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Общая и неорганическая химия. Учебно-методический комплекс

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9.6. Кислые и оснóвные соли
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9.7. Кристаллогидраты
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9.8. Координационные (комплексные) соединения
 020C  >O* !,1! 0C+ '00" '$O*B цен-
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внутреннюю сферу !,1! 0 '00>A!&($O,V0 0#C2#&% комплексом< !,1! !#C2#& >P!&( !#(>V00C,A&0
0#C2#& >!,1! 0C,0,A# 2   '00>2 @,'>!, 10 #@ #(>'# 'V0C 2+'&% !#&0C  #00CA )(#$O*
внешнюю сферу<
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комплексные соединения HP& %/ "'$*1"$(  !% ('$, '. )$*S'  0$.,#Y %'), "%<
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Q$.#* 
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анионы, имеющие специальные названияA & 0#2#0> &#!+ #0'2
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9.9. Особенности русской номенклатуры неорганических соединений
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l]pH#! %V#G
l]3p?H
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r^3p?H
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r^?H
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NpH! %#&#G
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"%,A '> '$O*" H
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k3r^?p54H&(++(,2#>! &#G
k3L3p7H'2$ (0 &#>! &#<
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#2#0> ('0+ "  &>&($ !+0#2#0"!#&02#0 02A1(,0#2#0#*2 0#0#O& !#&0#A+&>P&0)># &%0<.&)C1(#2%00#2#&% %1($ !"0,0!#&$(A '$& 2 1,0&%0#2#0 &2& &2$O*"! &C<
>#002! (' '(V#*+! &&0#2#0>! &C&)(# C2#& >!0#0/( '0&%0$O# 0$O! &#&!$1( '0>& > 2"%*-\/]B
M|Qrsp8S3H)#("+(0! C"G 
}8L_p8H!#"(&!(,02! C"G
M|Qrsp?S3H)#("+(02#&! C"G
QNk8S3rp?H#,,0"$! C"Q$%0! C"SG
…_Mp3H&",&#)(0! C"G
N|rsp3H0#&("+( &! C"<
  ,& > 0'00#0 &% &(#!&2! #(>'# !#&0#A &<< $* &2$& '2# !#&0# '0 ,&##  (#0C, #(>'#,A )(#*#O& > !0#2#0O  +'0 ! '#A '(V#* P&& !#&0 Q#! % ) ! %SA!0#2#0O ')#2>& > &2& &2$O* 2B
53:
kx3QNp?S3H (&$&%#&0! #>#! 0#>G
kxLp8H (&$&% (0! #>! 0#><
%*%*%
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M|QkLS3H)#(" (0 &C"! C"G
r[kLp8H!)#%& (0! C"! C"#! 0C"G
QrwpkS3rp?H,'%$! #> 020#>G
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r^Qk?Z3p;S?H+(,'2$ (0! C"! C"! 0C"'0#,*00C"G
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msQpkS3sH#O,0"+( &C" 020"'0#,*00C"G
Ql]pkSLp8HV (0!  020! 0'2$#,*00<
53;
C" .(*)$%*
10.1. I семестр
5< &,0 >'(<&,0C"0,(<# 2 <W,0&<&1CA
)#(C< # ! >'(#< I(('0#>   !$ &200#> (#'#!&2 0 &%<1C(#'#!&20(# 1#'#<
3< '(0C(#!@A0$! 0&21(('<!&,# C∆defFg3<
#'#!&20 &%< I(' 0  1 )#+ 1('0> !2(# &#1(1,*#0##&10  #<
?< 2#0&2C #Q#20A()&#%0A,#0&0A 102S<&,
0C ()&# sA p-A d  f&1#< W0(& ! $(20 P!&(0# 2'0P!&(00C+,0P!&(00C+# &@#+<I(0@1I#$  1(21(#2/$0'#!#! 02#1(>'!##100>#&,0C+() &#"< 0202)$V'00C  &>0>P!&(022#&,<
8< I(' !#>  &,# P,0&2 <<0'2#  P!&(00
&(0 #&,2B #&,0C  00C (#'$ CA 1&0@# QP0(>S 0#@1('0 &%+,00><IV0P,0&#2I (' !"  &,!#!#20#>+#(#!&( &!#<
7< 2#0&0#> 01>(0#> 2>%< 2#0&0 &% #&,2 2  020, 
2)$V'00,  &>0>+<σπ 2>A!(#&0 &% 2><W!&(00C  &($!&$(0C(,$C<(,#P!&(00C+)#!2,&(>, !$<)('0C#&,0C()&#<0(0#!@1&(0C",+#0, )(#2#0>!2#0&0" 2><1(>V0 2>"<
:< #0C # 1!&C 2#0&0 &B !2#0&0 &%A &10% ! 0>A
!('0#@00 <,&(>,!$1,&'$&&#!2#0> P!&(00C+ 1#( Q,&'  1S< W!&(&(@#&%0 &%A 1>( 0 &% 2><1%0C",,0&<
;< !2#0&0C2#,'" &2>B00#>A,V,!$>(0#>Q2#0'(2#
#% 2#>SA2'('0#> 2>+(%2#(#&0C+  &>0>+2* &2#<2#0&0CA 00CA ,!$>(0C ,&# ! &2('C 2* &2#<,&(' , !!( &#C<
=< &+,&( !$(#200+, !"(#!@<(#200>,#&
(#%0 )##0 #A $(#200 )##0 # #(>'2 QP!&(0"&(#%0 &S<!$>(0#> 00#>(,##1 $(#200> (#!@<1 2CP!&C+, !+1(@ 2AP!P0'&(, !(#! @<#!0 #<
6< 0$&(00>>P0(>A&1&#A(#)&#<W0&#%1><50##&(,'
0#,!<1,! &%<
53=
54<
W0(&!#+, !+ (#!@"B,00P0( 2>"&1
2"P0(<12#> P0(>Q1 &$1#&%0#>A2(#*#&%0#>A ! )#&%0#>S<
55< W0&(1> H ,!( !1 !"  &(,'0#, !" 1'+'<
3 0## &(,'0#,!< #2 , &% P0&(1 & &,1(#&$(CA '#20>A!0@0&(#@<
53< �'#(&0C $ 2>< �'#(&0  &>0 2* &2< �'#(&0C
&(,'0#, !$0!@<W0&#%1>(#!@P0&#%1>)(# 2#0>2* &2#<
5?< W0(>)) #<W0(>)) #(#!@P0(>)) #)(#2#
0>2* &2#<(#200&(,C+, !1(@ #!0 �&# (#202 ><
58< >00#1V0(#202 >!0 �&$(#202 >&,1(#&$
(C'#20><I(0@1h#&%<
57< # &2(CP!&(&20P!&(&2<%0C #)CP!&(
&C<&10%' @#@<
5:<  &C  02#0>1((0$ $(j0 &'$<0 �&C0#
@Q! &0 & 020 &S<
5;< 001(2'02'CA#2 , &%&&,1(#&$(C'#20><
'('0C"1!##&%DpH< 5=< '( "< 56< 2, &0C(#202 >A2&, )$(0C(# &2(C< 34< # &2(, &%A 1(2'0 (# &2(, &<  2>  #V'0> H
(# &2(0><
10.2. II семестр
5< '('B! &%02 �2&%0C 2" &2# )00 &+
1(>20>A (>' 0#1(>V0" ,&#2< '00> 2'('#A +
 ! &0 020C 2" &2#B#02'('CA2'#A (2
'('A#,,#!A,�A'('C,&#2<'('0#> 2>%< 3< #0CBP!&(00#>!0$(#@>A!2#0&0 &%A &10! 
0>A 0,&#0 &%A ' 1(1(@0(2#0 2 *0" ('<
 )00 &&(#<'00>#02B#0'C00C,
!$>(0C+2#,'" &2 2'"G#02'('CA+! 
&0 020C   2" &2#G! 'CA ! ! &CA ! ! 
&A+ &($!&$(0C(,$CA! &0C 2" &2#<h#)(#&(
01$0+(#krs<I(,CE001$0rs3<
536
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0>3<! 'CH00CH,!$>(0CG! &0CH 020CH
#,&(0CH0 )(#$O*A &2& &2$O*'(! 'CF !
! &CA1(,(C&#!+! '2+(#!@"<I(! 'C< 8< (#A+#%!0CBP!&(00#>!0$(#@>A!2#0&0 &%A &10
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