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Файл:Rendering and summary writing. Учебное пособие.pdf
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to find resources to use in a class meeting or what to do with kids who arrive to
class late), you are helping the team solidify their ideas and patch holes in their
thinking, which is useful. Also, by asking questions, you are learning more about
the thinking behind an idea, which can be helpful. This rule can make team
meetings so much more productive and shifts the focus from problems to solutions.
Identifying problems is important to fixing them, but once they are identified, it’s
time to switch gears to asking questions… and then finding solutions.
In many school districts, teachers are given ample resources but are not
given time to interact with them, so they aren’t utilized as well as they could be.
However, by setting aside time in meetings for teachers to truly learn how to use
resources, they are empowered to successfully use them in the classroom.
Additionally, by making meetings interactive and having teachers work through
tasks together, you’re able to see what mistakes students might make – because
sometimes you make those same mistakes.
My former math coach did an amazing job setting aside time for us to
interact with challenging problems and learn games that engaged students and
strengthened their mathematical reasoning. One game that my students loved was
Math Dice, which is great for practicing quick thinking and order of operations.
However, if you were just to hand a teacher five dice and a set of directions, it's
unlikely that the teacher or students would benefit from this resource. By taking
the time to teach the game and have teachers play it together, they could see the
classroom use and the be st way to instr uc t students [7].
Mark the below sentences True, False and Not Given according to the
article.
1 Teache r s ofte n complain about unpr od uc ti ve meetings.
2 In the future, all meetings will be productive and leave participants feeling
accomplished.
3 Effective meetings focus solely on problem identification, not problem-
solving.
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4 The author suggests that all ideas should be immediately rejected in
meetings.
5 Many suggestions were made to fix the problem, but they were all rejected.
6 Creating norms in meetings discourages teac her s fr om thinking about
solutions.
7 In the future, all meetings will be productive and frustration-free.
8 In all school districts, teachers are given ample resources and time to
interact with them.
9 The author's former math coach was s uccessful in engaging stu dents with
challenging problems and games.
10 Math Dice is the most popular game among students.
Make each tr ue statement rendered wit h the help of a corresponding
reporting verb.
Model: Teachers often complain about unproductive meetings. – The author
states that teachers often complain a bout unproductive meetings.
1.4.3 Linking words
Linking words are words that connect ideas together in a
piece of writing. It shows that two things are related in some
way, or that the point you are making has supporting
information. The difference between linking words and simple paragraph starters
that we looked at previously, is that linking words can be found at the start of
paragraphs, but also in the middle of sentences to conne ct two ideas together too.
In the very best case here, your reader will become confused and fail to
follow the message you are trying to get across in your writing, because the bits of
text that should ordinarily fit together, just won’t fit together without the linking
words there to connect them.
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Picture 11 – Linking words
Here are linking words of result, empha sis, addition, illustrati on, order,
contrast, comparison and summary ( picture 11).
Exercise 1. Render the article given below, using linking words and
clichés bell ow.
In the process of rendering clichés are generally used. These clichés can
be divided into the following groups.
Clichés con cerning the gene ral to p ic:
The text dea ls with ...
The chapter discusses a n important problem of…
Clichés con centrating upon the main idea:
The author emphasizes (outlines) the idea of...
The main ide a of the text is...
The author believes ...
points out that.. .
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Clichés summarizing upon the topic:
At the end of the article…
The author c omes to the conclusion…
On the reading the article we re alize the fact that…
In conclusion, the article reads…
Is Knowledge About Culture Really Necessary When Learning a F oreing
Language?
Nov 30, 202 2, by Vanessa Fa r di
The answer to this question is always going to be a big, fat YES. Whoever
says or insists that culture is not an important and crucial factor when learning a
foreign language, is completely and utterly wrong. First, trying to separate the two
is going to be rather difficult, since they are linked in so many ways that is
practically impossible to learn a language without taking into consideration the
traditions, common sayings, proverbs, ways to address a person correctly and the
cultural influence behind it. Second, learning about the country, its history,
traditions, government and geography allows you to enrich the learning process
and have a more meaningful context when speaking this newly acquired language.
We could list a million reasons culture is connected to the language and we are
probably going to do so in thi s article.
Each language carries with it all the history and culture of the area that it
originated in. The political, social and economic conditions of the country will
always influence its vocabulary and the different meanings of its words. For
example, Spanish, being the official language in more than 20 countries, has such a
rich vocabulary that most of its words have different meanings depending on the
region where you are. Let us take, as an example, the word “apretar.” In Chile, the
verb means to make someone keep their obligation; in Argentina and Uruguay, it
means to kiss passionately; in Venezuela, it means to tighten – a screw, for
example – and in Mexico, used as an adjective, it means to have more money than
others. You can call a thong “zunga” in many South American countries, but in
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Colombia, you would be calling someone a prostitute. In Japan, if you are not
familiar with their complicated honorific speech, you could easily screw up a
business negotiation. Starting to understand the importance of culture when
learning a new language, ar e we?
The American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL) has
concluded that through the study of other languages, students gain knowledge and
understanding of the cultures that use that language. The fact that teachers are
being conscious about having thei r stud ents learn both the langua ge and the culture
behind it is just another piece of evidence that supports the big, fat yes we used to
answer the main question in this article. A student will never truly master a foreign
language unless they also master the cultural context that it implies.
How can foreign language learners acquire this magnificent knowledge?
Well, the best way to both learn a new language and its culture is to go to the
country per se, but we all know not everybody can afford to do that. However, this
would be the ideal scenario. Going to London, Australia or the US to learn English;
learning Mandarin in Hong Kong; Spanish in Mexico, Buenos Aires or Madrid;
Japanese in Tokyo; and Italian in beautiful Tuscany. Another option is to try
finding a native speaker to teach you. He or she will probably have a good insight
on what the cultural context is like in their country of origin. You can also try
doing your own research or even finding friends who speak the language online,
this way, you can also practice – free of charge – whenever y ou li ke [7].
1.5 Rendering opinion articles
Exercise 1. Render an opinion article. While rendering an opinion
article one should remember to grasp the main idea the author wants
to express. An opinion article is a piece of wring which expresses the
author’s viewpoint on some event or problem. Use the general scheme for
rendering. Follow the activities afte r the article.
Before rendering the co ntent of the article deal wit h the vocabulary.
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Explain what these words and phrases mean. Make suggestions what this
article is goin g to be abo ut:
− job outlook;
− to handle one subject;
− to vary by state;
− to obtain a state-issued license;
− vital;
− to have a degree in some field of studies;
− students with a variety of disabilities;
− in-demand posi tio n ;
− non-special education teachers;
− being there for children.
There are som e social and cultural phe nomena mentioned in the arti cle.
Find out what they mean before reading:
− early education;
− state licensure;
− a health educator;
− associates degree.
Read the art icle below. Follow the activities given after the article.
Best Teachi ng Careers in the Education Field
Nov 11, 201 9, by Dale Harris
Did you know that the job outlook for high school teachers from 2018-2028
is expected to grow by 4%? Are you wondering what the best teaching careers are
but not sure w here to look or what to look for?
This article will cover the best education position s out there. Rea d on to
uncover the best jobs you can have a good future with and enjoy.
High School T eacher
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When you’re looking for a job in education, look no further than a high
school teacher. If the thought of working with teens and handling one subject
doesn’t scare you, being a high school teacher could be for you. You could teach
math, foreign language, art, science, etc. This is a great opportunity to shape the
minds of high schoolers and inspire them to have a love for your passion for t he
subject.
The requirements for a high school teacher vary by state. You’ll be required
to have a bachelor’s degree, and then obtain a state-issued license. Most private
schools have fewer requirements than public schools but still, normally require at
least a bachelor’ s de g re e.
Middle School Teacher
Middle school teachers normally work with students that are between the
grades of 5th-8th. You could teach subjects similar to a high school teacher such as
Spanish, art, science, or math. A middle schooler teacher’s position is so vital
because it’s at an age where teenagers are transitioning from elementary and
middle school to high school and later teenage years. You’ll need to plan your
lessons in a dvance plus grade assignments, just like other teachers.
You must have a degree in Early Education or a certain field such a s Math or
Science. Certain states re quire teachers to obtain a master’s degree.
Special Education Teacher
If you become a special education teacher, you’ll be helping students with a
variety of mental, intellectual, emotional, and physical disabilities. This is
normally a more in-demand position than non-special educat ion teachers. Whi le it
can be challenging teaching as a special education teacher, it’s extremely
rewarding he lping them go toward their future career goals.
You’ll need at least a bachelor’s degree, and state licensure. Some states
require y ou to obtain a master’s degree.
Health Educator
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If you decide you want to be an educator but not a teacher, you can consider
a health educator. You aren’t jus t limited to schools, you can work at hos pitals and
for the government as well.
You’ll develop effective programs that help the needs of the public. You can
work in a variety of fields and inspire others, not just for nutrition, but for
substance a buse prevention for exam ple.
The employment growth for this position is high so it’s the perfect time to
enter this field. You’ll normally need at least a bachelor’s degree to become a
health educator. Many companies require health educators to get the Certified
Health Education Specialist Certification.
College Professor
If you’ve decided you’d like to work with college-age students, a college
professor could be the right fit for you. You’ll give specialized courses on specific
topics such as the humanities, sciences, math, etc. Depending on the field you enter,
you could do studies and research as well. You’ll receive more time off than other
teachers but you’ll normally have more work and papers to grade throughout the
year.
To teach at a 2-year community college you’ll need at least a master’s
degree. If you’d like to teach at a 4-yea r college, you’ll need a doct or al degree.
Preschool Teacher
While the pay isn’t as high for a preschool teacher, play is more important
than homework and papers. You’ll teach social development and problem-solving
skills. You’ll do story-time and play-time instead of standing in front of a
classroom.
This position is rewarding because you’re still teaching through play.
Children will then be ready to go off to elementary school. You’ll normally work
with children from ages 3-5 but you can work with children up to 8 years old
normally. If you’re looking to become a preschool teacher, normally you’re only
required to have an associate’s degree. The job outlook for preschool teachers is
excellent.
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Teaching Assistant
If you’ve decided you’d like to teach but also help out a teacher, a teaching
assistant could be the perfect fit. You could assist in a variety of classrooms from
the tech room to one-on-one with a child who has special needs.
You can impr ove a child’s learning ability by giving t hem extra help and
being there for children on a more personal level than just teach ing.
To become a teaching assistant, you normally need at le ast 2 years of college.
Each state and school could ha ve dif fe re nt re quirements.
Exploring the Best Teaching Careers
When you’ re looking for the best teaching careers, you must decide what
age-group you’d like to teach along with what you’re pa ssionate about [6].
Activity 1. Add supporting details from the article to the following topic
sentences.
1 When you’re looking for a job in education, look no further than a high
school teacher.
2 The requirements for a hig h school teacher vary by state.
3 Middle school teachers normally work with students that are between the
grades of 5th-8th.
4 If you become a special educ ation teache r, you’ll be helping students with
a variety of mental, intellectual, emotional, and physical disabilities.
5 If you decide you want to be an educator but not a teacher, you can
consider a health educator.
6 If you’ve dec ided you’d like to work with college-age students, a college
professor could be the rig ht fit for you.
7 If you’ve dec ided you’d like to teach but also help out a teacher, a
teaching as sistant could be the perfect fit.
Activity 2. Mark the following sentences from the article “F” or “E”
according to the information it contains – F (fact), E (evaluative). Explain what
makes you think so, point out word s or phr ase s to pr ove .
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1 Did you know that the job outlook for high sc hool teachers from 20182028 is expected to grow by 4%?
2 Read on to uncover the best jobs you can have a good future with and
enjoy.
3 You’ll be required to have a Bachelor’s Degree, and then obtain a stateissued license .
4 A middle school teacher’s position is so vital because it’s at an age where
teenagers are transitioning from elementary and middle school to high school and
later teenage years.
5 While it can be challenging teaching as a special education teacher, it’s
extremely rewarding hel ping them go t oward their fu ture career goals.
6 To teach at a 2-year community college, you’ll need at least a Master’s
Degree.
7 You’ll normally work with children from ages 3-5 but you can work with
children up to 8 years old n ormally.
Activity 3. To render the article, pick up from the text the two or three
sentences t hat can illustrate the points using the reporting verbs given below:
1 Underline key phrases and look for any crucial distinctions or contrasts
which form the framework of the article.
2 Distinguish the author's main idea from details which support that idea or
are repetition s and variations on the same theme.
3 Make a draft copy defining the author's main idea broadly enough to
account for most of the su pporting m aterial introduced.
4 Write your own sentence which makes use of those key phrases or
distinctions.
Activity 4. Put the following phrases according to the analytical process
in rendering they refer to starting with the headline and moving to expressing your
personal viewpoint. Discuss the scheme you finally get in pairs and render the
article.
1 As the title implies the article describes ...