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Файл:Совершенствование механизма устойчивого развития местного сообщества. Монография
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ɆɟɫɬɧɨɟɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɩɪɢɡɧɚɜɚɥɨɫɶȺɂȼɚɫɢɥɶɱɢɤɨɜɵɦɱɭɠɞɵɦ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɫɨɛɭɸ ɫɮɟɪɭ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ȼɪɚɛɨɬɟ ©Ɉ
ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢª ɨɧ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ȺɧɝɥɢɢɎɪɚɧɰɢɢɉɪɭɫɫɢɢɢɩɪɢɲɟɥɤɜɵɜɨɞɭɱɬɨɧɢɨɞɧɚɢɡɧɢɯɧɟ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɫɚɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɭɸ ɩɨɱɜɭ4 ɗɬɨɬ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɧɟ
ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶɢɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ
ȼ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɜ -ɟ ɝɨɞɵ ;9,,, ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɫɚɦɨ-
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɨɣ ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɚ ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɫɭɝɭɛɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬɢɡɛɚɜɢɬɶɟɝɨɨɬ
ɨɩɟɤɢɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯɜɥɚɫɬɟɣ
ɉɪɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɡɟɦɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ ɷɬɭ ɬɟɨɪɢɸ ɜɡɹɥɢ ɧɚ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɪɭɝɢ Ɉɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɢ ɭɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɶ
ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɡɚ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɜ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɞɟɥ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɑɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɢ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ©ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦª
ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɹ ɩɨɞ ɷɬɢɦ ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɩɨɪɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦɮɭɧɤɰɢɢɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢɫɢɥɚɦɢ
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɱɬɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɥɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɧɨɫɹɳɢɟ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɧɨ ɢ
ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɢɫɜɨɢɯɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɣɨɬɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ
ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɨɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ
ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ Ʌ
ɒɬɟɣɧɨɦ ɢ Ɋ Ƚɧɟɣɫɬɨɦ ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ —
ɷɬɨ ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɮɨɪɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ȼɫɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɞɚɧɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɜɥɚɫɬɶ
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɳɢɧɵ
ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɯ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɇɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɬɚɤ ɬɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɤɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɢɯ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ" ȼ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ
ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɬɶ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ Ɉɞɧɢ
ɭɱɟɧɵɟ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
4
ɋɦȼɚɫɢɥɴɱɢɤɨɜȺɂ ɈɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢɌ-ɋɉɛ-1871.
11
ɜɢɞɟɥɢ ɜ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ — ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɬɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɧɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɡɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ
ɫɜɨɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɭɸ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ
ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɢɞɟɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɜɵɛɨɪɧɵɟ
ɢɥɢɜɬɨɦɱɬɨɨɧɢɛɟɡɜɨɡɦɟɡɞɧɵɟɩɨɱɟɬɧɵɟ
Ɉɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɜɵɛɨɪɧɵɯ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɢ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɭ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ,
ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ
ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɵɛɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ
ɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ Ʌɢɰɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɟɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɢɦɱɢɜɵɦ ɤ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɡɚɞɚɱ ȿɫɥɢ ɠɟ ɨɧɨ
ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɹ ɱɭɠɢɯ
ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɣ ɜɵɛɨɪɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ Ɍɚɤ ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɜ
Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɡɟɦɫɤɢɣ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɧɢɤ ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɥɫɹ ɞɜɨɪɹɧɫɬɜɨɦ ɛɵɥ
ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɩɪɹɦɨɟ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɭɛɟɪɧɚɬɨɪɭ ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɢɱɟɦ ɧɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɥɫɹ ɨɬ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ
ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɨɜɇɚɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɚɡɧɚɱɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɦ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢɟɦɢɪɨɜɵɟ
ɫɭɞɶɢɹɜɥɹɥɢɫɶɱɥɟɧɚɦɢɨɪɝɚɧɨɜɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɇɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɵɛɨɪɧɵɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɦ ɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ
ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɩɨɛɭɞɢɥɚɊ Ƚɧɟɣɫɬɚɢɫɤɚɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɢɟɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɢ ɞɥɹɟɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ
Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɟɝɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ
ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɬɟɦ ɱɬɨ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɑɢɧɨɜɧɢɤ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɸ
ɜɨɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯɧɚ ɧɟɝɨɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɤɚɤ ɤ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɡɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ
ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɧ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟ ɜ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɚ ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ
ɧɚɱɚɥɶɫɬɜɨ Ɋ Ƚɧɟɣɫɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɥ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ
ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɡɜɨɡɦɟɡɞɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɟɬɧɵɟ
ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɑɢɧɨɜɧɢɤ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɢɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɡ
ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɦ ɨɬ
ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɭɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɜɫɜɨɟɣɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢɥɢɰɨɦ
Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
12
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ
ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɬɶɫɹɩɨɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨɫ ɷɬɢɦɢɞɨɜɨɞɚɦɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɚɸɬɫɹɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɧɟɜɫɟ ɂɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ
ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɥɢɰɭ ɟɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɦɭ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ
ɥɢɱɧɭɸ ɜɵɝɨɞɭ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ
ɡɟɦɥɟɜɥɚɞɟɥɟɰ ɧɚɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɶɸ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɟ ɫɭɞɶɢ ɜ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɢ
ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɟɦɭ
ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɯ ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɹ
ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɹɨɧɧɟɦɟɧɶɲɟɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɚɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧ
ɜ ɭɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɟɦɭ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ
ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ Ⱥ ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦɬɨɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɶɟɟɡɚɫɨɛɨɣɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ
ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɤ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢɨɬ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ Ʉɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
ɛɟɡɜɨɡɦɟɡɞɧɵɯ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ
ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɢɦɭɳɢɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨɢɦɨɝɭɬɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɧɵɯɥɢɰɛɟɡɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ
ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶɫɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɤ
ɨɫɨɛɨɦɭ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɥɢɰ ɜɵɛɨɪɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɛɟɫɩɥɚɬɧɨ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɢɯɫɜɨɢɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɉɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ
ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ
ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɨɡɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ Ʌ ɒɬɟɣɧɨɦ ȼɨ
ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ;,; ɜ ɨɧɨ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɜ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɧɚɭɤɟ
ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɭ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ Ɉɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɢɫɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɟɝɨɜɨɥɸ Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ ɢɟɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ
ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɳɢɟɜɡɚɢɦɧɵɟɩɪɚɜɚɢɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɡɜɚɧɵ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɝɨ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ȼ ɢɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ
Ⱦɪɭɝɨɟ ɞɟɥɨ — ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ Ɉɧɢ ɯɨɬɹ ɢ
ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɵ ɟɦɭ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɨɛɵɦɢ
ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɥɢɰɚɦɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɚɦɢ ɢ
ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ Ɉɧɢ ɧɚɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɜ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ
13
ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ Ɉɧɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɫɨɛɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ
ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɜɟɞɨɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɦ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɗɬɢ
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɟ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɬɶɫɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɹ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ
ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɦɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɗɬɨ ɩɪɢɞɚɟɬ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɦ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦɢɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦɢɫɹɟɞɢɧɢɰɚɦɢɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ Ɉɪɝɚɧɵ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɹɦɵɦ
ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɠɟɧɢɹɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ Ɉɧɢ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɞɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɨɬɦɟɧɟɧɵ ɢɥɢ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɵɧɟɩɨɥɭɱɚɹɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɣɨɬɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ
Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ
ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɧɚɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɭɱɟɧɢɹɨɦɟɫɬɧɨɦɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢɜ;,;ɢ;;ɜɜȼ
Ɋɨɫɫɢɢɤ ɱɢɫɥɭɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɵɯɟɟɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɥɢɫɶȺȾ
Ƚɪɚɞɨɜɫɤɢɣ ȼɉ Ȼɟɡɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ ɢ Ȼɇ ɑɢɱɟɪɢɧ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ȺȾ Ƚɪɚɞɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɥ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ
©ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟª Ɉɧ ɛɵɥ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɬɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɹ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɢɡɫɜɨɢɯɮɭɧɤɰɢɣɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɨɛɹɡɚɧɨ
ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɢɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ©ɚɤɬ ɜɥɚɫɬɢª ɬɟ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɚɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ Ɉɧ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɥ ɡɚ
ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɟɦɫɬɜɚɦ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ
ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢɢɜɥɚɫɬɧɵɯɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɣ5.
ȼɉ Ȼɟɡɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɜɚɥ ɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ©ɞɜɨɹɤɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢª Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɣ
ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤɉɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɝɨɧɜɢɞɟɥɜɬɨɦɱɬɨɡɟɦɫɤɢɟɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɧɟ
ɛɵɥɢ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɨɛɳɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɚ
ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ©ɩɨɞɥɟɧɟɟªɉɨɦɧɟɧɢɸ
ȼɉȻɟɡɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɡɟɦɫɤɢɦɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɛɵɥɨɞɚɧɨ©ɦɧɨɝɨɜɨɥɢɢɧɢɤɚɤɨɣ
ɜɥɚɫɬɢª ɂɯ ɫɥɚɛɨɫɬɶ ɨɧ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɥ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɭ ɧɢɯ ©ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯªɩɪɚɜ6.
Ȼɇɑɢɱɟɪɢɧ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɜɚɥɡɟɦɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɤɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɥɢɰɚɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɭɱɪɟɠɞɚɟɬɞɥɹ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹɨɛɳɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣɈɧ
ɩɪɢɡɧɚɜɚɥ ɡɚ ɧɢɦɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɸɡɨɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
5
ɋɦȽɪɚɞɨɜɫɤɢɣȺȾ ɇɚɱɚɥɚɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨɩɪɚɜɚɌ,;ɋɉɛ
6
ɋɦȻɟɡɨɛɪɚɡɨɜȼɉ ɁɟɦɫɤɢɟɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɢɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɆ
14
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ©ɢɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɩɨɞ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɥɹ
ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɨɛɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɥɢɰ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɟɣª
Ȼɇ ɑɢɱɟɪɢɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɚɫɶ ɦɵɫɥɶ ɱɬɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ
ɜɵɝɨɞɭ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɹ ɩɨɦɨɳɧɢɤɚ ɜ ɥɢɰɟ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
Ɉɧɨ ©ɢɡɛɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɨɬ ɥɢɲɧɟɝɨ ɛɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɹɹ ɬɨ ɱɬɨ ɛɟɡ ɟɝɨ
ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɥɟɝɥɨ ɛɵ ɧɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɟɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɵª ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɟɦɫɤɢɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ
©ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɟ ɡɚɛɢɪɚɹ ɞɟɥɚ ɜ ɫɜɨɢ ɪɭɤɢ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɧɚ
ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɢɥɢ ɠɟ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɟɥɵ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ
ɧɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɡɚɦɟɧɵ ɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɵª7.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɜ ;,; ɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɚɹ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ȿɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɤɢ ɫɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɭ — ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ
ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɬ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɦɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɥɢɰɚɦɢ Ɉɧɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɢ ɱɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ
ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɬɴɟɦɥɟɦɵ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɢɤɨɫɧɨɜɟɧɧɵ ɞɥɹ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ Ɉɪɝɚɧɵ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɢɯ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ
ɜɨɥɸɧɟɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɚɦɟɫɬɧɵɯɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɍɨɛɳɢɧɢɦɟɸɬɫɹɨɫɨɛɵɟ
ɰɟɥɢ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨɷɬɚɬɟɨɪɢɹɢɦɟɥɚɰɟɥɵɣɪɹɞɫɥɚɛɵɯɦɟɫɬ
• ɧɟɩɪɢɤɨɫɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɚɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬɬɨɥɶɤɨɞɥɹɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯɨɪɝɚɧɨɜɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢɧɨɧɟɞɥɹ
ɫɚɦɨɝɨɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɩɪɚɜɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶɢɯɢɥɢ
ɜɨɜɫɟɨɬɧɹɬɶ
• ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɹɜɥɹɹɫɶ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɦ ɩɪɚɜ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɬɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ
• ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɝɨ
ɤɚɤɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬɢɯɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦɚ ɤɚɤɢɟ— ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ
ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɶ ɷɬɢ ɞɜɟ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɥɚɫɶ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ
ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɟɞ ɇɂ Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɫɱɢɬɚɥ ɱɬɨ
ɤɚɠɞɚɹɢɡɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɯɜɵɲɟ ɬɟɨɪɢɣɜɟɪɧɚ©ɜɬɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɱɬɨɟɸ
7
ɋɦɑɢɱɟɪɢɧȻɇ ȻɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɹɢɡɟɦɫɬɜɨȼɨɩɪɨɫɵɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢɆɋ
15
ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ
ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚɯ ɢ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣ ɞɥɹɧɢɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɨ ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɢɡ
ɷɬɢɯɬɟɨɪɢɣɛɵɥɚɧɟɜɟɪɧɚɜɬɨɦɱɬɨɜɨɡɜɨɞɢɥɚɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɣɟɸɩɪɢɡɧɚɤ
ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɢ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣª ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɨɧ
ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɥ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ
ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɞɟɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɩɪɢɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ©ɬɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɦɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɬ ɤɨɪɨɧɧɨɣ
ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢɬɚɤɢɫɜɹɡɶɷɬɢɯɨɪɝɚɧɨɜɫɦɟɫɬɧɵɦɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɦª8.
Ⱦɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɞɟɥɚɯ ɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɜɬɟɨɪɢɢɞɭɚɥɢɡɦɚɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɨɝɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨɷɬɨɣ
ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɹɬ ɡɚ ɪɚɦɤɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɢ
ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɞɨɥɠɧɵɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶɤɚɤɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ
Ɉɫɨɛɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɨ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ
ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɭɩɨɪ ɧɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɢɬɟɬɚɦɢ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɠɢɬɟɥɹɦ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɫɟɣ ɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ
ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣɤɨɦɦɭɧɵɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɵɯɭɫɥɭɝ
Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɱɟɧɵɯ ɬɪɚɤɬɭɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɟɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ȼ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɟ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɤɜɨɡɶ ɩɪɢɡɦɭ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ ɤɚɤ
ɞɟɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɢɞɟɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ
Ɍɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɟɞ ɀ ȼɟɞ ɟɥɶ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ
ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɸ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɹɦ
ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɨ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯɨɤɪɭɝɨɜɢɥɢɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯɫɥɭɠɛ
Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɞɟɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ȼ
ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɜɫɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɹ ɩɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ
ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɣ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɭ ɜɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɟɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ
ɩɨɪɨɣ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɚ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ
8
ɋɦɅɚɡɚɪɟɜɫɤɢɣɇɂ ɅɟɤɰɢɢɩɨɪɭɫɫɤɨɦɭɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭɩɪɚɜɭɌ;,ɋɉɛɋ '
16
ɜɬɨɪɨɣ— ɧɚɦɟɫɬɧɨɦɭɪɨɜɧɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ©ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜɜɥɚɫɬɢª
ɫɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣɩɨɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɨɦɭɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ
Ⱦɟɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɠɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ ɀ ȼɟɞɟɥɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ
ɩɪɚɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɹɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ
ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɢɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɡɚɱɚɫɬɭɸ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ
ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɦɢ9.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ-ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɞɟɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɞɟɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɹɫɶ
ɞɜɭɦɹ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɥɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɣ ɢɡ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɧɚ
ɦɟɫɬɚ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ Ⱦɟɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ — ɷɬɨ ɥɢɲɶ
ɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɚɦɚ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɧɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɚ
ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɢ ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɜɫɸ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ Ɋɟɮɨɪɦɵ ɩɨ
ɞɟɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ Ƚ Ȼɪɷɛɚɧ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚ ɧɟ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɜ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɟɬɫɹɤɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɦɧɨɫɚɦɢɨɧɢɧɢɤɚɤɨɣɜɥɚɫɬɶɸ
ɧɟɧɚɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ10.
ɉɪɢɞɟɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɬɱɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɤ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ
ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɤɚɤɨɜɵɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɣ
ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜ
Ɉ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɞɟɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɩɟɪɟɞ
ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɢɫɚɥ ɟɳɟ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ;,; ɜ Ⱥ ɞɟ
Ɍɨɤɜɢɥɶɜ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɢ©Ⱦɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɹɜ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɟª11Ɉɧ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɥɱɬɨ
ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɟ ɤɚɤ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɝɚɪɚɧɬ ɢ ɚɪɛɢɬɪ
ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɱɚɫɬɶɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɢɥɥɸɡɢɸ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɜɫɟɦɨɝɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ
ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɢɜɫɟɯɩɪɨɛɥɟɦȿɦɭɛɨɥɶɲɟɧɢɱɟɝɨɧɟɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹɤɪɨɦɟɤɚɤ
ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɹ ɛɪɟɦɹ ɞɭɦɚɬɶ ɡɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɦɭ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɜɚɬɶ ɜɫɟ
ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɢ
ɉɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɜɨɞɚɦɢ
ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ Ʌ ɮɨɧ
Ȼɟɪɬɚɥɚɧɮɢ ɢ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɟɣ ɀ ɉɢɚɠɟ ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ
ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɥɬɟɡɢɫɱɬɨɥɸɛɵɟɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ— ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɢ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ— ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹɫɚɦɨɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɦɢ
ɋɚɦɨɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɫɢɫ-
9
ɋɦȼɟɞɟɥɶɀ ȺɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɟɩɪɚɜɨɎɪɚɧɰɢɢɆ
10
ɋɦȻɪɷɛɚɧȽ ɎɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɨɟɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɟɩɪɚɜɨɆ
11
ɋɦɌɨɤɜɲɴɞɟȺ ȾɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɹɜȺɦɟɪɢɤɟɆɉɪɨɝɪɟɫɫ
17
ɬɟɦɵɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯɧɚɟɟɫɚɦɨɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟɢɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɑɟɦɫɥɨɠɧɟɟɢ
ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɧɟɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɚ ɤɚɤɚɹ ɛɵ ɬɨ ɧɢ ɛɵɥɨ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɨɧɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ
ɫɜɨɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɤ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɦ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɞɧɨ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ — ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɠɢɡɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɚɤ
ɰɟɥɨɝɨȾɥɹɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɫɢɫɬɟɦɷɬɨɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɨɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɟ
ɞɢɤɬɚɬɚ ©ɫɜɟɪɯɭª ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ
ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɞɜɭɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɚɦɜɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɚɜɚɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɧɚ
ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɜɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɣ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɬɶ ɤɚɤ
ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ ɨɛɳɟɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɵ
ɢɞɟɢ Ⱥ ɞɟ Ɍɨɤɜɢɥɹ ɨ ɬɨɦ ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɧɸɞɶ ɧɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɟ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɚ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ
ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɚɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ
ɞɟɥɚɦɢɂɦɟɧɧɨɜɬɚɤɢɯɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯɭɥɸɞɟɣɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɟ
ɫɚɦɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɥɝɚ ɢ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ
ɫɨɢɡɦɟɪɹɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɛɥɢɠɧɢɯ
ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɵɜɚɬɶɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵɂɞɟɚɥɨɦ ȺɞɟɌɨɤɜɢɥɹ ɹɜɥɹɥɨɫɶɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯ ɢ
ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯɫɹɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣɢɨɛɳɢɧ
ȼ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɢ ©Ⱦɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɹ ɜ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɟª ɨɧ ɩɢɫɚɥ ©Ɉɛɳɢɧɧɵɟ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɵ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ɩɭɬɶ ɤ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɟ ɢ ɭɱɚɬ ɟɝɨ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɨɣ ɧɚɫɥɚɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɟɟ ɦɢɪɧɵɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɨɦ
Ȼɟɡ ɨɛɳɢɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɜ ɧɚɰɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɟ
ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɭɯɚ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɨɧɚ ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɟ
ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɬ ɋɤɨɪɨɩɪɟɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɫɬɢ ɦɢɧɭɬɧɵɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ
ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɟ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɥɢɲɶ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɢɡɦ ɡɚɝɧɚɧɧɵɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɶ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚɪɚɧɨɢɥɢɩɨɡɞɧɨɜɧɨɜɶɩɨɹɜɢɬɫɹɧɚɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢª12.
Ʉɚɤ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɟɪɟɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ
ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɢ Ɍɨɬɚɥɢɬɚɪɢɡɦ ɡɚɝɧɚɧɧɵɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɶ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɝɢɩɟɪɬɪɨɮɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɱɬɨ ɨɬ
12
ɌɨɤɜɢɥɶɞɟȺ ȾɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɹɜȺɦɟɪɢɤɟɆɉɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɋ
18
ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ
ɦɚɥɨɱɬɨɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ
ɋɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɟɲɚɹ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɩɨɞ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɨɛɳɢɧɧɵɟɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɵɨɠɢɞɚɸɬɨɬɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ©ɩɪɚɜɢɥɢɝɪɵªɩɨɦɨɳɢɜɩɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢɦɟɫɬɧɵɯɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ
ɟɫɥɢ ɢɯ ɧɟ ɯɜɚɬɚɟɬ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ
ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦɢɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɦɢɉɪɚɜɨɜɨɟɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨɜ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɛɵ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɟɝɨɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɟɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶɜɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɯ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯɧɚɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢɦɧɨɝɢɯɞɟɫɹɬɤɨɜɥɟɬɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɹɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɟ
ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɣ ɗɬɨ
ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɭɬɶɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɣ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥ ɬɪɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ
ɚɧɝɥɨɫɚɤɫɨɧɫɤɭɸ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɭɸ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɭɸ ɢ
ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɭɸɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɭɸ
ȼ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ — ɧɚ ɪɨɞɢɧɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɮɨɪɦ — ɫɥɨɠɢɥɫɹ ɬɢɩ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɜɲɢɣ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟɚɧɝɥɨɫɚɤɫɨɧɫɤɨɝɨɈɞɧɚɢɡɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯɱɟɪɬɷɬɨɣɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ—
ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ
ɨɩɟɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɜɵɛɨɪɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ Ɇɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɢɬɟɬɵ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɜɥɚɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɨɦ ȼ ;,; ɜ ɜ
ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɭɬɜɟɪɞɢɥɫɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɵɟɨɪɝɚɧɵɦɨɝɭɬɥɢɲɶɬɨɱɬɨɢɦɩɪɹɦɨɪɚɡɪɟɲɢɥɡɚɤɨɧɗɬɨ
ɩɪɟɞɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɨ ɪɨɥɶ ɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ
ɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɉɪɚɜɨɜɚɹ ɛɚɡɚ ɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɛɵɥɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɚɬɭɬɚɦɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɹ ɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɢɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ
ɜɥɚɫɬɢɋɩɨɝɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɨɦɛɵɥɨɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɛɨɥɟɟɬɚɤɢɯ
ɚɤɬɨɜ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɲɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɜ ɝ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɨ
ɩɨɩɟɱɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɤɬɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɜɲɢɦ
ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɗɬɨɬ ɚɤɬ
ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ
ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɫ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɵɦ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɦ ɢ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɫɟɯ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɣ Ɇɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɢɬɟɬɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ
ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟɫɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɟɣɧɢɳɟɬɵȼɝɚɤɬɨɦɨɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɵɯ
19
ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɹɯ ɛɵɥ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ
ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɢ ɢ ɍɷɥɶɫɚ Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɚɤɬ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥ ɢɡɛɪɚɧɢɟ
ɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɜɟɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɝɥɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɫɟɞɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɬɞ ɗɬɢɦ ɢ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɚɤɬɚɦɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
ɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɢɯɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɵɯɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ13.
ɇɚɪɹɞɭ ɫɚɧɝɥɨɫɚɤɫɨɧɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ
ɪɹɞɟ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɥɚ ɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɭɸ
ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ Ɉɫɨɛɵɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɜɨɎɪɚɧɰɢɢɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟɟɳɟ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ;9,,,— ɧɚɱɚɥɟ
;,; ɜ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɨɬ ɧɚɱɚɥ ɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɜȺɧɝɥɢɢ
Ⱦɥɹ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɢɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɗɬɨɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɥɨɫɶ
ɜɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢɫɢɫɬɟɦɵɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣɜɥɚɫɬɢ
ɧɚɞ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɭɛɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɜ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɢ ɦɟɫɬɌɨ ɟɫɬɶɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɚɹɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ
ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɢɪɚɦɢɞɭ ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ
ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜ ɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣɧɚ
ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɰɟɥɚɹ ɫɟɬɶ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɚ
ɦɟɫɬɚɯ
ɇɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɚɧɝɥɨɫɚɤɫɨɧɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ
ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɜɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɣɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɨɣɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɨɛɵɱɧɨɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɦɟɫɬɧɨɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɨɟɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟȽɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ
(ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɋɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ
ɧɟɦɟɰɤɨɣɞɨɤɬɪɢɧɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɱɬɨɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɪɟɲɚɸɬɫɹ
ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢɥɢɰɚɦɢɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɝɨɩɪɚɜɚɂɧɚɱɟɝɨɜɨɪɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ
ɞɟɥɟɝɢɪɭɟɬ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ Ɍɚɤɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦɮɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɹɢɡɟɦɥɢɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɢɧɵ ɢ ɪɚɣɨɧɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ
ɜɨɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟɧɚɧɢɯɮɭɧɤɰɢɢɥɢɛɨɤɚɤɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɵɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɥɢɛɨ
ɨɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɠɟɧɢɸ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ ɜ
ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɞɟɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ȼ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɧɟɬ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɨ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɢ
ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɵɜ ɫɬɈɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨɡɚɤɨɧɚɋɬɚɬɭɫ
ɨɛɳɢɧ ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɢɧɚ
13
ɋɦ Ȼɚɪɚɧɱɢɤɨɜ ȼɅ ɉɪɚɜɨɜɨɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢȼɫɛ Ɋɟɮɨɪɦɵ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ Ɇ
ɋ10-24.
20
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