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Файл:Английский язык для специалистов в области нефтегазового дела (Professional English for Oil and Gas Engineering). Учебное пособие
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adsorbed from the cooling gas will be at the top of the bed and will not
be desorbed into the gas during the dehydration step. The still hot
regeneration gas and the cooling gas flow through the regeneration gas
cooler to condense the desorbed water. Power-operated valves
activated by a timing device switch the adsorbers between the
dehydration, regeneration, and cooling steps.
Under normal operating conditions, the usable life of a desiccant
ranges from one to four years. Solid desiccants become less effective in
normal use due to loss of effective surface area as they age.
Abnormally fast degradation occurs through blockage of the small
pores and capillary openings from lubricating oils, amines, glycols,
corrosion inhibitors, and other contaminants, which cannot be removed
during the regeneration cycle. Hydrogen sulfide can also damage the
desiccant and reduce its capacity.
Упражнение 4. Найдите в тексте данные ниже слова и
словосочетания и напишите их русские эквиваленты.
Adsorption dehydration, water vapour, the solid desiccant, very
large surface areas per unit weight, solid adsorbents, molecular sieves,
dehydration plants, drying ability, a filter separator, to remove solid and
liquid contaminants, the filtered gas, a desiccant bed, disturbance,
velocity, a hot stream of inlet gas, the regeneration gas heater, a directfired heater, an indirect heater, the regeneration heat, the bottom of the
bed, the regenerated bed, the cooling gas, the dehydration step, the
regeneration gas cooler, the desorbed water, power-operated valves, a
timing device, under normal operating conditions, the usable life of a
desiccant, effective surface area, lubricating oils, corrosion inhibitors,
capacity.
Упражнение 5. Найдите в тексте ответы на
следующие вопросы.
1. What is adsorption due to its definition?
2. What features adsorption dehydration?
3. What are the most common solid adsorbents?
72
4. Where are solid desiccants employed?
1. While one adsorber is
dehydrating, … from the
regeneration gas heater.
1. to ensure thorough
regeneration of the bottom of the
bed, which is the last area
contacted by the gas being
dehydrated.
2. The incoming wet gas
should be cleaned by a filter
separator …
2. switch the adsorbers between
the dehydration, regeneration,
and cooling steps.
3. Adsorption is defined as
the ability of a substance …
3. by shutting off or bypassing
the heater.
4. The still hot regeneration
gas and the cooling gas flow
…
4. the other adsorber is being
regenerated by a hot stream of
inlet gas
5. The most common solid
adsorbents used today are …
5. which cannot be removed
during the regeneration cycle.
6. Power-operated valves
activated by a timing device
…
6. to take advantage of the
surface forces.
5. What is a filter separator used for?
6. What is the advantage of the down-flow arrangement?
7. What happens during the dehydration by adsorption?
8. What can supply the necessary regeneration heat?
9. What way does the regeneration heat usually flow?
10. How is the hot regenerated bed cooled?
11. Why does the cooling gas flow downward through the
bed?
12. What switches the adsorbers between the dehydration,
regeneration and cooling steps?
13. Why do solid desiccants become less effective?
14. When does abnormally fast degradation occur?
Упражнение 6. Подберите из правой колонки
соответствующие окончания предложений из левой колонки.
73
7. The regeneration gas
usually flows upward through
the bed …
7. to hold gases or liquids on its
surface.
8. The hot regenerated bed is
cooled …
8. silica, alumina, and certain
silicates known as molecular
sieves.
9. Solid desiccants have very
large surface areas per unit
weight …
9. through the regeneration gas
cooler to condense the desorbed
water.
10. Abnormally fast
degradation occurs through
blockage of the small pores
and capillary openings from
lubricating oils, amines,
glycols, corrosion inhibitors,
and other contaminants, …
10. to remove solid and liquid
contaminants in the gas.
Упражнение 7. Переведите предложения на анг-
лийский язык.
1. Адсорбция – это способность вещества удерживать
газы или жидкости на своей поверхности.
2. В процессе адсорбционной сушки водяные пары,
находящиеся в газе, концентрируются и удерживаются на
поверхности твердого влагоотделителя.
3. Для удаления твердых и жидких примесей из газа
поступающий влажный газ должен быть очищен при
помощи фильтра-влагоотделителя.
4. Пока один поглотитель осушает, другой поглотитель
восстанавливается горячим потоком газа, поступающим из
нагревателя с регенерационным газом.
5. Горячий восстановленный слой катализатора охлаж-
дается при выключении нагревателя.
проходят через охладитель регенерационного газа, чтобы
конденсировать десорбированную воду.
6. Горячий регенерационный газ и охлаждающий газ
74
7. Приводная трубопроводная арматура, активированная
таймером, переключает поглотители на режим сушки,
регенерации и охлаждения.
8. Слишком быстрая деградация происходит из-за
закупорки небольших пор и капиллярных отверстий смазочными
маслами, аминами, гликолями, антикоррозионными добавками и
другими примесями, которые нельзя удалить в ходе цикла
регенерации.
9. Твердые влагопоглотители имеют очень большую
площадь поверхности на единицу массы, чтобы успешно
преодолеть поверхностное усилие.
10. Самыми распространенными твердыми поглотителями являются диоксид кремния, окись алюминия и некоторые
другие силикаты, известные как ультрафильтр.
Упражнение 8. Переведите текст, не пользуясь
словарем, и озаглавьте его.
The advantages of solid desiccant dehydration include:
lower dew point, essentially dry gas (water content less 1.0
lb/MMcf) can be produced
higher contact temperatures can be tolerated with some
adsorbents
higher tolerance to sudden load changes, especially on
startup
quick startup after shutdown
high adaptability for recovery of certain liquid
hydrocarbons in addition to dehydration functions.
Operating problems with the solid-desiccant dehydration
include:
space adsorbents degenerate with use and require
replacement
dehydrating tower must be regenerated and cooled for
operation before another tower approaches exhaustion. The
maximum allowable time on dehydration gradually shortens
75
because desiccant loses capacity with use.
air-cooled condenser –
конденсатор с воздушным
охлаждением, воздушный
конденсатор
to bear – иметь, обладать
boiler – котел
to capture – захватывать
compound – (химическое)
соединение
dehydrating agent –
обезвоживающее средство
greenhouse effect –
парниковый эффект
lean oil – отбензиненное
абсорбционное
(поглотительное) масло
particle – частица
to recover – улавливать;
извлекать; выделять;
получать
to sink – погружаться (в
воду)
Although this type of dehydrator has high adaptability to
sudden load changes, sudden pressure surges should be avoided
because they may upset the desiccant bed and channel the gas
stream resulting in poor dehydration. If a plant is operated above
its rated capacity, high-pressure loss may cause some attrition to
occur. Attrition causes fines, which may in turn cause excessive
pressure loss and result in loss of capacity.
Replacing the desiccant should be scheduled and completed
ahead of the operating season. To maintain continuous operation,
this may require discarding the desiccant before its normal
operating life is reached. To cut operating costs, the inlet part of
the tower can be recharged and the remainder of the desiccant
retained because it may still possess some useful life. Additional
service life of the desiccant may be obtained if the direction of gas
flow is reversed at a time when the tower would normally be
recharged.
Упражнение 9. Составьте аннотацию текста (упр. 8).
UNIT 10
Упражнение 1. Прочтите слова и словосочетания и
постарайтесь запомнить их русские эквиваленты.
76
dew point – температура
конденсации; точка росы
to fit with – оснащать
to flare – сжигать в факеле
flash tank – испарительный бак
gas plant – 1. газогенераторная
установка; газовый завод
2. газогенераторная станция
3. установка для газификации
топлива
4. газофракционирующая
установка
solution – раствор
to steal – похищать
to strip – лишать (чего-
либо)
to vent – выпускать
water content –
водосодержание,
водоносность (пласта)
water-cooled condenser –
конденсатор с водяным
охлаждением, водяной
конденсатор
Упражнение 2. Переведите слова, обращая внимание на
суффиксы и префиксы.
To move – to remove; essential – essentially; to dehydrate –
dehydration – dehydrator; to contact – contactor; to boil – boiler;
vapor –
to vaporize; relative – relatively; to use – to reuse; to
condense – condenser.
Упражнение 3. Прочтите и переведите интернаци-
ональные слова.
Glycol, an agent, absorption, a contact, diethylene glycol,
triethylene glycol, differential, an innovation, methane, a portion,
organic, practice, atmosphere.
Прочтите и переведите текст, а затем выполните
следующие упражнения.
GLYCOL DEHYDRATION
Absorption occurs when the water vapor is taken out by a
dehydrating agent. Glycol Dehydration is an example of absorption
dehydration. In this process, a liquid desiccant dehydrator serves to
77
absorb water vapor from the gas stream. Glycol, the principal agent
in this process, has a chemical affinity for water. This means that,
when in contact with a stream of natural gas that contains water,
glycol will serve to ‘steal’ the water out of the gas stream.
Essentially, glycol dehydration involves using a glycol solution,
usually either diethylene glycol (DEG) or triethylene glycol (TEG),
which is brought into contact with the wet gas stream in what is
called the ‘contactor’. The glycol solution will absorb water from
the wet gas. Once absorbed, the glycol particles become heavier
and sink to the bottom of the contactor where they are removed.
The natural gas, having been stripped of most of its water content,
is then transported out of the dehydrator. The glycol solution,
bearing all of the water stripped from the natural gas, is put
through a specialized boiler designed to vaporize only the water
out of the solution. While water has a boiling point of 212 degrees
Fahrenheit, glycol does not boil until 400 degrees Fahrenheit. This
boiling point differential makes it relatively easy to remove water
from the glycol solution, allowing it be reused in the dehydration
process.
An innovation in this process has been the addition of flash
tank separator-condensers. As well as absorbing water from the
wet gas stream, the glycol solution occasionally carries with it
small amounts of methane and other compounds found in the wet
gas. In the past, this methane was simply vented out of the boiler.
In addition to losing a portion of the natural gas that was extracted,
this venting contributes to air pollution and the greenhouse effect.
In order to decrease the amount of methane and other compounds
that are lost, flash tank separator-condensers work to remove these
compounds before the glycol solution reaches the boiler.
Essentially, a flash tank separator consists of a device that reduces
the pressure of the glycol solution stream, allowing the methane
and other hydrocarbons to vaporize (‘flash’). The glycol solution
then travels to the boiler, which may also be fitted with air or
water- cooled condensers, which serve to capture any remaining
organic compounds that may remain in the glycol solution. In
practice these systems have been shown to recover 90 to 99 percent
78
of methane that would otherwise be flared into the atmosphere.
1. Once absorbed, the glycol
particles become …
1. the water vapor is taken out
by a dehydrating agent.
2. A flash tank separator
consists of …
2. is then transported out of
the dehydrator.
3. The glycol solution will
absorb …
3. which is brought into
contact with the wet gas
Упражнение 4. Найдите в тексте данные ниже слова и
словосочетания и напишите их русские эквиваленты.
The water vapor, a dehydrating agent, absorption
dehydration, a liquid desiccant dehydrator, a chemical affinity for
water, a glycol solution, the wet gas, particles, a flash tank
separator-condensers, the greenhouse effect, air or water- cooled
condensers, to capture, compounds, to recover, to flare.
Упражнение 5. Найдите в тексте ответы на
следующие вопросы.
1. When does absorption occur?
2. What is absorption dehydration characterized by?
3. What does glycol dehydration involve?
4. What process does the glycol solution undergo?
5. Why is it possible to remove water from the glycol
solution?
6. What is new in the glycol dehydration process?
7. What is the advantage of a flash tank separator-
condenser?
8. What does a flash tank separator consist of?
9. What is the function of air or water-cooled condensers?
10. What is the efficiency of the system?
Упражнение 6. Подберите из правой колонки
соответствующие окончания предложений из левой колонки.
79
stream in what is called the
‘contactor’.
4. In order to decrease the
amount of methane and other
compounds that are lost, …
4. which serve to capture any
remaining organic
compounds that may remain
in the glycol solution.
5. Absorption occurs when …
5. water from the wet gas.
6. In practice these systems
have been shown …
6. heavier and sink to the
bottom of the contactor where
they are removed.
7. Glycol dehydration
involves using a glycol
solution, usually either
diethylene glycol (DEG) or
triethylene glycol (TEG), …
7. a specialized boiler
designed to vaporize only the
water out of the solution.
8. The glycol solution,
bearing all of the water
stripped from the natural gas,
is put through …
8. flash tank separatorcondensers work to remove
these compounds before the
glycol solution reaches the
boiler.
9. The glycol solution then
travels to the boiler, which
may also be fitted with air or
water-cooled condensers, …
9. a device that reduces the
pressure of the glycol
solution stream, allowing the
methane and other
hydrocarbons to vaporize.
10. The natural gas, having
been stripped of most of its
water content, …
10. to recover 90 to 99
percent of methane that
would otherwise be flared
into the atmosphere.
Упражнение 7. Переведите текст, пользуясь словарем.
The ability of natural gas to contain water vapour decreases
DEHYDRATION BY COOLING
80
as the temperature is lowered at constant pressure. During the
cooling process, the excess water in the vapour state becomes
liquid and is removed from the system. Natural gas containing less
water vapour at low temperature is output from the cooling unit.
The gas dehydrated by cooling is still at its water dew point unless
the temperature is raised again or the pressure is decreased.
Cooling for the purpose of gas dehydration is sometimes
economical if the gas temperature is unusually high. It is often a
good practice that cooling is used in conjunction with other
dehydration processes.
Gas compressors can be used partially as dehydrators.
Because the saturation water content of gases decreases at high
pressure, some water is condensed and removed from gas at
compressor stations by the compressor discharge coolers. Modern
lean oil absorption gas plants use mechanical refrigeration to chill
the inlet gas stream. Ethylene glycol is usually injected into the gas
chilling section of the plant, which simultaneously dehydrates the
gas and recovers liquid hydrocarbons, in a manner similar to the
low-temperature separators.
Упражнение 8. Переведите предложения на английский
язык.
1. Абсорбция происходит при удалении водяного пара
обезвоживающим средством.
2. Гликоль является осушителем с жидким поглотителем
и используется для абсорбции водяного пара из газового
потока.
3. Раствор гликоля поглощает воду из влажного газа.
4. Поглотив влагу, частицы гликоля становятся тяжелее и
опускаются на дно контактного фильтра для последующего
удаления.
5. Раствор гликоля, насыщенный водой из природного
газа, пропускается через специальный котел для выпаривания
воды из раствора.
6. Устройство, находящееся в сепараторе испарительного
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