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Файл:Английский язык для специальности «Юриспруденция» = English for the specialty Jurisprudence. Учебное пособие для СПО
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Participles have some qualities of adjectives and are used as
attributes in a sentence (a smiling girl; surprised faces).
Participles are also used in the function of adverbial modifiers (he
opened the door, smiling; surprised, he didn't know what to say).
A participle construction, that is, a participle together with the words
closely connected with it, can function as an attribute (the girl sitting at the
table) or as an adverbial modifier (standing by the window, she watched
the birds). Participle constructions (participial constructions) are usually
called “participial phrases” or “participial clauses” in English grammar
materials.
English participles are translated into Russian with the help of verbs,
adjectives, participles, adverbial participles. Russian adverbial participle
has no corresponding form in English.
Formation of participles
Present participle
The present participle is formed by adding “ing” to the base form of
the verb: flying, playing, running, sleeping, working.
The present participle expresses active meaning: doing, flying,
playing, reading, running, sleeping, taking, typing, working, writing.
Past participle
Regular verbs form the past participle by adding “ed” to the base
form of the verb: moved, played, stopped, typed.
Irregular verbs form the past participle mostly by changing the root
of the word: broken, flown, read, sold, taken, written.
The past participle expresses passive meaning: done, moved, played,
read, sold, stopped, taken, typed, written.
N. Fill in the blank with the correct participle I or participle II form:
1) He was ... as he opened his car door and started to run along the
deserted road.
(trembling, trembled)
2) He reached the spot and stopped ... .
(bewildered, bewildering)
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3) He returned to the car and maneuvered the vehicle so that its
headlights ... the spot where the girl had lain.
(illuminating, illuminated)
4) The road had a bad reputation in the past due to a murder that ...
on it 300 years ago.
(occurred, occurring)
5) Davidson could swear that he had seen blood ... down the girl's
arms on to the road.
(dripping, dripped)
6) Early in 1951, after ... permission from the Bishop, Mr. Wright
carried out an exorcism.
(obtaining, obtained)
WRITING TASK
O. Using the information of the Unit, write a summary of the topic
“Ethical problems”.
P. Reflect on a personal experience where you faced an ethical
dilemma. Describe the situation, the options you considered, and the
decision you made. Discuss the outcome and what you learned from the
experience.
Q. Ethical Reasoning Prompt: Imagine you are a manager at a
company. One of your employees has been consistently underperforming,
but you recently learned they are going through a difficult personal crisis
at home. Write a reflection on the ethical considerations you would weigh
in deciding how to handle this situation.
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TEST 3. CIVIL LAW
1. What is civil law?
a) A branch of law that deals with crimes
b) A branch of law that deals with private disputes between
individuals
c) A branch that deals with international disputes
2. What is the purpose of civil law?
a) To punish individuals for committing crimes
b) To protect the rights and interests of individuals
c) To maintain law and order in society
3. Which of the following are examples of civil cases?
a) Theft, murder and assault
b) Divorce, contact disputes and property disputes
c) Drug trafficking, terrorism and fraud
4. Who can bring a civil law case?
a) Only individuals who have been personally affected by the
disputes
b) Only government agencies and organizations
c) Both individuals and organizations can bring civil law cases to
court
5. What is the standard of proof in civil law cases?
a) Beyond a reasonable doubt
b) Clear and convincing evidence
c) Preponderance of the evidence
6. Can a person be found guilty or innocent in a civil law?
a) Guilty or not guilty
b) Liable or not liable
c) Innocent or guilty
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7. What is the role of a judge in a civil law case?
a) To determine the guilt or innocence of the defendant
b) To interpret and apply the law to the case
c) To prosecute the defendant
8. What is the role of a jury in a civil case?
a) To determine the guilt or innocence of the defendant
b) To interpret and apply the law to the case
c) To resolve disputes and make a decision based on the evidence
presented
9. What are the possible outcomes of a civil law case?
a) Prison sentence or fine
b) Acquittal or conviction
c) Compensation or injunction
10. How is a civil law case resolved?
a) Through a trial where evidence is presented and a decision is made
b) Through negotiation and settlement between the parties involved
c) Through mediation by a third party
CRIMINAL LAW
1. What is the definition of criminal law?
a) A branch of law that deals with private disputes between
individuals
b) The branch of law that deals with crimes committed against the
state or society
c) The branch of law that deals with civil disputes and legal rights
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2. Which of the following is not considered a crime under a criminal
law?
a) Theft
b) Assault
c) Breach of contract
3. What is the purpose of criminal law?
a) To protect the rights of individuals in civil disputes
c) To regulate business transactions and protect consumers
4. Who is responsible for prosecuting crimes under criminal law?
a) The defense attorney
b) The judge
c) The state or government prosecutor
5. What is the standard of proof in criminal law cases?
a) Preponderance of evidence
b) Clear and convincing evidence
c) Beyond a reasonable doubt
6. Which of the following is not an element of a crime?
a) Actus reus (guilty act)
b) Mens rea (guilty mind)
c) Contractual agreement
7. What is the maximum punishment for a misdemeanor crime?
a) fine
b) Imprisonment for more than one year
c) Community service
8. What is the difference between a felony and misdemeanor?
a) Felonies are less serious crimes than misdemeanor
b) Felonies carry more severe punishment than misdemeanors
c) Felonies are crimes against individuals, while misdemeanors are
crimes against the state
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9. What is the defense of self-defense in criminal law?
a) Justifying an action because it was necessary to protect oneself
from harm
b) Admitting guilt but claiming diminished responsibility
c) Asserting that the crime was committed unintentionally or by
mistake.
10. What is the purpose of criminal sentencing?
a) To rehabilitate the offender and prevent further crimes
b) To compensate the victim for their losses
c) To deter potential offenders and protect society
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ANSWERS
2
Whodunnit?
The solution
The ranger joined the middle-aged couple, Adam and Jean, for a chat
inside their tent. Inside the tent, he sat on a backpack to avoid the wet
ground. The fact that there was wet ground inside the tent meant that they
had put up the tent after it rained. They said, however, that they had put up
the tent the previous night (before it rained), so they were definitely lying.
They must have committed the crime because they were lying to cover
their tracks.
4
E.g. They were two goldfish.
Explanation 1
The teenagers were travelling on the road that crossed the road that
the police office was on. They drove through a green light.
Explanation 2
The water in the river only came up to the man’s chest.
Explanation 3
He was riding a house called “Friday”.
Explanation 4
Because Booby was only nine months old.
Explanation 5
The man has just been cured of deafness, and the ringing phone was
final proof that it had been a success.
Explanation 6
The airplane was on the ground when he leapt.
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VOCABULARY FOR LAWYERS
BRANCHES OF LAW
Civil Law — гражданское право
Family Law — семейное право
Law of succession — наследственное право
Property Law — имущественное право
Real Estate Law — нормы права о недвижимости
Contract Law — договорное право
Administrative Law — административное право
Constitutional Law — конституционное право
Tax Law — налоговое право
International Law — международное право
Business (Corporate) Law — корпоративное право
Criminal Law — уголовное право
Intellectual Property Law — нормы права об интеллектуальной
собственности
GENERAL LEGAL TERMS
crime — преступление
criminal — преступник, преступность
investigator — следователь
judge ['ʤʌʤ] — судья
justice ['ʤʌstɪs] — правосудие, юстиция
law and order — законность и правопорядок
law office — юридическая фирма
lawyer ['lɔɪə], ['lɔːjə] — юрист; адвокат
legislation in force [ˌleʤɪ'sleɪʃ(ə)n] — действующее законодательство
notary — нотариус
notary office — нотариальная контора
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procurator ['prɔkjuəreɪtə] — прокурор
procurator's office — прокуратура
public order — общественный порядок
punishment — наказание
the Bar — адвокатура
to commit a crime — совершать преступление
to investigate — расследовать
to prevent a crime — предотвратить преступление
to punish — наказывать
CORPORATE LAW
annual dividend ['ænjuəl] — годовой дивиденд
block of shares — пакет акций
business law / commercial law — торговое право
closely held corporation — корпорация закрытого типа
controlling shareholder / majority shareholder — держатель
контрольного пакета акций
de facto corporation — юридически не оформленная корпорация
double taxation — двойное налогообложение
hostile takeover ['hɔstaɪl] — враждебное поглощение
insider trading — покупка (акций) осведомленным лицом
limited liability [ˌlaɪə'bɪlətɪ] — ограниченная ответственность
lock-up — капитал, помещенный в труднореализуемые активы
mergers and acquisitions (M&A) [ˌækwɪˈzɪʃənz] — слияния и
поглощения
municipal corporation [mjuː'nɪsɪp(ə)l] — муниципальная
корпорация
nonprofit organization — некоммерческая организация
private corporation — частная корпорация
profits and losses — прибыли и убытки
public corporation — акционерное общество открытого типа
to issue shares ['ɪʃuː] — выпускать акции
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to pay taxes — выплачивать налоги
to run a business — вести дело, управлять предприятием
to transfer property — передавать имущество
transnational corporation — транснациональная корпорация
CONTRACT LAW
acceptance [ək'septən(t)s] — акцепт, акцептование
bilateral contract [baɪ'læt(ə)r(ə)l] — двусторонний контракт
binding contract ['baɪndɪŋ] — юридически обязательный договор
contractual obligation [kən'trækʧuəl] — договорное обязательство
contractual relationship — договорные отношения
counteroffer — встречное предложение
formal contract — оформленный договор; формальный договор
informal contract — неоформленный договор
legal consequences [ˈkɔnsɪkwənsɪz] — правовые, юридические
последствия
legally bound [baund] — юридически обязанный
mutual assent — взаимное согласие
offer — оферта
offeree — адресат оферты
offeror — оферент; лицо, делающее предложение
rejection — отклонение, отказ
to revoke — отменять, аннулировать
under seal — скрепленный печатью
unilateral contract [ˌjuːnɪ'læt(ə)r(ə)l] — односторонняя сделка
valid contract ['vælɪd] — действительный договор
REAL ESTATE LAW
estate — имущество
exclusive possession [pə'zeʃ(ə)n] — исключительное владение
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