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Общая и неорганическая химия. Учебно-методический комплекс

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5<!,0'2#00C0#2#0>+, !+ '00"A1 &(00C2 
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9.2. Названия простых веществ
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#2#0>&$+2'('0C+ '00"P,0&2u($11CQ!(, #&#S)(#$O& > & #&0 ! !(0> 0#2#0> P,0&#  $! ,
-инG'> &#%0C+P,0&22 $#A 2  ,!$C2+'&
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0 00C '00>2'('# $(',0#C2#O&11(# 2#,0,0!#&$(C(#0 !+2* &2<
9.4. Кислородсодержащие кислоты
#2#0>P&!# # '00" &(>& >($112 2#X!  &#Y1(##&%0A!&(  >O&($ !!(0>0#2#0> P,0&#A!0#0>-ая  $! 2A $!#C2#O*+A0# !%! &10% ! 0>! &)(#$O*P,0&#&#& >&,#! ,#%0"<
>2C E"'0 &200" &10! 0>1(,0>O& $! C-н-, -ов-, -ев-B
k?Mp?−)(0#>! &#G k3L_p?−,&#!(,02#>! &#G kNp?−#&0#>! &#G  k3rp?−$%0#>! &#G 
kˆ]p8−(02#>! &#G k3r^p8−+(,2#>! &#G kZp?−,&# (0#>! &#G k?Zp8−(& (0#>! &#< 
I( !орто-мета-1(,0>O&A&)C(##&%0#2#0>! &A ,!$C!&(C+&#O& >&%! X '(V#0, 2'CY< '(V#* 0#)%E ! &2 2'C ! &C H k7Kp:A k:t]p:A k?Zp8A k8L_p8 H 0#C2#O& > &2& &200 (&'0"A (&&$(2"A (& (0"A (&!(,02"GkKp8Ak3t]p8AkZp?Ak3L_p?H,&#'0"&<1<
  2,V0C '2 &10 ! 0>A & '> 0E"  1%$O& $! C-ист-A-овист-B
k3L]p?− 0 &#>! &#G
k3t]p?−&$( &#>! &#G
kmnp3−,&#,CE%>!2 &#>! &#G
k?mnp?−(&,CE%>!2 &#>! &#<
 $# &(+ 2,V0C+ &10" ! 0> ! &)(#$O* P,0&#A1,,$1,>0$&C+ $! 2A'> #,"0!"Q)C095S 1(,0>& >  " $! -новатист-B
k?Zp3−  (02#& &#>! &#G
k3N3p3− #&02#& &#>! &#<
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>&C(+(#0C+ &10" ! 0>1 '2#&%0 1% $O&X $! CY
-н-A -новат-A -ист-  -новатист-B
krsp8−+(0#>! &#Gkrsp?−+(02#&#>! &#G
krsp3−+( &#>! &#Gkrsp−+(02#& &#>! &#<
> & &)C (#&% ! &CA '(V#* (#0 ! &2 #&,2! &)(#$O*P,0&#2'0" &10! 0>A1(, 0>O& 2C1( !B
k3r^3p;−'+(,2#>! &#Gk3r^?p54−&(+(,2#>! &#G
k3L3p7−' (0 &#>! &#Gk3M8p;−&&(#)(0#>! &#<
! ! &CA2 !&(C+ #&,C ! ('# #,*0C 0# #&,C (C Q# &0  10 &%OS  0# 1(! ($11C Q−−−SA 1$#O& ! 2,$0#2#0O1( !$ &2& &200тио-пероксо-Q10) +', &  2"1( !"SB
k3L3p?Qk3Lp?LS−& (0#>! &#G
k3rL?−&(&$%0#>! &#G
kNp8QkNp3Qp3SS−1(! #&0#>! &#G
k3L3p=Qk3L3p:Qp3S−1(! ' (0#>! &#<
9.5. Средние соли кислородсодержащих кислот
#2#0> ('0+ "  &>& &(#'@00C+ 0#2#0" !#&02  #002< P,0&2)(#$,,,! #001(>2>&'0 &200$O 2C E$O &10%! 0>A&0#2#0#00#!#02#& >0#-атB
}8L_p8−(& !#&!#>G…_Mp3−,&#)(#&&><
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-атA'>0E"H $! -итB
M|L]p8− 0#&)#(>Gl]mnp8−(&#( 0#&V#QKKKSG
M|L]p?− 0&)#(>Gl]Qmnp3S3−,&##( 0&V#QKKS<
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N|3N3p3−10&(&0#&(>Gr|Qk3Zp3S3−1 &!#%@><
I '02* &2>2>& > ('0" %OA1 !%!$2P&,#00 '2##&,#2'('#1( '00C01 (' &200!#&,$ (#0 1(>2>O&! C+ 2" &2<
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Nk8rsp8−1(+(#&#,,0>G}v`p8−1(,#0#0#&!#>G
mx7Kp:−(&1('#& ()(#GL^QKp8S3−,('#& &(0@><
534
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