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Файл:Английский язык для профессиональной коммуникации. Учебное пособие
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run loose in the pasture with the herd. He is kept either in a box stall or in a
strong paddock. His stall or paddock is so built that he can see other cattle.
Sometimes the bull is housed in a shed built in the paddock. When more
than one bull are used, the bulls may be kept together.
The bull must have plenty of exercise to retain his breeding
power. He should be treated kindly the bull must be handled in a firm
manner and must be trained to being tied. In leading a bull a staff should
always be used. When the bull is one year of age, a ring should be put in his
nose.
Management of Herd Bull. It is important that the herd bull be kept
in good condition. It is not advisable to permit the bull to run with the herd.
The safest and the best way is to keep the bull in an enclosure and under
control.
There are various forms of bull pens. One of them is a small
open yard in connection with the box-stall. The door between the open
yard and the box-stall may be closed and opened at will. This is a good
way of keeping the herd bull.
It is convenient to keep the bulls in separate box-stalls. Every
box-stall should have a door leading into the pasture. A high fence should
enclose this pasture.
Two or more bulls are usually let out together. Such a pasture provides good exercise and also a good pasturage during the pasture season. In winter it gives them plenty of exercise.
LEARNING ACTIVITIES
1. Guess the meaning:
Ration, appetite, production, to disinfect, to ventilate, temperature,
period, management, control.
2. Translate the following words and word combinations:
Drinking water, heavy grain ration, time of milking, clean bedding,
open type of a barn, dairy barn, mature bull, strong paddock, plenty of exercise, to retain breeding power, to treat kindly, firm manner, to run with the
herd, to keep in an enclosure, bull pen, pasture season.
3. Form verbs from the following nouns and translate:
Management, foods, maintenance, supply, milking, soil, breeding,
disinfection, ventilation, usage, house, maturity, building, breeding,
treatment, handling, permission, enclosure, control, form, connection,
keeping, separation, provision, pasturage.
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4. Supply antonyms for the following:
Good, essential, heavy grain, clean, healthy, high quality, open type,
mature, to allow, strong, to be kept together, plenty of exercise, firm,
kindly, to be tied, safe, under control, small, separate.
5. Fill in the proper prepositions and translate:
1. The ration must be … the appetite … the cow.
2. The cow must be clean … time … milking.
3. The temperature … the dairy barn … a closed type must not fall
… freezing.
4. A mature bull east … 10 … 15 pounds … roughage.
5. The bull must have plenty … exercise … retain his feeding power.
6. When the bull is one year … age, a ring should be put … his hose.
6. Translate the sentences into English:
1. Корова должна быть чистой во время доения.
2. Если вымя коровы в земле или в навозе, его следует вы-
мыть перед доением.
3. Корова должна содержаться в хорошем стойле.
4. Стойло следует дезинфицировать и хорошо проветривать.
5. Существует 2 типа сараев для содержания коров: открыто-
го типа и закрытого типа.
7. Answer the questions:
1. Must the ration be within the appetite of a cow?
2. What are the foods used in winter?
3. What does the quality of milk depend upon?
4. What are the types of barns to house the cows?
5. How many pounds of roughage and grain does a mature bull eat
daily?
6. What is the safest and the best way to keep the bull?
8. Compare the management of a bull and the management of a
herd bull. Find differences.
9. Write down 5 your own questions to this text.
10. Retell the text briefly.
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TEXT 15
Active Vocabulary
1. to select – отбирать, выбирать
2. purpose – цель
3. to raise – разводить, выращивать
4. beef breed – мясная порода
5. several – несколько
6. appearance – внешний вид
7. pedigree – родословная
8. performance – продуктивность
9. prepotency – наследственность
10. to note – записывать
11. offspring – потомство
12. ancestor – предок
13. purebred – чистопородный
14. butterfat – молочный жир
15. ability – способность
Choosing Breeds and Individual Animals
Before considering the question of what breed to select one should
decide on the purpose for which the animals are to be raised. If one wishes to raise cattle to market as beef, beef breed are to be studied. If the
purpose is to produce milk and butterfat, the dairy type of cattle is logically
the group to pay attention to.
In raising livestock keep in mind that there is no best breed for
all conditions. There are far greater differences in production between
animals within each breed than in the averages between breeds. That is
why regardless of the breed chosen give careful consideration to the selection of individual animals within that breed.
In selecting individual animals several factors are to be paid special
attention to. These are appearance or type, pedigree, performance and prepotency.
Appearance and Type. The method of selecting animals on the
basis of type or outward appearance is of value in noting characteristic
that are approved for a particular breed. From outward appearance alone
one cannot decide which cows are high producers. It doesn’t indicate accurately the quality of offspring that will be produced
Pedigree. A pedigree is a record of the names and registration number of the ancestors of a given animal. The main value of a pedigree is
that it provides evidence that the animal under consideration is a purebred.
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Performance. By performance in farm animals is meant their ability to pro-duce, or “perform” in accordance with the purpose for which
they are kept. For dairy cattle performance of each cow is measured in
terms of milk and butterfat produced by her in a given period of time.
Performance for beef cattle is measured by rate of gain.
Prepotency or Transmitting Ability. Prepotency is the ability of an
animal to transmit desired characteristics to its offspring.
In selecting farm animals, consider certain factors in addition to
those already mentioned.
They are reproductive ability, health, age, time of breeding and sire
used (in case of a bred females).
LEARNING ACTIVITIES
1. Read and translate the following and word combinations:
To market, to produce milk, to pay attention to, individual animals,
outward appearance, high producer, the quality of offspring, rate of gain, to
transmit desired characteristics, time of breeding.
2. Supply nouns to the following adjectives:
1. dairy…
2. individual…
3. outward…
4. reproductive…
5. beef…
6. particular…
3. Give synonyms to the following:
To select, to decide, purpose, to raise animals, purpose, beef breed,
to keep in mind, regardless, careful, individual animal, factors, special
attention, performance, basis, value, offspring, farm animals, ability to
produce, term, gain, health, sire.
4. Explain in English the following notions:
Selection, butterfat, pedigree, performance, prepotency, offspring,
time of breeding.
5. Form verbs from the following nouns:
Breed, consideration, choice, selection, decision, market, production, group, difference, consideration, appearance, performance, producer,
transmission, characteristics, addition.
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6. Make up word combinations connecting A and B parts.
A B
1. individual 1. characteristics
2. dairy 2. ability
3. beef 3. appearance
4. reproductive 4. animal
5. outward 5.number
6. registration 6. producer
7. special 7. milk
8. desired 8. type
9. to produce 9. attention
10. high 10. breed
7. Put some questions to the given data.
1. Prepotency is the ability of an animal to transmit desired char-
acteristics to its offspring.
2. In selecting farm animals, consider the following factors: re-
productive ability, health, age, time of breeding.
3. A pedigree is a record of the names and registration number of
the ancestors of a given animal.
4. Performance of farm animals is their ability to produce in
accordance with the purpose for which they are kept.
8. Agree or disagree with the following statements. Make a list
of your arguments. Discuss it with your group-mates.
1. In raising livestock keep in mind that there is no best breed for all
conditions.
2. From outward appearance alone one cannot decide which cows
are high producers.
9. Give the general idea of this text in a few words.
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TOPICS FOR EXAMINATION
I. AGRICULTURE AS A SCIENCE
Vocabulary to the text
Nouns: agriculture, cultivation, fungi, fiber, biofuel, species, surplus,
consumption, shift, response, support, improvement, recycling, damage,
issue, depletion, out-put, lumber, cereals, flax, hemp, cotton, decade.
Adjectives and adverbs: key, sedentary, greatly, sustainable, vast,
remarkable, sharp(ly), similar(ly), common(ly), broad(ly), ornamental.
Verbs: sustain, enhance, create, nurture, define, rely on, expand,
maintain, re-quire, cover, base, include, occur, lead, ban, foster, observe.
Other parts of speech: whereby, as, such as, for, until, still.
Agriculture as a science
Agriculture is the cultivation of animals, plants, fungi and other life
forms for food, fiber, biofuel, medical and other products used to sustain and
enhance human life. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created
food surpluses that nurtured the development of civilization. The study of
agriculture is known as agricultural science.
The history of agriculture dates back thousands of years and its development has been driven and defined by greatly different climates, cultures and technologies. However, all farming generally relies on techniques
to expand and maintain the lands that are suitable for raising domesticated
species. For plants, this usually requires some form of irrigation, although
there are methods of dryland farming. Livestock are raised in a combination
of grassland-based and landless systems, in an industry that covers almost
one-third of the world's ice- and water-free area. In the developed world
industrial agriculture based on large-scale monoculture has become the
dominant system of modern farming, although there is growing support for
sustainable agriculture, including permaculture and organic agriculture.
Until the Industrial Revolution, the vast majority of the human population la-bored in agriculture. Pre-industrial agriculture was typically subsistence agriculture/self-sufficiency in which farmers raised most of their
crops for their own consumption instead of cash crops for trade. A remarkable shift in agricultural practices has occurred over the past century in response to new technologies and the development of world markets. This
also has led to technological improvements in agricultural techniques such
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as the Haber-Bosch method for synthesizing ammonium nitrate which made
the traditional practice of recycling nutrients with crop rotation and animal
manure less important.
Modern agronomy, plant breeding, agrochemicals such as pesticides
and fertilizers and technological improvements have sharply increased
yields from cultivation, but at the same time have caused widespread ecological damage and negative human health effects. Selective breeding and
modern practices in animal husbandry have similarly increased the output of
meat, but have raised concerns about animal welfare and the health effects
of the antibiotics, growth hormones, and other chemicals commonly used in
industrial meat production. Genetically modified organisms are an increasing component of agriculture, although they are banned in several countries.
Agricultural food production and water management are increasingly becoming global issues that are fostering debate on a number of fronts. Significant degradation of land and water resources, including the depletion of
aquifers, has been observed in recent decades, and the effects of global
warming on agriculture and of agriculture on global warming are still not
fully understood.
The major agricultural products can be broadly grouped into foods,
fibers, fuels and raw materials. Specific foods include cereals (grains), vegetables, fruits, oils, meats and spices. Fibres include cotton, wool, hemp, silk
and flax. Raw materials include lumber and bamboo.
Other useful materials are produced by plants, such as resins, dyes,
drugs, per-fumes, biofuels and ornamental products such as cut flowers and
nursery plants.
Over one third of the world's workers are employed in agriculture,
second only to the services' sector, although the percentages of agricultural
workers in developed countries has decreased significantly over the past
several centuries.
II. MY SPECIALTY
Vocabulary tо the text
Nouns: humankind, livestock, species, curriculum, background, experience, nutrition, behavior, reproduction, legal aspects, welfare, emphasis.
Adjectives and adverbs: broad, far, available, strong, essential, certain, in-depth. Verbs: describe, be under the control, call, include, offer,
suggest, provide, prepare, enter.
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Other parts of speech: like, such as.
Animal Science
Animal Science is described as studying the biology of animals that
are under the control of humankind. Historically, the degree was called animal husbandry and the animals studied were livestock species, like cattle,
sheep, pigs, poultry, and horses. Today courses available now look at a far
broader area to include companion animals like dogs and cats, and many
exotic species. Degrees in Animal Science are offered at a number of colleges and universities. Typically, the Animal Science curriculum not only
provides a strong science background, but also gives working experience
with animals on campus-based farms.
Professional education in animal science prepares students for career
opportunities in areas such as animal breeding, food and fiber production,
nutrition, animal agribusiness, animal behavior and welfare, and biotechnology. Courses in a typical Animal Science program may include genetics,
microbiology, animal behavior, nutrition, physiology, and reproduction.
Courses in support areas, such as genetics, soils, agricultural economics and
marketing, legal aspects, and the environment also are offered. All of these
courses are essential to entering an animal science profession.
Animal scientists help farmers to develop and improve agricultural
industry. Different animal sciences are important for specialists who work in
the field of animal farming such as: animal physiology, nutrition, breeding
and genetics, ecology and ethology, livestock and poultry management. An
animal breeder is one of the animal husbandry. They have specific names
according to the animal for which a person cares, for example, a cattle
breeder (or a cattleman), a pig breeder (a hogman), a sheep breeder (a
sheepman), a horse breeder (a horseman), a poultry breeder (a poultryman),
a beekeeper or an apiarist, a dog breeder or a cynologist.
Students of animal science are interested in processes how agricultural animals convert feeds into food and other useful things which people
need. They conduct re-search in different fields of animal husbandry and try
to improve production, yield and growth of various animals. Thus, they
mainly specialize in such disciplines as nutrition, genetics and breeding, or
reproductive physiology. There are special courses to train veterinary scientists who study diseases of farm animals, methods of vaccination and animal
treatment.
Graduates of the faculty of animal husbandry work in veterinary and
human pharmaceutical industries, in industries which provide farms with
livestock and feeds as well as in educational institutes. They can work both
for private research firms and federal or state experimental stations.
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Today, managers of commercial farms organize the work of many
different specialists who raise thousands of various animals. Farms and
ranches employ breeders, veterinary surgeons (or vets), feeders and milkmen who help to care for the animals. Nowadays farmers use modern techniques and achievements of different natural sciences because this helps to
improve the ability of animals to convert feed into meat, milk, or fiber more
efficiently and improve the quality of the final products.
At many universities a Bachelor of Science (BS) degree in Animal
Science al-lows emphasis in certain areas. Typical areas are species-specific
or career-specific. Species-specific areas of emphasis prepare students for a
career in dairy management, beef management, swine management, sheep
or small ruminant management, poultry production, or the horse industry.
Other career-specific areas of study include pre-veterinary medicine studies,
livestock business and marketing, animal welfare and behavior, animal nutrition science, animal reproduction science, or genetics.
III. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
Vocabulary to the text
Nouns: agriculture, animal husbandry, animal farming, animal scientist, breeder, cattle (beef cattle, dairy cattle, draft cattle), crop, crop farming,
domestication, farming, feed, fertilizer, food, grazing, labour, livestock (syn
stock), mammal, manure, poultry, quantity, requirement, source, variety (a
variety of), yield.
Adjectives and adverbs: additional, agricultural, already, domestic,
domesticated, draft, herbivorous, main, mainly, nowadays, raw (raw materials), ruminant, suitable, useful, valuable, various.
Verbs: breed, cultivate, develop, domesticate, grow, improve, include, increase, influence smb/smth, produce, provide (smb with smth),
raise, rear, rely on smb/smth, use.
Other parts of speech: any, as, as well as, both ... and, either... or,
however, neither ... nor, some, such as.
Animal Husbandry
Agriculture provides people with food, feed and other useful products. All over the world farmers cultivate valuable plants and raise productive domesticated animals. There are two main branches in modern agricul-
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ture: crop production (or crop farming) and animal husbandry (or animal
farming).
Nowadays, in many countries people are still relying on meat, milk
and eggs as main sources of food. Both breeders and farmers have already
bred and are still breeding highly productive agricultural animals. Animal
farming is a process in which a farmer breeds, raises and cares for livestock
either for commerce or private use.
The word livestock refers to domesticated animals such as beef and
dairy cattle, sheep, goats, swine (hogs), horses, donkeys and mules, buffalo,
oxen, rabbits or exotic animals, for example, camels, emus, ostriches, or any
animal which a farmer keeps and uses either for food or pleasure. Sometimes animal scientists include in this term also poultry, such as chickens,
ducks, geese and turkeys, but they include neither honey bees nor fish within the term livestock. However, poultry farming and bee-keeping are important branches of agriculture as well as aquaculture.
There are over a hundred large land mammals in the world but man has
domesticated only few types into livestock. There are two main requirements for
domestication of mammals: 1) the availability of feed which a farmer can easily
control and provide; 2) a rapid rate of reproduction. As cattle, sheep and horses
are herbivorous mammals, farmers try to keep these domestic animals on pastures. However, farmers often grow either cereals or other agricultural crops as
additional feed for their animals. Such ruminant animals as cattle, sheep and
goats are important for people because they convert large quantities of grasses or
other types of feeds, as well as non-protein nitrogen into meat, milk and wool.
Poultry also convert feed efficiently into protein.
Historically, livestock and poultry have provided the following benefits to humanity: meat, eggs, dairy products, raw materials, fertiliser, labour,
management of land.
Meat and eggs. In many countries livestock replaced wild game as
the main source of animal protein because only livestock convert various
food sources into human food. Poultry provide people with white meat as
well as with eggs.
Dairy products. People process milk of cows, sheep, goats into a variety of valuable dairy products such as yoghurt, cheese, butter, ice cream,
kefir, and koumiss.
Raw materials. Livestock produce useful raw materials, for example,
horses and cows provide leather, poultry produce feather and down, sheep
and goats provide wool for textile industry.
Fertiliser. Livestock leave behind manure which farmers spread on
fields and this increases yields of crops many times. Historically, plant and
animal farming have been closely linked.
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