Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Architecture Архитектура. Учебно-методическое пособие.pdf
From the point of view of architectural metaphysics, natural light is considered as a tool for the formation
of a meaningful space through the translation of meanings and meanings that architects lay in their
structures (S. Hall, D. Libeskind, J. Pawson, F. Schultz, A.K. Baeza, M. Lahound, and others).
For such architects as A.K. Baeza, P. Zumthor, D. Libeskind, S. Hall, St. Beal, N. Campodonico,
R. Rosselli, T. Phifer, etc., natural light is a kind of index of time, which is able to put a person in
a temporal relationship with architecture. A strong cognitive and emoti onal reaction of a person
to natural light has led to its use in modern architecture as an important tool that guides and orients
a person in space (P. Zumthor, S. Hall, T. Phifer, D. Mutal, Urbis, Archohm, etc.).
Throughout history, the perception of light has dramatically affected the architecture of most
civilizations, the most fundamental architecture. Today, light design in architecture still plays a vital
role and has become more explicit and vivid in the last few years. The shape of any architectural
detail is perceived differently depending on the nature of the lighting. Direct (strong) lighting is
characterized by sharp profiling, deep contrasting shadows, some roughness of the perceived shape.
On the contrary, soft diffused lighting smooths out details, often does not create shadows at all, as if
depriving a thing of volume. The architecture of interior design mixes natural lighting and specialized
artificial light to create a sense of spatial sensation, emphasizing certain areas or a different atmosphere
within a certain space. The way the sun illuminates the architecture of buildings during the day with
external lighting is contrasted with the way artificial lighting at night plays the same role to give
the building a unique and special look. In many cases, the quality of light in sp ace de termines its character
and creates an overall impression.
Seven principles of the formation of the architectural and artistic image of the internal space of
buildings by means of natural lig ht are reveale d. The first of them is the use of natural light as a means
of translating meanings. The second principle defines light as an expression of the category of time,
the invisible flow of which materializes in the architectural space in the form of the daily movement
of the sun. The third principle is natural light as a factor stimulating movement, guiding and orienting
a person in space. The fourth principle is natural light as a means of revealing the interaction of internal
and external space. The fifth principle is the use of light to reveal the properties of materials. The sixth
principle is light as a material for the construction of visual images. The seventh principle is the use
of natural light as a tool for creating the atmosphere of an architectural space.
The group of techniques based on light modeling includes methods for transforming the characteristics
of the light flux. There is not talking about changes that depend on the daily movement of the sun or
the impact of the environment, but there are discussions about a conscious change in the properties
of natural lighting by the architect. Modeling the qualities of natural light, as a rule, occurs as a result
of the interaction of sunlight with any material. Thus, the characteristics of natural light become directly
dependent on the ability o f the m aterial to refle ct, tra nsmit and ab sorb the sun’s rays. The most significant
influence on the architectural and artistic image of the building is exerted by the following characteristics
of natural lighting: the distribution of light in space (distribution of brightness in the field of view,
light saturation, contrast and direction of light fluxes) a nd the spectral c omposition of light. Consider ation
of the dynamic basis of the architectural and artistic component of light space made it possible to identify
a number of techniques based on modeling the temporal flow, modifications of which can be based
on the movement of light, the transformation of building elements and the movement of the viewer.
Insightful play of the structure and light is one of the elements building architecture mood.
Surely, the rule of serious reflection on light concept is used in designing monumental buildings
like churches, memory places. But it could be used in a more common way, in common architectur e,
as continuity of gained experience and achieved heritage in work with natural light. The aut hor’s in tention
was to attract, in particular, attention to a role of natural light in the context of modern architecture.
31
As a part of the lighting design, architectural lighting of building façades helps to significantly
enhance urban aesthetics. At the same time, it increases the attention to the object from visitors,
landlords, tourists.
A more detailed breakdown of the tasks o f architec tural and ar tistic lightin g depends o n the type.
Façade lighting can be functional (basic) and decorative. Functional is responsible for the safety of
movement and is primarily aimed at practical purposes, artistic and decorative — aesthetically beats
the facade, giving the architecture individuality and recognition. There are several types of building
lighting.
Accent lighting is installed on facade elements, highlighting the beauty of windows, columns
and moldings with the diffused light of a narrow beam. Directional light is necessary for placing
accents on individual sections of the building.
Contour lighting highlights the perimeter of the object and its large facade parts. For this architectural
illumination, both a conventional LED strip and linear lamps are suitable. The spectacular appearance
of the building is due to the apparent weightlessness.
Background lighting can serve as the basis for a brighter facade illumination. Although it
involves the installation of powerful halogen devices, but their scattered light creates the effect of
weightlessness. The purpose of architectural background light is to create a background, hide details
and focus on selected parts of the facade.
Dynamic architectural lighting is a programmable type of light using RGB devices. The artistic
feature is the creation of a controlled backlight, de pending o n the musical r hythm, wea ther condit ions
and time of year. The light creates an unusual bright atmosphere, decorates the facade in an original way
and increases the recognition of the building. Dynamic illumination is universal for both residential
and commercial buildings. Favorably highlights the facade against the background of the city.
St. Petersburg is considered to be the light capital of Russia. Each structure is inimitable in its
own way. Sometimes the backlight itself is a work of art, rather than just a way of lighting. After
the city is plunged into twilight, an impressive artistic illumination changes the appearance of familiar
buildings beyond recognition.
The most important art museum of the Northern capital was h ighlighted as one of th e first in the city.
Illuminated by multicolored bulbs, it looks especially impressive . “Night Hermitage” (fig. 1) is what
many tourists call a museum with illumination at night and talk about it as a unique phenomenon.
After all, with special lighting, all the outstanding elements of the facade are visible, while each detail
carries its own light load and gives something special. The view of the Hermitage at night fascinates
especially if you take a walk along the Neva.
Fig. 1. Hermitage in St. Petersburg
32
Not far from the Palace Bridge there is another attraction of St. Petersburg, the illumination of
which in the dark does not leave anyone indifferent. The arrow of Vasilievsky Island (fig. 2) is on e
of the symbols of the city. If you want to admire the ensemble of the arrow of Vasilievsky Island at
night, let’s reveal a little secret — it’s best to do it from the opposite shore. As they often say, great
things are seen from a distance. From the other shore, you can see not just individual illuminated
objects, but the whole complex, striking every imagination with its beauty, as, in principle, at any
time of the day.
Fig. 2. The arrow of Vasilievsky Island in St. Petersburg
Thus, we can make a conclusion that from ancient times to the present, artistic techniques of using
natural light in architecture are an effective way of influencing human feelings. Architect Campo Baeza
interprets Mies van der Rohe’s famous phrase “Less is more” as “Light is more”. For him, light is
the main element of architecture that models space. The architect works with natural light as if it is
as material as stone: it needs to be used properly, given direction and proportions. The dynamics of light
is the main way to describe the feeling and mood of space. A significant part of the project descriptions
is the movement of light, the ways of its propagation in space. Space in modern architecture is no longer
“read” as a text, but is experienced as an emotion — sensually, physically, through an impression
that arises in a person, and light, along with texture, texture and form, becomes one of the tools of
emotional impact on the human soul.
33
Библиографический список
1. Широкова Л.Н. Новый англо-русский и русско-английский словарь по архитектуре,
строительству и недвижимости : словарь / Л.Н. Широкова ; под ред. И.С. Ивянской. —
Москва : Живой язык, 2009. — 528 с. — ISBN 978-5-8033-0588-0. — Текст : непосредственный.
2. Cambridge : English Language Assessment : [сайт]. — Кембридж, 2023. —
URL: http://www.cambridgeenglish.org.ru. — Текст : электронный.
3. Алимарунг А. 6 Examples of Innovative Architecture Inspired By Music / А. Алимарунг. —
Текст : электронный // InHabitat : [сайт]. — 2012. — URL: https://inhabitat.com/6-examples-ofinnovative-architecture-inspired-by-music.
4. Дектерев С.А. Инновационное технологическое оборудование в формообразовании
современных зданий / С.А. Дектерев, М.В. Винницкий. — Текст : электронный //
Академический вестник УРАЛНИИПРОЕКТ РААСН. — 2019. — № 2. — С. 32–37. —
URL: https://uniip.ru/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/06-2-2019.pdf.
5. Тарасова Ю.И. Понятие «Инновационная архитектура» через проявление инноваций
в ее морфологии / Ю.И. Тарасова. — Текст : электронный // Приволжский научный журнал. —
2023. — № 1. — С. 154–162. — URL: https://pnj.nngasu.ru/word/articles/1-2023/22.pdf.
6. Архитектура и Проектирование : Novosibdom : [сайт]. — Новосибирск. —
URL: http://arx.novosibdom.ru. — Текст : электронный.
7. Льюис Р. Edinburgh Castle / Р. Льюис. — Текст : электронный // Britannica : [сайт]. —
2023. — URL: https://www.britannica.com/place/Edinburgh-Castle.
8. Руденко А.А. Инновационные технологии возведения высотных зданий : учебно-
методическое пособие / А.А. Руденко, Е.А. Ушакова. — Тольятти : Издательство ТГУ, 2020. —
ISBN 978-5-8259-1489-3. — URL: https://dspace.tltsu.ru/bitstream/123456789/11518/1/RudenkoAA_1-10-19_Z.pdf. —
Текст : электронный.
9. Технология дополненной реальности AR // Увлекательная реальность : [сайт]. — URL:
https://funreality.ru/technology/augmented_reality. — Текст : электронный.
10. Насыбуллина Р.А. Архитектурно-художественная роль естественного света в формиро-
вании внутреннего пространства зданий в современной архитектуре : автореферат диссертации
на соискание ученой степени кандидата архитектуры / Насыбуллина Рената Артуровна ;
ФГБОУ ВО «Воронежский государственный технический университет». — Нижний Новгород,
2018. — 220 с. — URL: https://www.dissercat.com/content/arkhitekturno-khudozhestvennaya-rolestestvennogo-sveta-v-formirovanii-vnutrennego-prostrans. — Текст : электронный.