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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 6 – Ɋɟɝɢɫɬɪɵ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɇɨɦɟɪ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚ ɇɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚ Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ
10 ɇɚɱɚɥɨ ɤɭɪɫɨɪɚ Ɂɚɩɢɫɶ
11 Ʉɨɧɟɰ ɤɭɪɫɨɪɚ Ɂɚɩɢɫɶ
12
ɇɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɞɪɟɫ
ɫɤɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɫɬ.)
Ɂɚɩɢɫɶ
13
ɇɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɞɪɟɫ
ɫɤɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɦɥ.)
Ɂɚɩɢɫɶ
14 Ⱥɞɪɟɫ ɤɭɪɫɨɪɚ (ɫɬ.) ɑɬɟɧɢɟ/ɡɚɩɢɫɶ
15 Ⱥɞɪɟɫ ɤɭɪɫɨɪɚ (ɦɥ.) ɑɬɟɧɢɟ/ɡɚɩɢɫɶ
16 ɋɜɟɬɨɜɨɟ ɩɟɪɨ (ɫɬ.) ɑɬɟɧɢɟ
17 ɋɜɟɬɨɜɨɟ ɩɟɪɨ (ɦɥ.) ɑɬɟɧɢɟ
ȼ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 7 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɰɜɟɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ, ɡɚɞɚɜɚɹ
ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɛɢɬɨɜ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ, ɡɟɥɟɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɢɧɟɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ
ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɇɚ ɷɤɪɚɧɟ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ 2000 ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɜ (80ā25).
Ɉɧɢ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ 4000 ɛɚɣɬɨɜ (ɨɤɨɥɨ 4 Ʉɛɚɣɬ) ɜɢɞɟɨɩɚɦɹɬɢ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
ɩɚɦɹɬɢ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɦɚɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɜɨɞɚ ɷɤɪɚɧɚ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɢɫɩɥɟɣɧɨɣ
ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɟɣ. ȼ ɜɢɞɟɨɩɚɦɹɬɢ CGA ɨɛɴɟɦɨɦ 16 Ʉɛɚɣɬ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɡɦɟɫɬɢɬɶɫɹ
ɞɢɫɩɥɟɣɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɷɤɪɚɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ
4
ɩɨɫɬɪɨɱɧɨ (ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɚ), ɚ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɩɭɫɬɨɬɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɚɦɢ ɭɫɟɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɧɨ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 7 – Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɰɜɟɬɚ
R G B I ɐɜɟɬɚ
0 0 0 0 ɑɟɪɧɵɣ
0 0 1 0 ɋɢɧɢɣ
0 1 0 0 Ɂɟɥɟɧɵɣ
0 1 1 0 Ƚɨɥɭɛɨɣ
1 0 0 0 Ʉɪɚɫɧɵɣ
1 0 1 0 ɋɢɪɟɧɟɜɵɣ
1 1 0 0 Ʉɨɪɢɱɧɟɜɵɣ
1 1 1 0 Ȼɟɥɵɣ
0 0 0 1 ɋɟɪɵɣ
0 0 1 1 əɪɤɨ-ɫɢɧɢɣ
0 1 0 1 əɪɤɨ-ɡɟɥɟɧɵɣ
0 1 1 1 əɪɤɨ-ɝɨɥɭɛɨɣ
1 0 0 1 əɪɤɨ-ɤɪɚɫɧɵɣ
121
Ⱥɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɚɞɚɩɬɟɪɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɜɢɞɟɨɩɚɦɹɬɢ (ɚ ɬɨɱɧɟɟ – ɞɢɫɩɥɟɣɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ) ɢ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɷɤɪɚɧ. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɥɭɱ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɛɟɝɚɟɬ ɩɨ ɷɤɪɚɧɭ –
ɫɬɪɨɤɚ ɡɚ ɫɬɪɨɤɨɣ ɫɥɟɜɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɨ ɢ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɜɧɢɡ (ɪɚɡɜɟɪɬɤɚ). ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɢ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɭɱɚ, ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɹ «ɭɡɨɪ» ɛɢɬɨɜ ɜ ɜɢɞɟɨɩɚɦɹɬɢ. Ɂɚ ɫɟɤɭɧɞɭ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɥɭɱ 50 ɪɚɡ ɩɪɨɛɟɝɚɟɬ ɩɨ ɜɫɟ-
ɦɭ ɷɤɪɚɧɭ (ɤɚɞɪɭ). Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɤɚɞɪɚɦɢ ɥɭɱ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɢɡ ɩɪɚɜɨɝɨ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɭɝɥɚ
ɜɟɪɧɭɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɥɟɜɵɣ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɭɝɨɥ. ɗɬɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɦ
ɯɨɞɨɦ ɥɭɱɚ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɵɜɟɫɬɢ ɫɢɦɜɨɥ ɫ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɚɦɢ ɜ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ ɷɤɪɚɧɚ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ:
–
ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ L ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɜɢɞɟɨɩɚɦɹɬɢ;
–
ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɩɨ ɚɞɪɟɫɭ B800:L ɤɨɞ ASCII ɜɵɜɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɚ;
–
ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɩɨ ɚɞɪɟɫɭ B800:L +1 ɛɚɣɬ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɨɜ ɜɵɜɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɚ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ L ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɣ:
L = (80āYT + XT)ā2,
ɝɞɟ XT, YT – ɬɟɤɭɳɢɟ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɵ (ɫɬɨɥɛɟɰ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɤɚ) ɤɭɪɫɨɪɚ.
ɉɨɞ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɦ «ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɭɪɫɨɪɨɦ» ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ
ɮɨɪɦɵ ɤɭɪɫɨɪɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ ɧɚ ɷɤɪɚɧɟ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɧɨ ɨɧ ɧɢɤɚɤ
ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɜɵɜɨɞɨɦ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɜ ɧɚ ɷɤɪɚɧ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɟɫɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɨɱɢɫɬɢɬɶ
ɨɬ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɜ ɜɟɫɶ ɷɤɪɚɧ, ɬɨ ɤɭɪɫɨɪ ɜɫɟ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɨɫɬɚɧɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɦ.
Ɉɛɳɟɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɤɭɪɫɨɪ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɷɤɪɚɧɚ, ɤɭɞɚ
ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɜɵɜɟɞɟɧ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɫɢɦɜɨɥ. ȿɫɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɟ ɜɵɡɨɜɵ
MS-DOS ɢɥɢ BIOS, ɬɨ ɢɯ ɩɨɞɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɫɚɦɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɤɭɪɫɨɪ
ɜ ɧɭɠɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɩɨɪɬɨɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɩɨɡɚɛɨɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɡɚ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɭɪɫɨɪɚ ɧɚ
ɷɤɪɚɧɟ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ CRT, ɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɟɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪɚ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɤɭɪɫɨɪ ɛɵɥ ɜɢɞɟɧ ɧɚ ɷɤɪɚɧɟ, ɟɝɨ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ 25 ɫɬɪɨɤ (0…24) ɢ 80 ɫɬɨɥɛɰɨɜ (0…79), ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɜ
ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɷɤɪɚɧɚ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɭɪɫɨɪɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɯ 14
ɢ 15 ɤɚɤ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɨɬ 0 ɞɨ 1999, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ 2000 (25ā80) ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹɦ
ɷɤɪɚɧɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɨɜ 14 ɢ 15 ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ, ɬɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɭɪɫɨɪɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɫɹ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɨɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ:
–
ɜ RI ɡɚɩɪɨɫ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚ 15;
–
ɜ RD ɦɥɚɞɲɢɣ ɛɚɣɬ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɤɭɪɫɨɪɚ;
–
ɜ RI ɡɚɩɪɨɫ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚ 14;
–
ɜ RD ɫɬɚɪɲɢɣ ɛɚɣɬ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɤɭɪɫɨɪɚ.
122
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɤɭɪɫɨɪ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɟɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ ɷɤɪɚɧɚ.
Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɤɭɪɫɨɪɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ – ɨɬ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɞɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɵ, ɨɬɜɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɩɨɞ ɫɢɦɜɨɥ. ɗɬɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɤɭɪɫɨɪ
ɫɬɪɨɢɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɟɡɤɨɜ, ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɨɤɨɣ, ɚ ɧɢɠɧɢɣ – ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɨɤɨɣ.
ȼ CGA ɞɥɹ
ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɚ (ɚ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɭɪɫɨɪɚ)
ɨɬɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ 8 ɫɬɪɨɤ, ɩɪɨɧɭɦɟɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɨɬ 0 ɞɨ 7.
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɨɤ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɫɹ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɜ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɯ 10 ɢ 11. Ɂɚɩɢɫɶ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ
ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɜɵɲɟ ɡɚɩɢɫɶ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɯ 14 ɢ 15.
Ⱦɪɚɣɜɟɪ ɷɤɪɚɧɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɜɵɜɟɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɷɤɪɚɧ ɫɢɦɜɨɥ ɫ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɰɜɟɬɨɦ. Ⱦɪɚɣɜɟɪ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ
ɞɜɭɯ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ, ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɯ ɜɧɟ ɟɝɨ: «ɂɧɢɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɷɤɪɚɧɚ»,
«ȼɵɜɨɞ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɚ».
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɞɪɚɣɜɟɪ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɸɸ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɭ «ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ
ɤɭɪɫɨɪɚ», ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɜɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ – ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ XT ɢYT, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚ-
ɳɢɟ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɟ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɵ ɤɭɪɫɨɪɚ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɫɱɟɬɚ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ ɤɭɪɫɨɪɚ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɜ «ȼɨɡɜɪɚɬ ɤɚɪɟɬɤɢ» ɢ «ɉɟɪɟɜɨɞ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ».
Ʌɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚ «ɂɧɢɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɷɤɪɚɧɚ» ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ.
Ɉɧɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ ɷɤɪɚɧɚ (ɱɟɪɟɡ ɟɝɨ ɚɞɚɩɬɟɪ) ɤ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɫ ɧɢɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɞɪɚɣɜɟɪɚ. Ⱥɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɷɬɨɣ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɲɚɝɢ:
ɒɚɝ 1. Ɉɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɣ (ɧɭɥɟɜɨɣ) ɜɢɞɟɨɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ
ɩɭɬɟɦ ɡɚ-
ɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɟɟ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɛɟɥɚ ɫ ɮɨɧɨɦ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ.
ɒɚɝ 2. Ɂɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɧɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɜɢɞɟɨɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɦɨɣ ɧɚ
ɷɤɪɚɧɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɵ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɞɪɟɫɚ ɫɤɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ 0.
ɒɚɝ 3. Ɂɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɵ ɤɭɪɫɨɪɚ.
ɒɚɝ 4. Ɂɚɩɢɫɶ ɧɭɥɟɜɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ XT ɢYT.
ɒɚɝ 5. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɤɭɪɫɨɪɚ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ
ɒɚɝ 6. Ɉɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɧɵɦ ɦɨɞɭɥɹ «ȼɵɜɨɞ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɚ».
ɷɤɪɚɧɚ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɞɪɚɣɜɟɪ ɷɤɪɚɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ–ɞɜɭɯ
ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ, ɢɧɢɰɢɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɪɟɞɤɨ, ɬɨ ɲɚɝ 6 ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɞɪɚɣɜɟɪ
ɜ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɵɣ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɵɣ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ.
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ɁȺɄɅɘɑȿɇɂȿ
ȼ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɦɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ: ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ, ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ, ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɢ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɦɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɨɜ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɬ ɤɨɦɚɧɞ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ
ɜ ɦɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɜɜɨɞɚ/ɜɵɜɨɞɚ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɣ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɢ, ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɢ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɦɭɥɶɬɢɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ.
ɇɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɧɟ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɨɜ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɗȼɆ, ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɯɟɦ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ ɦɭɥɶɬɢɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɦɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ. Ʉɪɚɬɤɨ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɦɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɚɯ, ɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ
ɦɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɚ Intel. 8080/8085. Ɉɫɨɛɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɭɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɸ
ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜ ɦɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɰɢɢ
ɤɨɦɚɧɞ ɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɨ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɨɜ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɜ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɦɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ – ɡɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɳɢɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ
ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɵ
ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɚ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɜɜɨɞɚ/ɜɵɜɨɞɚ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɵɯ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ.
Ȼɭɞɭɳɟɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɫ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɞɜɭɯ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ – ɧɚɧɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ ɤɜɚɧɬɨɜɵɯ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. ɗɬɢ ɩɨɤɚ ɟɳɟ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɫɚɸɬɫɹ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɯɟɦ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ
ɫɭɛɚɬɨɦɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɣ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɧɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɰɟɩɢ, ɤɚɤ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ, ɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ.
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ɋɉɂɋɈɄ ɌȿɊɆɂɇɈȼ
Ⱥɞɪɟɫɚɰɢɹ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ (ɚddressing mɨde) – ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɫɵɥɤɢ (ɨɛɪɚ-
ɳɟɧɢɟ) ɤ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɭ ɢɥɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɭ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɟɝɨ ɚɞɪɟɫɭ; ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɞɧɨɬɢɩɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɚɞɪɟɫɨɜ; ɦɟɬɨɞ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɫɬɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ.
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɡɚɩɢɫɶ (ɚɫtivɚtiɨn reɫɨrd) – ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɫɬɟɤɚ, ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɚɹ
ɩɪɢ ɜɵɡɨɜɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ.
Ⱥɫɫɟɦɛɥɟɪ (ɚssembly lɚnguɚge) – ɹɡɵɤ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ
ɭɪɨɜɧɹ.
Ȼɚɣɬ (byte) – ɬɢɩ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ 8 ɛɢɬ, ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɚɞɪɟ-
ɫɭɟɦɚɹ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ.
Ȼɚɝ – ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɟɟ ɨɲɢɛɤɭ ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ.
Ȼɢɬ (bit) – ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ.
«ȼɫɩɥɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ» ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ (ɪɨɪuɪ ɪrɨgrɚm) – ɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦ-
ɦɚ, ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɟɦɚɹ ɩɨ ɧɚɠɚɬɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ «ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ» ɤɥɚɜɢɲɢ.
«Ƚɨɪɹɱɚɹ» ɤɥɚɜɢɲɚ (hɨtkey) – ɤɥɚɜɢɲɚ ɢɥɢ
ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɹ ɤɥɚɜɢɲ, ɢɫ-
ɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɚɹ ɧɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɜɨɞɚ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɜ, ɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɡɨɜɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɢ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɧɟɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ.
Ⱦɚɦɩ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ (ɚɧɝɥ. memɨry dumɪ; ɜ Unix – ɫɨre dumɪ) – ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ
ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɹɞɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɜɫɟɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɢɥɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɨɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɚ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɫɬɟɤɚ. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɬɶ ɞɚɦɩ
ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɥɚɞɤɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɞɚɦɩ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɧ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɲɢɛɤɢ
(ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ). Ⱦɚɦɩ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɜɪɭɱɧɭɸ ɱɟɪɟɡ
ɨɬɥɚɞɱɢɤ ɢɥɢ ɥɸɛɭɸ ɞɪɭɝɭɸ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ.
Ⱦɜɨɣɧɨɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ (dɨuble wɨrd) – ɬɢɩ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ 32 ɛɢɬɚ.
Ⱦɟɫɤɪɢɩɬɨɪ (desɫriɪtɨr) – ɜɨɫɶɦɢɛɚɣɬɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ, ɯɪɚɧɹɳɚɹɫɹ ɜ ɨɞ-
ɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɬɚɛɥɢɰ GDT, LDT ɢɥɢ IDT ɢ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬ ɢɥɢ ɲɥɸɡ.
Ⱦɟɤɥɚɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ – ɷɬɨ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɢ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɵɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ. ɉɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɦ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ,
ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɧɚ ɬɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɤɚɤ ɪɟɲɢɬɶ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ ɢ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ. ȼ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɢ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɤ ɦɚɲɢɧɟ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ – ɨɬ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ
ɤ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ.
Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɚ (direɫtive) – ɤɨɦɚɧɞɚ ɚɫɫɟɦɛɥɟɪɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɤɨɦɚɧɞɚɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɚ.
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Ⱦɪɚɣɜɟɪ (driver) – ɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ.
Ɂɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ (ɪrɨteɫted mɨde) – ɪɟɠɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ, ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɧɚɹ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɰɢɹ ɫ ɞɟɫɤɪɢɩɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɢ
ɫɟɥɟɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɱɧɚɹ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɰɢɹ.
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ (tɚsk) – ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ, ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɤɨɞɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦ-
ɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɩɭɫɬɢɬɶ,
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ, ɨɬɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɢ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɢɬɶ.
ɂɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ (hɚndle ɢɥɢ identifier) – ɱɢɫɥɨ (ɟɫɥɢ hɚndle) ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚ.
ɂɦɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ – ɷɬɨ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
(ɫɬɢɥɶ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɞɚ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ), ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ: ɜ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɦ ɤɨɞɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ (ɤɨɦɚɧɞɵ), ɨɧɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ.
ɂɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɂɋP (ɚɧɝɥ. Integrated
development environment – IDE), ɬɚɤɠɟ ɟɞɢɧɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ȿɋɊ –
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ (ɉɈ).
ɂɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ (exɫeɪtiɨn) – ɫɨɛɵɬɢɟ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦ-
ɦɵ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɭ.
ɂɬɟɪɚɰɢɹ (iterɚtiɨn) – ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ, ɧɟ
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɤ ɜɵɡɨɜɚɦ ɫɚɦɢɯ
ɫɟɛɹ.
Ʉɨɞ (ɫɨde) – ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɦɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ (ɨɛɵɱɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɫɨ-
ɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɤɨɞɚ, ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɬɟɤɚ).
Ʉɨɦɚɧɞɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ (brɚnɫh) – ɤɨɦɚɧɞɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɟɬ
ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɚɧɞ, ɜɵɧɭɠɞɚɹ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɵ ɫ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɞɪɟɫɚ.
Ʉɨɦɩɢɥɹɬɨɪ (ɫɨmɪiler) – ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ
, ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɚɹ ɬɟɤɫɬ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧ-
ɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɦɵɣ ɮɚɣɥ.
Ʉɨɦɩɨɧɨɜɳɢɤ – ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬ
ɤɨɦɩɨɧɨɜɤɭ («ɥɢɧɤɨɜɤɭ»): ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ ɢ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɟɬ ɩɨ ɧɢɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɦɵɣ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ.
Ʉɨɧɜɟɣɟɪ (ɪiɪe) – ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɡɚ-
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɵ.
Ʉɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɹ (ɫɨnventiɨn) – ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
ɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɦɟɠ-
ɞɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚɦɢ.
Ʉɨɧɟɱɧɵɣ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬ (finite stɚte mɚɫhine) – ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ.
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Ʉɷɲ (ɫɚɫhe) – ɛɵɫɬɪɚɹ ɩɚɦɹɬɶ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɛɭɮɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɪɚ-
ɳɟɧɢɣ ɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ.
Ʌɢɦɢɬ (limit) – ɩɨɥɟ ɞɟɫɤɪɢɩɬɨɪɚ (ɪɚɜɧɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɭ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚ ɦɢɧɭɫ 1).
Ʌɢɧɟɣɧɵɣ ɚɞɪɟɫ (lineɚr ɚddress) – ɚɞɪɟɫ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɣ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɦɟ-
ɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɛɚɡɵ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚ.
Ʌɨɜɭɲɤɚ (trɚɪ) – ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɡɜɚɜɲɟɣ ɟɝɨ
ɤɨɦɚɧɞɵ.
Ʌɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ – ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ ɬɟɨɪɟɦ
, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥ ɞɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ, ɢɡɭɱɚɸɳɢɣ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɵɜɨɞɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ
ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɜɵɜɨɞɚ. Ʌɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɟ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɥɨɝɢɤɢ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɪɟɡɨɥɸɰɢɣ.
Ʌɨɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɟɬɤɚ (lɨɫɚl lɚbel) – ɷɬɨ ɦɟɬɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ Ⱥsm, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ.
Ɇɟɣɧɮɪɟɣɦ (ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɷɣɧɮɪɟɣɦ, ɨɬ ɚɧɝɥ. mɚinfrɚme) – ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɭɧɢ-
ɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɬɤɚɡɨɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɣ ɫɟɪɜɟɪ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ ɜɜɨɞɚ/ɜɵɜɨɞɚ, ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɦ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ (ɚɧɝɥ. missiɨn-ɫritiɫɚl) ɫ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɣ ɩɚɤɟɬɧɨɣ ɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɧɡɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤ ɦɟɣɧɮɪɟɣɦɨɜ – ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɹ
IBM, ɫɚɦɵɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɦɟɣɧɮɪɟɣɦɵ ɟɣ ɜɵɩɭɳɟɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜɵɯ
ɥɢɧɟɟɤ System/360, 370, 390, zSeries. ȼ ɪɚɡɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɦɟɣɧɮɪɟɣɦɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɥɢ Hitɚɫhi, Bull, Unisys, DEɋ, Hɨneywell, Burrɨughs, Siemens, Ⱥmdɚhl, Fujitsu, ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɋɗȼ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɥɢɫɶ ɦɟɣɧɮɪɟɣɦɵ ȿɋ ɗȼɆ.
Ɇɨɞɟɥɶ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ – ɷɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɞɚ, ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɬɟɤɚ ɩɪɨ-
ɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɜ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɨɜ.
Ɇɨɞɭɥɶ ɹɞɪɚ (ɚɧɝɥ. lɨɚdɚble kernel mɨdule, LKM) – ɨɛɴɟɤɬ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚ-
ɳɢɣ ɤɨɞ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɟɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɩɭɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɬɚɤ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɹɞɪɚ Ɉɋ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ Unix ɢ Windɨws, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɚɟɦɵɟ ɦɨɞɭɥɢ ɹɞɪɚ, ɯɨɬɹ
ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ-ɪɚɡɧɨɦɭ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, kernel lɨɚdɚble mɨdule ɜ
FreeBSD ɢ kernel extensiɨn ɜ Mɚɫ ɈS X).
Ɇɟɬɤɚ (lɚ
bel) – ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɚɞɪɟɫɨɦ ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ.
ɇɢɬɶ (threɚd) – ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɤɨɞ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɫ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ
ɢ ɤɨɞɨɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ.
ɇɟɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ (unreɚl mɨde) – ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɫ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɦɢ ɫɟɝ-
ɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨ 4Ƚɛ.
Ɉɩɟɪɚɧɞ (ɨɪerɚnd) – ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɚ.
Ɉɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ (mediɚ desɫriɪtɨr) – ɛɚɣɬ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɣ DɈS
ɞɥɹ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɬɢɩɚ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ (ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ).
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Ɉɫɬɚɧɨɜ (ɚbɨrt) – ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɟ ɚɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨ.
Ɉɬɥɚɞɱɢɤ (ɚɧɝɥ. debugger) – ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɟɟ ɬɪɚɫɫɢɪɨɜɤɭ (ɨɬɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɟɱɚɬɤɭ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɨɣ ɤɨɦɚɧɞ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɯ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ), ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ ɜ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ
ɹɱɟɟɤ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ, ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɨɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɚ ɢ ɤɨ-
ɦɚɧɞ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ.
Ɉɬɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ (lɚzy evɚluɚtiɨn) – ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɵ-
ɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ.
Ɉɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɩɪɟɞɜɵɛɨɪɤɢ (ɪrefetɫh queue) – ɛɭɮɟɪ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɵ
ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɲɢɮɪɨɜɤɭ ɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ.
Ɉɲɢɛɤɚ (fɚult) – ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɟ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɜɵɡɜɚɜɲɟɣ ɟɝɨ ɤɨ-
ɦɚɧɞɨɣ.
ɉɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɞɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ,
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɢɥɶ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ (ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ). ɗɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɨɦ.
ɉɢɤɫɟɥɶ (ɪixel) – ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɪɚɫɬɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɨɜɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɜɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ (reentrɚnɫy) – ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭ-
ɪɵ ɢɡ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɚ ɩɪɟɪɵɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɪɜɚɜɲɟɝɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɉɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬ (ɫɨnf
ɨrming segment) – ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɦ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢɣ.
ɉɪɟɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪ (ɪreɪrɨɫessɨr) – ɷɬɨ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ, ɩɪɢɧɢ-
ɦɚɸɳɚɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɢ ɜɵɞɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ
ɜɯɨɞɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɬɨɪɚ). Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ
ɩɪɟɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɚ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɦɢ
(ɤɨɦɩɢɥɹɬɨɪ).
ɉɪɟɪɵɜɚɧɢɟ (interruɪt) – ɫɢɝɧɚɥ ɨɬ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɢɣ
ɤ ɩɪɟɪɵɜɚɧɢɸ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ-ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɭ.
ɉɪɹɦɨɣ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ (direct memory access, DMA) – ɪɟɠɢɦ ɨɛɦɟ-
ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɚɦɹɬɶɸ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪ (ɐɉ) ɧɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɟɬ.
Ɋɚɡɜɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ (lɨɨɪ unrɨlling) – ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ, ɜɵɩɨɥ-
ɧɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɪɚɡ, ɜ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɤɨɞɚ.
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Ɋɟɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ (reɚl mɨde) – ɪɟɠɢɦ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɫɟɛɹ
ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨ 8086 – ɚɞɪɟɫɚɰɢɹ ɧɟ ɜɵɲɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɝɚɛɚɣɬɚ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ, ɪɚɡɦɟɪ
ɜɫɟɯ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧ ɢ ɪɚɜɟɧ 64 Ʉɛɚɣɬɚɦ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ 16-ɛɢɬɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ.
Ɋɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ (resident ɪrɨgrɚm) – ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ, ɨɫɬɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ
ɜ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ DɈS.
ɋɟɝɦɟɧɬ (segment) – ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɭɱɚ-
ɫɬɨɤ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɞɥɹ DɈS/Windɨws.
ɋɟɝɦɟɧɬɧɚɹ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɰɢɹ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ – ɫɯɟɦɚ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɰɢɢ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ
ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚ ɜ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ ×86. Ʌɢɧɟɣɧɵɣ ɚɞɪɟɫ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɹɱɟɣɤɢ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɚɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɬɶ ɫ
ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɚɞɪɟɫɨɦ, ɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ: ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬ ɢ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ. ɋɟɝɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɚɞɪɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ, ɚ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɟɦ – ɚɞɪɟɫ ɹɱɟɣɤɢ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚ. Ȼɚɡɨɣ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɣ ɚɞɪɟɫ (ɚɞɪɟɫ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚ ɜ
ɚɞɪɟɫɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɧɵɣ (ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ)
ɚɞɪɟɫ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɦɭ ɚɞɪɟɫɭ: ɛɚɡɚ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚ + ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɵɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɲɢɧɭ ɚɞɪɟɫɚ.
ɋɟɥɟɤɬɨɪ (seleɫtɨr) – ɱɢɫɥɨ, ɯɪɚɧɹɳɟɟɫɹ ɜ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɧɨɦ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɟ.
ɋɟɤɰɢɹ (seɫtiɨn) – ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɞɥɹ UNIX.
ɋɟɪɜɟɪ (ɚɧɝɥ. Server ɨɬ tɨ serve – ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ) – ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ
ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ
ɧɟɦ ɫɟɪɜɢɫɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ (ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɨɜ ɬɟɯ ɢɥɢ
ɢɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ).
ɋɤɚɧ-ɤɨɞ (sɫɚn-ɫɨde) – ɥɸɛɨɣ ɤɨɞ, ɩɨɫɵɥɚɟɦɵɣ ɤɥɚɜɢɚɬɭɪɨɣ.
ɋɥɨɜɨ (wɨrd) – ɬɢɩ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ 16 ɛɢɬ.
ɋɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ (ɨffset) – ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɞɪɟɫ, ɨɬɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɨɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ
ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚ.
ɋɬɟɤ (ɚɧɝɥ. Stɚɫk – ɫɬɨɩɤɚ) – ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɣ ɬɢɩ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹ-
ɸɳɢɣ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ LIFɈ (ɚɧɝɥ.
lɚst in – first ɨut, «ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɦ ɩɪɢɲɟɥ – ɩɟɪɜɵɦ
ɜɵɲɟɥ»).
ɋɬɟɤɨɜɵɣ ɤɚɞɪ (stɚɫk frɚme) – ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɫɬɟɤɚ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɦɚɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ-
ɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ, ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɩɢɫɶɸ ɢ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ.
ɋɬɪɚɧɢɱɧɚɹ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɰɢɹ (ɪɚginɚtiɨn) – ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɰɢɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ
ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɟ ɚɞɪɟɫɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ.
ɋɬɪɚɧɢɱɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ – ɷɬɨ ɧɚɞɫɬɪɨɣɤɚ
ɧɚɞ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟ-
ɥɶɸ. ɈɁɍ ɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɥɨɤɢ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ, ɤɪɚɬɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ 2,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, 4 Ʉɛɚɣɬɚ.
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ɋɬɪɨɛ – ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɢɝɧɚɥ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ. ɋɬɪɨɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ
ɮɪɨɧɬɭ ɢɥɢ ɩɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɜ (jumɪtɚble) – ɦɚɫɫɢɜ ɚɞɪɟɫɨɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɫɜɟɧ-
ɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɭ ɫ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɧɨɦɟɪɨɦ.
ɒɥɸɡ (gɚte) – ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɞɚ-
ɱɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦɢ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢɣ ɜ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ.
DDK (ɨɬ ɚɧɝɥ. Driver Develɨɪment Kit) – ɧɚɛɨɪ ɢɡ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ,
ɡɚɝɨɥɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɮɚɣɥɨɜ, ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤ, ɭɬɢɥɢɬ, ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɞɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɢ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɚɦ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɞɪɚɣɜɟɪɵ ɞɥɹ
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɩɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɵ
(ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨ-ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɧɨɣ). ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ ɨɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚ SDK (ɚɧɝɥ. Sɨftwɚre Develɨɪment Kit), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬɵ
ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ, ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɪɚɣɜɟɪɨɜ.
DriverɊɚɫk Sɨlutiɨn (ɫɨɤɪ. DRɊSu) – ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɞɪɚɣɜɟɪɨɜ,
ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɞɪɚɣɜɟɪɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɟ
Windɨws Ɉɋ. Ɋɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɟɫɩɥɚɬɧɨ, ɩɨ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɥɢɰɟɧɡɢɢ GNU
GɊL, ɫ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɦ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɤɨɞɨɦ.
PSP (Personal software process) – ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɚɦ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɢ ɭɥɭɱɲɚɬɶ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ. ɋɨɡɞɚɧ
ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ
ɡɪɟɥɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɤ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɚ.
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