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ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɚɹɧɟɜɹɡɤɚɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹɜɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɯɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ
Ɉɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣɩɟɪɢɨɞ
2.3.1. Ɉɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɲɥɚɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ
Ɉɛɳɢɣ ɭɝɚɪ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɥɟɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɪɨ
ɞɭɜɤɢɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɩɨɞɚɧɧɵɦɛɚɥɚɧɫɨɜɵɯɩɥɚɜɨɤɢɧɚɨɫɧɨɜɟɩɪɨɢɡ
ɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨɨɩɵɬɚɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɫɨɝɥɚɫɭɟɬɫɪɭɤɨɜɨ
ɞɢɬɟɥɟɦɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɊɚɫɱɟɬɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɜɲɢɯɜɲɥɚɤɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟ
ɫɤɨɝɨɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɚɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɧɚɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢɞɚɧɧɵɯɩɨɭɝɚɪɭɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜɢɫɨɫɬɚɜ
ɥɹɟɦɬɚɛɥɢɰɭɭɝɚɪɨɜɞɥɹɞɚɧɧɨɣɦɚɪɤɢɜɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣɩɟɪɢɨɞɞɥɹɜɫɟɯɷɥɟɦɟɧ
ɬɨɜɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɜɬɚɛɥɬɚɛɥ
Ɍ ɚ ɛ ɥ ɢ ɰ ɚ
ɍɝɚɪɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜɩɪɢɜɵɩɥɚɜɤɟɫɬɚɥɢɜȾɋɉɜɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣɩɟɪɢɨɞ
ɍɝɚɪ & 6L 0Q 3 6 &U1L 7L : $O 0R &X 9 )H
Ɉɛɳɢɣ
ȼɲɥɚɤ
ȼɭɥɟɬ
Ɉɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɵɣ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ
ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨɩɟɪɢɨɞɚɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɜɬɚɛɥ
ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣɫɨɫɬɚɜɦɟɬɚɥɥɚɜɤɨɧɰɟɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨɩɟɪɢɨɞɚɤɝ
ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬ
&
6L ±
0Q
3
6
&U
1L
7L ±
Δɋ
Ɍ ɚ ɛ ɥ ɢ ɰ ɚ
ɂɫɯɨɞɧɨɟ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ
ɍɝɚɪɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ
Ɇɚɫɫɚɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ
ɜɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɟ
ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ
ɜɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɟ
Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ
ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬ
:
0R
9
&X
$O ±
)H
ȼɫɟɝɨ
ɂɫɯɨɞɧɨɟ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ
ɍɝɚɪɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ
Ɇɚɫɫɚɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ
ɜɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɟ
ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ
ɜɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɟ
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯɜɬɚɛɥɢɰɟɫɦɬɚɛɥ
Ⱦɥɹ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚɫɬɚɥɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ
ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶɜɤɨɧɰɟɨɛɟɡɭɝɥɟɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚɜɦɟɬɚɥɥɟɌɨ
ɝɞɚɦɚɫɫɭɨɤɢɫɥɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɩɨɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɢ
P
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±ɢɫɤɨɦɚɹɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ
P
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±ɦɚɫɫɚɦɟɬɚɥɥɚɫɭɱɟɬɨɦɭɝɚɪɚɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ
P
−
&
Δ
±
ɍɝɥɟɪɨɞɉɪɢɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɢɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹɨɤɫɢɞɚɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ&2±
±ɦɚɫɫɚɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚɫɭɱɟɬɨɦɟɝɨɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ
P
&
Δ
=
&
Δ
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&
Δ
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ɤɝ
ɤɝ
ɉɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ± ɤɝ
ɄɪɟɦɧɢɣɌɚɤɤɚɤɦɵɫɨɜɦɟɳɚɟɦɩɟɪɢɨɞɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɫɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɩɟɪɢ
ɨɞɨɦɤɪɟɦɧɢɹɨɤɢɫɥɢɥɨɫɶɫɦɪɚɡɞɟɥ
Ɇɚɪɝɚɧɟɰɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɱɬɨɜɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣɩɟɪɢɨɞɬɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ0Qɢɡ
ɷɬɨɝɨɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɬɟɪɹɟɬɫɹɫɝɚɡɚɦɢɚɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬɜɲɥɚɤɫɦɬɚɛɥ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ0Q2±
ɂɫɩɚɪɢɬɫɹ0Q2±
ɢɡɧɢɯ
⋅
⋅
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ɤɝ
ɤɝ
ɤɝ0Q
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± ɤɝ
Ɏɨɫɮɨɪɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɱɬɨɮɨɫɮɨɪɢɡɦɟɬɚɥɥɚɜɨɜɪɟɦɹɩɪɨɞɭɜɤɢɧɟɭɞɚɥɹ
ɟɬɫɹ
ɋɟɪɚɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɱɬɨɫɟɪɚɢɡɦɟɬɚɥɥɚɜɨɜɪɟɦɹɩɪɨɞɭɜɤɢɧɟɭɞɚɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɏɪɨɦɈɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹɨɤɫɢɞɚɯɪɨɦɚ&U
=⋅
ɂɫɩɚɪɢɬɫɹ
ɤɝ&U2ɢɡɧɢɯ
2
±
ɉɟɪɟɣɞɟɬɜɲɥɚɤ± ɤɝ&U
2
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=
ɤɝ
ɤɝ&U
ɢɡɧɢɯ ± ɤɝ&U
ɉɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚɞɥɹɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹɜɫɟɝɨɯɪɨɦɚ
± ɤɝ
ɇɢɤɟɥɶ.ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɱɬɨɧɢɤɟɥɶɢɡɦɟɬɚɥɥɚɜɨɜɪɟɦɹɩɪɨɞɭɜɤɢɧɟɭɞɚɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɌɢɬɚɧɌɚɤɤɚɤɦɵɫɨɜɦɟɳɚɟɦɩɟɪɢɨɞɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɫɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɩɟɪɢɨ
ɞɨɦɬɢɬɚɧɚɨɤɢɫɥɢɥɨɫɶɫɦɪɚɡɞɟɥ
ȼɨɥɶɮɪɚɦɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɱɬɨɜɨɥɶɮɪɚɦɢɡɦɟɬɚɥɥɚɜɨɜɪɟɦɹɩɪɨɞɭɜɤɢɧɟɭɞɚ
ɥɹɟɬɫɹ
Ɇɨɥɢɛɞɟɧ, ɦɟɞɶ, ɜɚɧɚɞɢɣɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɱɬɨɜɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣɩɟɪɢɨɞɷɬɢɷɥɟ
ɦɟɧɬɵɢɡɦɟɬɚɥɥɚɧɟɭɞɚɥɹɸɬɫɹɫɦɬɚɛɥȾɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɱɬɨɜɚɧɚɞɢɣɧɟɨɤɢɫ
ɥɹɟɬɫɹɩɨɩɪɢɱɢɧɟɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨɟɝɨɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹɜɦɟɬɚɥɥɟ
Ⱥɥɸɦɢɧɢɣ.Ɍɚɤɤɚɤɦɵɫɨɜɦɟɳɚɟɦɩɟɪɢɨɞɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɫɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɩɟ
ɪɢɨɞɨɦɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹɨɤɢɫɥɢɥɨɫɶɫɦɪɚɡɞɟɥ
ɀɟɥɟɡɨɈɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹɨɤɫɢɞɨɜɠɟɥɟɡɚɜɩɟɪɟɫɱɟɬɟɧɚ)H2±
ɂɫɩɚɪɢɬɫɹ)H2±
ɢɡɧɢɯ
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⋅
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ɤɝ
ɤɝ
ɤɝ)H
ɉɟɪɟɣɞɟɬɜɲɥɚɤ)H2±± ɤɝ
ɢɡɧɢɯ ± ɤɝ)H
ɉɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚɞɥɹɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹɜɫɟɝɨɠɟɥɟɡɚ
± ɤɝ
Ɇɟɬɚɥɥ. ȼɤɨɧɰɟɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨɩɟɪɢɨɞɚɜɩɟɱɢɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟɤɨɥɢ
ɱɟɫɬɜɨɦɟɬɚɥɥɚɫɭɱɟɬɨɦɭɝɚɪɨɜɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ±ɤɝɫɦɬɚɛɥɫɨ
ɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚɜɦɟɬɚɥɥɟɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɫɦɬɚɛɥ
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