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Файл:Английский язык для специальности «Юриспруденция» = English for the specialty Jurisprudence. Учебное пособие для СПО
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landlady — домовладелица (владелица дома, квартиры или
земельного участка, сдаваемых внаём)
landlord — арендодатель, домовладелец
lease [liːs] — договор об аренде
leasehold — владение на правах аренды
licence ['laɪs(ə)n(t)s] — разрешение; лицензия
owner ['əunə] — владелец; собственник
rent — арендная плата
sublease ['sʌbliːs] — субаренда; поднаём
tenant ['tenənt] — арендатор
trespass — нарушение владения (с причинением вреда)
trespasser ['trespəsə] — лицо, вторгающееся в чьи-л. владения
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW
confirmation patent [ˌkɔnfə'meɪʃ(ə)n] — подтвержденный патент
copyright — копирайт, авторское право
copyright holder — владелец авторского права
copyright offence — нарушение авторского права
copyright work — произведение, охраняемое авторским правом
government subsidy ['sʌbsɪdɪ] — государственная дотация
industrial application — промышленное применение
licence fee — лицензионное вознаграждение
patent assignment [ə'saɪnmənt] — передача патента
patentee — патентовладелец
patent holder — патентообладатель
patent in force — действующий патент
patent infringement [ɪn'frɪnʤmənt] — нарушение патента,
нарушение патентного права
patent rights — патентные права
patent term — срок действия патента
to apply for a patent / to file a patent application — подавать заявку
на патент
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to issue (sb) a licence / to grant a licence — предоставить
лицензию
to renew a licence — обновлять лицензию
trademark — товарный знак
void patent — утративший силу патент
under licence — по лицензии
COURT SYSTEM
a criminal case — уголовное дело
a criminal court — уголовный суд
a grave crime — тяжкое преступление
at a trial — на суде
charge [ʧɑːʤ] — обвинение
court [kɔːt] — суд, судебное заседание; участвующие в судебном
заседании юристы и присяжные
custody ['kʌstədɪ] — содержание под стражей
defendant [dɪ'fendənt] — ответчик, обвиняемый, подсудимый
evidence — улика; свидетельское показание
guilty ['gɪltɪ] — виновный
indictment [ɪn'daɪtmənt] — обвинительный акт
juror / jury member ['ʤuərə] — присяжный
jury ['ʤuərɪ] — присяжные, суд присяжных
juvenile ['ʤuːv(ə)naɪl], ['ʤuːvɪnaɪl] — несовершеннолетний
law [lɔː] — закон, право, юриспруденция
legal action / suit ['liːg(ə)l] — судебный иск, тяжба
offence — преступление, правонарушение
offender — преступник, правонарушитель
petty crime ['petɪ] — малозначительное преступление
suspect ['sʌspekt] — подозреваемый
the accused — обвиняемый, обвиняемые
the courts — судебные органы
to accuse (of) [ə'kjuːz] — выдвинуть обвинение, обвинять
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to indict somebody [ɪn'daɪt] — предъявлять официальное
обвинение
to serve / sit on a jury — быть членом суда присяжных
to try — судить
trial ['traɪəl] — судебное разбирательство; судебный процесс, суд
CRIMINAL LAW
arson ['ɑːs(ə)n] — поджог
a wrong — правонарушение
a wrongdoer ['rɔŋˌduːə] — правонарушитель
breach of the law — нарушение закона
bribery ['braɪbərɪ] — взяточничество
burglary ['bɜːglərɪ] — кража со взломом
caution ['kɔːʃ(ə)n] — предупреждение
deterrent [dɪ'ter(ə)nt] — удерживающее, сдерживающее средство
endeavour [ɪn'devə], [en-] — предприятие; попытка; покушение,
посягательство
felony ['felənɪ] — тяжкое уголовное преступление
forgery ['fɔːʤ(ə)rɪ] — подделка; фальшивка
larceny ['lɑːs(ə)nɪ] — воровство, кража
law-abiding ['lɔːəˌbaɪdɪŋ] — законопослушный
misdeed — преступление, злодеяние
misdemeanor [ˌmɪsdɪ'miːnə] — мелкое правонарушение
murder ['mɜːdə] — убийство
omission [ə'mɪʃ(ə)n] — бездействие
penalty ['pen(ə)ltɪ] — наказание, штраф
prohibited — запрещенный
rape — изнасилование
to betray [bɪ'treɪ] — предавать, изменять
to impose punishment [ɪm'pəuz] — налагать наказание
treason ['triːz(ə)n] — измена, предательство
vengeance ['venʤ(ə)n(t)s] — месть
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GRAMMAR REFERENCE
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
The present continuous is used to talk about present situations which
we see as short-term or temporary.
A) the action is taking place at the time of speaking
Who is Bob talking to on the phone?
I'm not looking. My eyes are closed tightly
B) the action is true at the present time but we don't think it will
be true in the long term
I'm looking for a new separate apartment.
He's thinking about leaving his job.
They're considering making an appeal against the judgment.
C) the action is at a definite point in the future and it has already
been arranged
I'm meeting him at 7.30;
They aren't arriving until Sunday.
We are having a special dinner at a top restaurant for all the senior
managers. Isn't she coming to the dinner?
PRESENT SIMPLE
We use the present simple to talk about actions we see as long term
or permanent.
A) regular actions or events
They drive to the office every day.
He doesn't come here every day.
B) speaking about facts
Water freezes at 0 °C or 32 °F.
What does his dead-pan expression mean?
105
C) speaking about future facts, usually found in a timetable or a
chart
Christmas Day falls on a Monday this year.
The plane leaves at 6.00 tomorrow morning.
D) talking about our thoughts and feelings at the time of speaking
They don't ever agree with us.
I think you are right. He doesn't want you to do it.
PRESENT SIMPLE VS PRESENT CONTINUOUS
The Present Simple is used for:
regular actions or events — He plays football every weekend.
facts — The Earth goes around the sun.
facts known about the future — We leave at 8.30 next Monday.
thoughts and feelings about the time of speaking — I don't feel very
well.
The Present Continuous is used for:
the time of speaking (“now”) — Shh, I'm trying to hear what they are
saying.
things which are true at the moment but not always — We're looking
for a new flat.
The present plans for the future — We're having dinner with them
next week.
Look at these examples:
I don't usually have bacon for breakfast but I'm having some this
morning.
I often cycle to work but I'm taking the taxi this morning because it's
raining very hard.
I'm thinking about having my hair cut short but I don't think my
husband will be very happy about it.
In all these examples, we use the present continuous to talk about
events which are temporary / limited in time and the present simple to talk
about events which are habits / permanent.
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PAST SIMPLE
The past simple is used to talk about actions and states which we see
as completed in the past.
It can be used to talk about a specific point in time.
She came back last Monday.
I saw them in the street.
It can also be used to talk about a period of time.
She lived in London for five years.
They were in New York from Monday to Thursday of last week.
The past simple is often used with time expressions such as these:
yesterday ● three weeks ago ● last year ● in 2009
● from May to July● for a long time● for 7 weeks
PAST CONTINUOUS
The past continuous is used to talk about past events which went on
for a period of time, when we want to emphasize the continuing process of
an activity or the period of that activity.
Were you expecting any visitors?
Sorry, were you having a rest?
I was just making some coffee.
I was thinking about him last night.
In the 1990s few people were using mobile phones.
We often use it to describe a “background action” when something
else happened.
I was walking in the street when I suddenly saw him
She was talking to me on the phone and it suddenly went dead.
They were still waiting for the bus when I spoke to them.
We were just talking about it before they arrived.
I was making a presentation in front of 100 people when the
microphone stopped working.
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PAST SIMPLE VS PAST CONTINUOUS
Both the past simple and the past continuous refer to completed
actions in the past.
Most of the time when we are talking about such actions, we use the
past simple.
I lived there for 8 years.
I only found out a few moments ago.
I asked him but he didn't know anything.
The only use of the past continuous when you want to emphasize the
continuity of the action.
Everybody was talking about it all day.
We were really trying hard but couldn't do it.
When we use these two forms in the same sentence, we use the past
continuous to talk about the “background action” and the past simple to
talk about the shorter completed action.
It was raining hard when we left the building.
I was reading the book when you rang.
PRESENT PERFECT
The present perfect is used when we want to look back from the
present to the past.
We can use it to look back on the recent past:
I've broken my phone so I don't know what time it is.
We have cancelled the meeting.
He's taken my project. I don't have one.
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When we look back on the recent past, we often use the words
“just” “already” or the word “yet” (in negatives and questions only).
They've already talked about that.
She hasn't arrived yet.
We've just done it.
It can also be used to look back on the more distant past.
We've been to Novgorod a lot over the last few years.
She's done this type of project many times before.
When we look back on the more distant past, we often use the words
“ever” (in questions) and “never”.
Have you ever been to France?
I've never met Jim and Sally.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
This tense is used to talk about an action or actions that started in the
past and continued until recently or that continue into the future:
We can use it to refer to an action that has finished but you can still
see evidence.
Oh, the kitchen is a mess. Who has been cooking?
You look tired. Have you been sleeping properly?
It can refer to an action that has not finished.
I've been waiting for him for 30 minutes and he still hasn't arrived
It can refer to a series of actions.
She's been writing to her regularly for a couple of years.
The university has been sending students here for over ten years to
do work experience.
The present perfect continuous is often used with “since”, “for',
“all week”, “for days”, “lately”, “recently”, “over the last few months”.
109
PRESENT PERFECT VS PAST SIMPLE
The past simple is used to talk about actions in the past that have
finished.
The present perfect simple is used to look back on actions in the past
from the present.
These sentences are in the past with no connection to the present.
I first got to know him 10 years ago.
I started work here in 1989.
I had too much to eat at lunchtime.
Now look at the same situations seen from the present.
I've known him for 20 years.
I've worked here since 1988.
We use time expressions like “yesterday”, “ago”, “last year”, “in
1999” with the past simple.
We spoke to him yesterday.
She joined the company in 1989.
FUTURE
There is no one “future tense” in English. There are 4 future forms.
Going to
The one form which is used most often in spoken English is “going
to”, not “will”.
They're going to launch it next month.
I'm not going to talk for very long.
We use “going to” when we want to make a prediction based on
evidence we can see now.
Look out! That cup is going to fall off.
110
We can replace “going to go” by “going”.
They are going out later.
He's going to the exhibition tomorrow.
Will (shall)
Some people have been taught that “will” is “the future” in English.
This is not correct. Sometimes when we talk about the future we cannot
use “will”. Sometimes when we use 'will' we are not talking about the
future.
We can use “will” to talk about future events we believe to be
certain.
The sun will rise over there tomorrow morning.
Next year, I'll be 50.
That train will be late. It always is.
We add “perhaps”, “maybe”, “probably”, “possibly” to make the
belief less certain.
I'll probably come back later.
He'll possibly find out when he sees Jenny.
Maybe it will be OK.
THE PASSIVE
We use the active form to say what the subject does.
For example:
I speak English every day at work.
We use the passive form to say what happens to people and things, to
say what is done to them.
For example:
English is spoken here.
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