!0 �&C(#202 >A
A3
35)#(#+, !1(@ #A1(0@1h#&%
3
33 &CA 02#0>
3
3?H3;pH(# &2(2! &A 02#0" "
3=H36# &2(, &%A1(2'0(# &2(, &
?
?4H?3),00C(#!@
?
??H?8I2&(0A1'&2!#!!0&(%0"(#)&
?
5H3,0!#&$(#!# !#@>0(< '00"
?H:! &%0
2 �2&%0C1(@ C
t8A8A
;'('A#0C
=5:>($11#I(' !" &,CQIS
657>($11#I
7
5458>($11#I
7
555?A35
>($11CI
7
53?A8A7
>($11CI
5?:;
>($11CI
58=A654
>($11CI
575553
>($11CI
:
5:I2&(0A1'&2!#!
:
I семестр
!0 �&#(#202 >
II семестр
57
8
2%'.(" -%'#'
Q$.
2$"/
&5
,2C0#2#0>P,0&2
544?
#'#05
&(0#&,2,!$
3747
0&(<(#)<
5
&(0#&,2,!$
:44:
&3 020C10>&>&(,'0#,!
5446
#'#03
/, !(#202 !0&!#
34454
0&(<(#)<
3
I&,#'#0>3
:4455
&?
020C10>&>00C+(#202 "
54458
#'#0?
00C(#202 >
37457
0&(<(#)<
?
I&,#'#0"3?
=445:
&8
020C10>&>
H
1(@ 2
5448
#'#08
H
1(@ C
?447
0&(<(#)<
8
0,0!#&$(#
:44:
&7
,0!#&$(#0(#0 !+
5446
#'#07
/,> '00"
рsP,0&2
?4454
0&(<(#)<7
/,> '00"
рsP,0&2
:4455
#'#0:
/,> '00"
d-P,0&2
34457
0&(<(#)<:
I2 ,&,#,KK , &(#
=445:
I(1(+V'0!$( # &10%$ 20> &'%0C+(#'2@0
2#& >1 &,Q0'2'$#%0C"!$,$>&20C"0'! S<W&#
&,# 1('$ ,#&(2#& 2C 0 )#2 # 2C100 ,'$%0C+
#'#0"A!,1%O&(0C+& &2!0&(%0C+(#)&<#C !#'C2#O& >
1'2$,0#2 ,C,!('0#&#,B
5S,'$%0C#'#0>A!,1%O&(0& &(2#0A1(2(0C(#)
&C0# ,0#( !+#0>&>+G
3S1&!2C!0&(%0C(#)&C<
&2$O@0!$X+(EY,V01$&%A0#)(#22 , &(;4b
)#2AX&0Y− =4b1!#V'"'2$+!('0#&<0C+ $#>+
&$'0& '#& P!#,0< I$00#> # , &( @0!# X+(EY ,V&
)C&%12CE0#1($%&#&$P!#,0#<
7.*%$")$)$.3#'!"'$
"'$
7. *
I семестр
II семестр
'00"
#! ,#%02,V0 ! &2 )#2 # & &C #'#0> 2
, &(H5444A#!0&(%0C(#)&CH3444<
5:
&$'0&%$"2C10&2 #'#0>0#)(&2 $,,0,0
+# #'#0> + # !0&(%0CA01$& #
, &(@0!$R1$SYG0,0+##'#0>+#
!0&(%0CHR'!T<
G$!,..,*1'$+-" .#..%'#'
Для получения оценки «удовлетворительно» в I семестре студент
должен:
5S0#&%символыназвания P,0&2IG
3S0#&%10>&>атомный номерA массовое числоA элементA изотопG
?S$,&%1('>&% ядраO)изотопа#1 C2#&%$(#20
0>процессов радиоактивного распадаG
8S$,&%#1 C2#&%электронные конфигурации#&,202G
7S$,&% 1%2#&% > &#)@" I Q2#'&% 10>&>, группаA под-
группаA периодA рядA семействоA аналогA 1(' !#C2#&% &+,&(O
2C E+! '2A#0'2SG
:S$,&% 1('>&% ковалентностьA степень окисленияA #1 C2#&%
структурные формулы 1(' !#C2#&% ,&(O 0(#0 !+ ,
!$G
;S0#&% 020C &1C &2('C+ 2* &2 QковалентныеA ионныеA ме-
таллическиеA молекулярныеS $,&% 1('>&% &1 +, !" 2>
Q'>0 V0C+ '00"SG
=S0#&%1('0> 020C+&(,'0#, !+$0!@"Bвнутрен-
няя энергияA теплотаA работаA теплоемкостьA энтропияA энтальпияA энергия ГиббсаA константа равновесияG
6S0#&%$,&% 1%2#&%закон ГессаG
54S$,&%(# &C2#&%энергию Гиббса реакцийконстанты равнове-
сия 1(#20C+'#00C+1 �'#(&0C,&(,'0#, !,$0!@>,
)(#2#0>P0&#%1AP0&(1G
55S$,&%(# &C2#&% !0 �&C(#202 >0##%0 #
(#202 0C" (#202 0 #D!0 �&$(#202 >G
53S0#&% 020C 1 )C 2C(#V0> концентрации растворов
(% мас.A % мол.A моль/лS$,&%1(2'&%1( &'0+'0@2
'($G
5?S$,&%1(2'&%(# &C1стехиометрическим уравнениям ре-
акцийG
58S0#&% 10>&> кислота и основание по Брёнстеду и АррениусуG
$,&%(# &C2#&% !0@0&(#@ 02 рН (# &2(2 %0C+ #
)C+! & 02#0"A "G
57S$,&%(# &C2#&%!0@0&(#@O0220# C*00C+(# &2(#+
'#00C+1растворимостиПР0#)(&G
5;
5:S0#&% 020C 10>&> +, !" !0&!B скорость реакции
для гомогенных и гетерогенных процессовA константа скоростиA простые
и сложные реакцииA молекулярностьA порядок реакцииA энергия активации<
)#!("R#'$',T<<%.%'$/).
.)$!%*1*S'$+-/%'#'3U
5;S0#&% 10>&> окислениеA восстановлениеA окислительA восстано-
вительA полуреакции окисления-восстановленияA электродный потенциалA
гальванический элементG
5=S$,&%1('>&%&(,'0#, !$O2,V0 &%02,V
0 &%1(&!#0>! &%02 �2&%0"(#!@стандарт-
ных электродных потенциаловG
56S$,&%$(#202#&%! &%02 �2&%0C(#!@G
34S$,&%1(,0>&%уравнение НернстаG
35S0#&% $,&% 1(,0>&% !# !#@O 0(#0 !+ '
00"G
33S0#&% 0,0!#&$($ 0(#0 !+ '00" $,&% 0#C
2#&%+G
3?S0#&% &10C &10 ! 0> P,0&2 2 + '00>+A
! &0 020C ! &%02 �2&%0C 2" &2# &1
0C+! '2A'(! '2A! (' '(V#*+! &G
38S0#&% 10,#&% #!0,(0,00 !+ +,
!+ 2" &21( &C+2* &2&#!+1( &"E+ '00"A!#!#
0'CA! 'CA '(! 'CQ! (' '(V#*! &CS11'($1
1#,1('#,I(' !" &,C<
&#,* %.%'',-$+'*%'#'
'$%0C#'#0>,0>O& >V'01$)!$O& >20&(0&0#
#"&<
V!$S%.$1%.%'',
8.1. Моль, расчет концентраций
% H ! &2 2* &2#A '(V#* &%! V &($!&$(0C+
'0@Q#&,2A02A,!$SA !%! '(V& >#&,2253&
1#53A(#201 &>00"Q $S2#'(NAW/X.,D<
!&(C 1 )C2C(#V0>!0@0&(#@(# &2(2B
#S.%%H&0E0,# C(# &2(002* &2#!,#
(# &2(#Q)(#,(0#>20#SG
)S .$ H &0E0 ! &2# (# &2(00 2* &2#
Q ,%S!)*,$! &2$,"2 +!,100&2(# &2(#
Q)(#,(0#>20#SG
5=
2S .,%', H ! &2 (# &2(00 2* &2# Q ,%S
25!(# &2(&>Q,%F!SG
S.$"('$(HP&! &2,"(# &2(002
* &2#2'0,&((# &2(#Q,%FS<
V!
5<#"&1('010>&Oмоль<(#20&,%3,%3<'
'(V& >)z%E#> ,# #{' '(V& > )%E #&,2{ ' '(
V& >)%E#&,22'('#{
3<(#20&53 5 3<' '(V& >)z%E#>,# #{'
'(V& >)%E#&,2{' '(V& >)%E#&,22'('#{
?<(#20&5 5b ,# <2'0C(# &2(C 1( 2'< !%!
# &@ 1(&# '(V& >25,!#V'(# &2(2{
8<# &#&%B
#S ,>(0 &%74b,# < (0"! &CA1&0 &%(# &2(#!&("
>&5A84F ,?G
)S!#!)i,C6:b! &CQ1&0 &%5A=8F ,?S2'C&()$O& >
'>1(&20>5474b,# <(# &2(#k3Lp8<
7<7;3&2('N|pk(# &2(2=7=,2'C<)(#2# %(20
5444,(# &2(#<# &#&%B
#S!0@0&(#@OP&(# &2(#2b,# <Ab,<,%FG
)S !%!N|pk
Q2S0$V0')#2&%!P&,$(# &2($'>1$
Q&2<S
0>74b,# <(# &2(#<
:<344,2'C')#2544,64b,# <(# &2(#k3Lp8Q1&0 &%
5A=3 F,S< I$ %3=8 , (# &2(#< 1('&% !0@0&(#@O
2b,# <,%F<
;<#0!&(C+!#&(#+ 1%$O& >0!%!#',2C#!!$,$>&
(CA2!&(C+2!# &2P!&(&# 1%$& >34b,# <(# &2(}pk
1&0 &%O 5A56 F ,?< > C !#&% !+ (#)& !,1#0>
XLg~swdo]^x]^Y !$1# 0)%E" !#&(A #!!$,$>&( !&( 0 )C
#1(#20 P!&(&,< #! )i,C 5?A87 (# &2(# }pk
Q•e5A75F ,?S' &(2#00"2'C0)+',2>&%A&)C1(
&2&%(20?34b(# &2(#*{
=< 5 2'C (# &2( 5:; #)(#0 +(2'('# Q1(
5A44#&,<36=S<I$ %646,(# &2(#<#"&B
#S!0@0&(#@O1$2E >(# &2(# >0"! &CA2,%F
b,# <G
)S! &2022P&,(# &2(A2E&$!#+<
56
8.2. Стехиометрия, стехиометрические уравнения, газовые законы
020C,#!0#,'>'#%0C+#2A1(,0>,C,2 &(,'
0#,!A >2>O& > #!0 "> H #(&&#A #!0 "hO #!#A #!0
#(> #!02#'(<0 $ �#22#O , &,V'$ 02
0C,1#(#,&(#, #2 H '#20,A)i,,A&,1(#&$(" ,!$
>(0",# "<W&#!0CA1 C2#O*1(@ C2&(,'0#, !+
&,#+ '0, 0,00C, '2$,> 1(,00C, 1#(#,&(#, ##A
)C )i'00C $0C, #1"(0, 0'2C, 2 $(#200A
1 C2#O*1(@ C &,C1(2 +1(,00C+1#(#,&(#+(#)
&#<
V"-D&$''$&2(V'#&A&1(2'0#) O&0
'#20>##0#$'%0C")i,2&(, !,1(@ Q1(1
&>00"&,1(#&$(S &%20#1 &>00#>B
pVWconstpVWpV<
V"-:Y%%"# &A&1(1 &>00,'#20Q)#(0C"
1(@ S$'%0C")i,#)(#02* &2#Q)i,1 &>00",#
C##S,0>& >1(>,1(1(@0#%0,00O#) O&0C+&,
1(#&$(B
V5VWT5TA& &%V5TWconst<
V" I$A !&(C" 0'# 0#C2#O& 2&(C, #!0, "
hO #!#A#!O#& >2&,A&1(0,00, $'%0,)i,#)
O&0C '#20> ## ,0>O& > 1(>, 1(1(@0#%0 ,00O
#) O&0C+&,1(#&$(B
p5pWT5TA& &%p5TWconst<
$&D)-$A1 C2#O* &>0'
#%0##B
pV =
RTA
ν
'p H '#20Q2 1# !#>+ #&, (#+SG V H )i, Q2 !$) !+
,&(#+ &(#+SGν H ! &2 ## Q2 ,>+SG
ТH&,1(#&$(#Q2%20#+SGRe=A?5VF€,%e 4A4=3€#&,F€,%H
$02( #%0#>#2#>1 &>00#><
34
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]