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Файл:Английский язык для архитектора и градостроителя. Учебное пособие для СПО
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Jones' ( 1573 - 1652 ) early years are traditionally associated with a number of neo-classic
buildings, but there is no exact evidence of his authorship.
His first authentic building, and also his finest, was the Banqueting Hall in
Whitehall intended to form part of ambitious royal palace. The design of Inigo Jones for
Whitehall Palace ( 1638 ) and Queen's Chapel ( 1623 ) in London introduced English
patrons to the prevailing architectural ideas of northern Italy in the late 16lh-architects
such as Palladio, Serlio, and Vincenzo Scramozzi, Jones approached the Baroque spirit in
his works by unifying them with a refined compositional vigour. Queen's House is an
Italian villa sympathetically reinterpreted. The upper floor loggia is very Palladian, as is
also the two-armed, curved open staircase to the terrace. The proportions and the general
effect are long and low and very as Italian. It must have required considerable courage on
the part of the architect to break with established tradition. It is small wonder that the
influence of Inigo Jones was enormous despite the scarcity of his recorded works. It is
said that Inigo Jones is to architecture what Shakespeare is to literature.
Part 2
The chief task of the architect is to create buildings of character; this implies that
the architect should be an artist as well as a deviser of construction. The true greatness as
an artist and constructor is revealed in the works of another famous English architect Sir
Christopher Wren.
The period of Wren's activity as an architect covers the last forty years of the
seventeenth century and extends for twenty years into eighteenth. Wren was born in the
quiet Wiltshire village of East Kroyle. He was the son of the rector who was late to
become Dean of Windsor. He was educated at Wensminster School and Wadham College,
Oxford. His genius was obvious even in childhood, though then it was turned more to the
problems of mathematics and astronomy.
In 1657, when Wren was 25, he was appointed Professor of Astronomy at Grasham
College in London. His spectacular talents quickly came to notice of Charles II and in
1660 Wren was appointed assistant to the Surveyor General. To tell the truth, Wren never
trained as an architect. His architectural career proper began under family patronage. His
uncle commissioned him to design a couple of buildings at Cambridge ( Pembroke
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College Chapel ) and Oxford ( Sheldonian Theatre ). They are moderately successful and,
at any rate, still stand. Wren's interest in architecture was revealed after his visit to Paris in
1665. On his return to England he was asked by the King to produce plans for the
restoration of old St. Paul's which was in a state of decay. But the Great Fire of 1666 put
an end to the possibilities of restoring the old cathedral. The Great Fire also gave Wren
the opportunity to suggest two grandiose schemes: the rebuilding of the entire commercial
heart of London to a spacious master plan with wide street, huge piazzas and long
perspectives and the rebuilding of St. Paul's. This first scheme failed because of the
powerful influence of speculators and the second scheme was rejected by the church
authorities as Wren suggested a Romanesque church dominated by a large rotunda
covered by a dome. He wanted to make the cathedral in the shape of the so-called Greek
cross with equal arms. This church would be far from the standards of usual Gothic
church with quire, nave and aisles in the form of a cross with three short arms and one
long arm. Wren was asked to make another plan which would include these traditional
elements. This second plan was approved.
By 1666 Christopher Wren was appointed Surveyor General. It took much time of
the architect. The colossal task of demolishing the old cathedral continued for 6 years. In
November 1675 the rebuilding of St. Paul's began. It was to go on for about 40 years.
Architecture, first and last and all the time, is proportion. Wren's proportions - in his
columns, his moldings, his decorations - all have delicacy. They are well-bred, well-
mannered and discreet. His dome when he built it, was the third largest in the world. Yet
such was Wren's genius that he managed to give it an air of modesty. Wren's greatest
achievement, St. Paul's Cathedral, London (1675 -1711), owes much to French and Italian
examples of the Baroque period; but the plan shows a remarkable adaptation of the
traditional English cathedral plan to Baroque spatial uses.
Wren is also notable for his design of about 50 city buildings, marvelous fortheir
beauty; Greenwich Observatory; Hampton Court Palace; Greenwich Hospital; Kensington
Palace - the Grangery; Windsor Town Hall and others.
Wren died in 1723. He lies buried in St. Paul's. His tomb is a plain slab of stone on
which is written: "If you seek his monument, look around you".
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6.3 Exercises to the text
6.3.1 Find the false sentences using information from the text. Correct the false
sentences:
1) Jones' early years are associated with gothic buildings.
2) Jones' first authentic building was Queen's Chapel in London.
3) Jones greatly influenced the development of the English architecture.
4) Christopher Wren lived and worked in the 16th century.
5) Wren's genius was obvious even in childhood.
6) Wren studied architecture at Gracham College.
7) Wren prepared designs for restoring the St. Paul's.
8) Wren's first scheme was too advanced to meet with approval.
9) Christopher Wren presented English Rococo.
6.3.2 Complete the following sentences:
1) At the early stage of his creative activity Jones worked in ... style.
a) gothic
b) neo-classic
c) rococo
2) Inigo Jones was heavily influenced by ... architects.
a) Italian
b) Greek
c) Scandinavian
3) Wren's creative activity began in the ... .
a)first half of the 18lh century
b)second half of the 17lh century
c)first half of the 17lh century
4) At the age of 25 Wren was appointed ....
a)assistant to the Surveyor General
b)surveyor General
c)professor of Astronomy
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5) St. Paul's exhibits a brilliant example of English ....
a)Baroque
b)Gothic
c)Classicism
6) The rebuilding of St. Paul's was to go on for about ....
a)4 years
b)14 years
c)40 years
7) Architecture is first of all ... .
a)decoration
b)proportion
c)perspective
6.3.3 Answer the following questions:
1) What are Jones' early years associated with?
2) What is Jones' first authentic and finest building?
3) What is the period of Wren's creative activity?
4) Why is Wren considered to be a versatile man?
5) Why wasn't Wren's first design for rebuilding St. Paul's met with approval?
6) How can we appreciate St. Paul's cathedral?
7) What buildings were designed by Wren?
6.3.4 With your partner, make up a dialogue about the activity of Inigo Jones
and Christopher Wren using the information from the text and your own knowledge
of the subject
6.3.5 Translate the text of Russian architect with dictionary
Text 6 B
Vasily Bazhenov and his masterpieces
An outstanding Russian architect of the 18thcentury V. Bazhenov was born in 1737,
to the family of a clerkman at one of Moscow's architectural career. At an early age Vasily
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loved to draw pictures of buildings in the city. The boy's talent was noticed aid he was
invited to study at the architects school. Bazhenov went on from school to the Imperial
Academy of die Arts in St. Petersburg. His knowledge in architecture was so extensive
that he was appointed assistant architect in the construction of St. Nicholas' Naval
Cathedral, As the most promising student, he was sent to Paris to complete his studies.
Having gained foil theoretical knowledge in the field of architecture, Bazhenov
actively began a career as practicing architect. One of his first designs was the facade of
the Academy of the Arts building on the Neva River. He designed and built one fine
edifice after another. In Moscow he was responsible for constructing the Kremlin
embankment, which was to replace the huge city dump on the banks of the Moskva River.
The most outstanding masterpiece was the palace known as Pashkov House. This
splendid monument stands on a hill towering over Moscow's most beautiful secular
building, Russia's best library. The stature that used to crown the building is no longer
there, lending it an unfinished appearance. Moreover,1 sloping away from the building
there used to be a park with pond's, and the whole formed a unique ensemble. Today
Pashkov House stands above an endless stream of traffic.
Bazhenov collected sketches of Russian architectural monuments and worked on
problems of promoting Russian talents in the Academy of the Arts. He was one of the
founders of Russian Classicist architecture.
6.4 The year 2013 marked the 275th anniversary of Matvey Feodorovich
Kazakov, one of the greatest Russian architects of the 18th century. Kazakov's genius
and prolific creativity contributed to the formation of a distinctively neo-classical
style in Moscow. Read the text and tell about the works of the famous Russian
architect
Text 6 C
Matvey Kazakov
Matvei Kazakov (1738-1812) was fortunate in his teachers, beginning with
Dmitry Uktomsky whose school of architecture he attended, then with Peter Nikitin who
directed the school after 1760. In 1768Kazakov's work came to the attention of Vasily
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Bazhenov. Thus, Kazakov was educated by the best Russian architects.
Kazakov's first masterpiece was the Petrovskii Transit Palace (1775-82) (now
Zhukovsky Air Force Academy).The palace combinated the fashion for the Gothic
revival with motifs drawn from medieval Russian architecture. In 1776-87Kazakov's
classical training produced one of the most important state buildings of Catherine's reign
- the Senate in the Kremlin. Kazakov's task was to incorporate a new building into the
established ensemble. An accurately organized neo-classic structure was set off against
the picturesque grouping and stylistic diversity of the Kremlin buildings. The Senate is
crowned with a dome. The rotunda also overlooks Red-square. The rotunda was one of
Kazakov's favourite motifs. Kazakov's skillis integrating the rotunda form into a large
structure is evident in many of his designs including the Demidov mention at Petrovskoe.
Kazakov applied the classical rotunda to church design. One of the earliest examples of it
is his church of the Metropolitan Philip (1777-88) on Vtoraya Meshanskaya Street(now
Prospect Mira).
In addition to his imperial commissions and churches Kazakov also built to
Moscow's cultural and charitable institutions such as the university and the hospital. The
urban context was important for the architect. The university, of 1782-93, largely
destroyed in fire of 1812 and subsequently rebuilt by Domenico Gillardi on Mokhovaya
Street and Golitsyn Hospital of 1794-1801, now the First Municipal Hospital on
Kaluzhskaya Street, are examples of it. The facade of the university which faces the
Kremlin with adorned with Ionic porticoes and the centre was topped with high attic, the
sculpture on which made an effective show against the dome.
For all Kazakov's prodigious output, his greatest contribution to the neoclassical
decor of Moscow lay in his design of city mansions. Most typical of Kazakov's urban
houses in the three—storied mansion built in 1793-9 for merchant M. P. Gubin. Kazakov
proved particulary successful in resolving the problem of creating a monument yet
balanced structure within the confines of Moscow's narrow central streets. The houses
were set along the street, forming an ensamble with their subsidiary buildings. Kazakov
embellished Tverskaya Street with Y. I. Kozitskaya'shouse(1790). It was remoulded into
a grand department store by its later owners, the Yeliseyevs. Through the variation of
individual devices Kasakov designed an astonishing range of urban houses. Thus,
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although the facade of A. N. Golitsyn's house of the 1770s on Lubyanka Street lacks
columns, its decoration is supplied by a balcony on elegant brackets and the delicate
patterning of the window surroundings. MatveyKazakov was an excellent teacher. In the
1780s he headed the school of architecture and devoted much time to teaching. Kazakov
maintained the school under the auspices of theKremling Building Office, and in 1805 it
got an official status as the College of Architecture.
Born in Moscow, Kazakov died in Ryazan in Octoberof1812 where the stick
architect was taken by his family when the army of Napoleon was marching on Moscow.
Matvey Kazakov could not survive the great fire of 1812 in Moscow and the destruction
of his works.
6.4.1 Increase your vocabulary. Make some sentences of your own using the
following phrases:
to be fortunate in teachers
to come to attention of somebody
to incorporate buildings into the established ensemble
picturesque grouping and stylistic diversity of buildings
to be one of favourite motifs
to be evident in many designs
to make an effective show
to form an ensemble with subsidiary buildings
to head the school of architecture
6.4.2 Ask your partner the following questions:
1)Whom was Kazakov educated by?
2)What was Kazakov's first masterpiece?
3)What was one of Kazakov's favourite motifs?
4) What was Kazakov's greatest contribution to the neo-classical decor of Moscow?
5) What official buildings were built in Moscow by Kazakov?
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6.4.3 Compare Kazakov's residential houses and official buildings
6.5 Read the text to find answers to the questions
Text 6 D
Charles-Edouard (Jeanneret) Le Corbusier
1 What are the formulas of Le Corbusier's new architecture?
Le Corbusier (1887 - 1966) was the most influential and the most brilliant of 20lh
century architects. He published a number of total plans for cities with a centre of identical
skyscrapers, symmetrically arranged in a park setting, with lower buildings and complex
traffic routes between. The formulas of Corbusier's architectural typology, his "five points
for a new architecture": the slab, the split-level dwelling unit, the sunbreaker, the pilotis
and the roof garden were to be the essential elements of the new aesthetics.
2 What does Le Corbusier's "Le Modulor" mean?
He proposed the "Modulor", a system of proportions grounded on the golden
section or the Fibonacci series using the human figures as its basis, formulated the
famous definition of architecture as 'the masterly correct and magnificent play of masses
brought together in light'. His comparisons with engineering constructions and with
modem forms of transportation were formulated into such oft-misunderstood postulates
as 'the house is a machine for living in' and that it should be as practically constructed as
a typewriter. By this he meant not a mechanistic 'machine aesthetic' but rather complete
rationality in plan, capacity for serial-production and function.
3 What were Le Corbusier's expressions of luxury in architecture?
Le Corbusier's works have become monuments of modern architecture with their
general independence of terrain as well as a rich variety of interior and exterior spaces
achieved by means of 'double-height rooms, gallery floors, bridges and ramps with views
into the interior as well as 'framed' views looking out, all expressions of a genuine luxury
in architecture.
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4 Why is Le Corbusier thought to be a leading figure in modern architecture?
Le Corbusier's long period as a leading figure in modern architecture - for nearly
half a century - was unique among architects of his time and is, finally, a reflection of his
capacity to endow architecture with an expression which evokes the spirit of his epoch.
In this sense he was at once the 'terrible simplificateur' in the tradition of the rationalist
enlightenment a creator of forms which endure well beyond his time.
Among his works are Villa Savoye, Poissy (1929 -1931); Pavilion Suisse, Cite
Universitaire, Paris (1930-1932); The Clarte apartment house in Geneva (1930 -1932);
Unite d'Habitation, Marseilles (1947 - 1952); the urban planning schemes for large North
African and South American cities (1930s); the Pilgrimage church of Notre Dame-du-
Haut at Rouchamp (1950 - 1954);the Carpenter Centre for the Visual Arts at Harvard
University in Cambridge, Massachusetts (1961 - 1964); the plan of the city of
Chandigarh, India (1950 - 1951) and others.
Notes to the text:
slab
split-level dwelling unit
sunbreaker
pilotis
столбы-ходули, поднимающие здание над землей
terrain
capacity
ramp
to endow
to evoke
to endure
плита
жилая единица в разных уровнях
солнцерез
местность
способность
уклон, наклонная плоскость
наделять
вызывать
выдерживать испытание временем
6.6 Read the text and write the summary of it in Russian
Text 6 E
English Neoclassical Architects
Robert Adam is one of the outstanding representatives of Neoclassicism in England.
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His executed works consisted mainly of the remodeling of existing houses, the most
important of which were Osterly Park, Middlesex (1761 - 80).Syon House, Middlesex
(1762 - 69) and Kenwood House, Hampstead, London (1767 - 69). At Kedleston Hall,
Derbyshire (1765 - 70), He completed James Paine's plan and added a garden front in
which the central portion (centerpiece) is clearly derived from an ancient Roman triumphal
arch, the first use of this form in domestic architecture. This use of antique forms in a new
context is e recurring characteristic of Neoclassical architecture. Adam's planning, to
which he devoted considerable attention, was based on a variety of contrasting room
shapes, each geometric in itself and contained within an overall geometric plan yet
creating a sense of movement, variety, and surprise. Such play with shapes and spaces was
to characterize Neoclassical planning, particularly in France.
Of the next generation the leading architects were George Dance the Younger,
Henry Holland, and James Wyatt. Dance's New gate Prison, London (1769, demolished in
1902) was among the most original English buildings of the century, a grim, rusticated
complex combining the romantic drama of Piranesi with the discipline of Palladio and the
Mannerist details of Giulio Romano in an imaginative paradigm of Neoclassicism.
Holland was architect to the Prince of Wales and his most important work in this capacity
was the extensive remodeling of Carlton House begun in 1783, a refined and elegant
whole with a joint debt to Adam and to France.
6.7 Audial practice
6.7.1 Listen to the text and render it either in English or in Russian
Text 6 F
Louis Sullivan
Louis Sullivan was the "father" of modern architecture in the United States of
America. He designed buildings with new ideas that have shaped American architecture
since his time. He disapproved of classical stone columns and sculpture because they
disguised buildings that were beginning to be constructed essentially of metal.
Up until one hundred years ago, the height of a building was limited by the amount
of weight the walls could carry. High buildings required very thick masonry walls, which
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