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Файл:Английский язык для архитектора и градостроителя. Учебное пособие для СПО
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took up valuable inside floor space.
New methods, devised at the end of the 1890s, made use of metal beams and
columns encased in masonry or concrete. The beam supported only the single
story that rested upon it, and therefore the wall could be very thin. The weight
passed to the end of each beam and was carried downward by the vertical columns to
which the beams were attached. This method made higher buildings possible.
The Prudental Building, Buffalo(New York) was designed by Sullivan. The lines
of the first two stories are strongly horizontal, suggesting a firm foundation for the
building that rises ten stories. The windows are divided by slender, continuous bands that
suggest columns supporting the floors. Flat ornamentation, invented by the architect,
enriches but does not hide the structure. This is not the first building of this kind, but
from such construction the skyscraper was born.
6.8 With your partner, make up a dialogue about one of the famous architects
using information from the texts and your own knowledge on the subject. Don't
forget to mention:
when and where he worked
what his favorite motifs in architecture are
what his works are
6.9 Summarize your knowledge of the question under consideration. Tell what
you think about the architecture of the future and the prospects of its development.
Was the architecture of the past better in your opinion?
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7 Unit 7 Town Planning
7.1 Pretext exercises
7.1.1 Warming up.
There are many interesting and noble professions nowadays
1) Why did you make up your mind to become a town planner?
2) Did anybody advise you to choose this career?
3) What can you say about the role of a town planner in civilized society?
7.1.2 Read the words. Pay attention to the letters in italics
[ju:] museum, attitude, usually, supervise, duty, occupant, reduce
[ai] type, modify, design, revise, sacrifice, client, combine, science
[ i ] bridge, this, initiative, civil, different, electricity, direct, evident
7.1.3 Read the following words. Mind their meaning
town planner
design
large scale
архитектор-проектировщик
замысел, план, проект
крупномасштабный
residential buildings
honorable
scientific attitude
judgment
modern conveniences
взгляд, умение разбираться в чем-либо
современные удобства
научный подход
goal (aim)
to be engaged in something
заниматься чем-либо
жилые здания
благородный
цель
effort
requirement
advanced technology
to be familiar with
experience
усилие, попытка
требование
передовая технология
знать что-либо, быть в курсе чего-либо
опыт, квалификация, мастерство
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occupant
житель, обитатель
to render a service
value
7.1.4 Read the following verbs. Mind their meaning. Pay attention to the
principal forms
to carry out (- ed; - ed)
to attract (-ed; - ed)
to construct (- ed; -ed)
to build (built; built)
to obtain (- ed; - ed)
to provide (- ed; -ed)
to serve (- ed; - ed)
to give (gave; given)
оказать услугу
ценность, стоимость, цена
выполнять, проводить
привлекать
сооружать, конструировать
строить
получать, приобретать
обеспечивать
служить
давать
to supervise (-ed; - ed)
to know (knew; known)
to satisfy (- ed; - ed) the needs
to determine ( - ed; - ed)
to reduce ( - ed; - ed)
to revise (- ed; - ed)
to fall (fell, fallen)
to sacrifice (- ed; - ed)
to be (was/were, been)
to have (had, had)
7.1.5 Find the proper Russian words with the same roots as the following
English words
наблюдать, заведовать
знать
удовлетворять потребность
определить
снижать
изменять, пересматривать
падать
жертвовать
быть
иметь
tunnel, canal, damb, construction, industrial, hospital, museum, person, profession,
initiative, modern, electricity, central, project, constructor, plan, specification, practical,
portion, philosophy, client, material, combine, economics, aesthetics.
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7.1.6 Choose the proper English word
1) приобретать a) to determine; b) to obtain; c) to provide
2) наблюдать a) to supervise; b) to reduce; c) to change
3) изменять a) to sacrifice; b) to revise; c) to practice
4) житель a) value; b) portion; c) occupant
5) опыт a) purpose; b) aim; c) experience
6) привлекать a) to attract; b) to modify; c) carry out
7) требование a) design; b) cost; c) requirement
8) цель a) goal; b) effort; c) item
9) благородный a) civil; b) honorable; c) residential
10)крупномасштабный a) essential; b) reasonable; c) large scale
7.1.7 Find the English equivalents of the following Russian words
А знать что-либо; взгляд; служить; обеспечивать; привлекать; заниматься чем-либо;
выполнять; цель; опыт; снижать; попытка
В experience; to attract; aim; to carry out; to serve; to reduce; to be familiar with
something; judgment; to provide; to be engaged in something; effort
7.1.8 Form all possible word-combinations
A industrial B work
scientific building
modern elements
large aim
essential value
serious profession
residential requirement
honorable attitude
fundamental scale
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7.1.9 Read the following word - combinations and translate them into Russian
housing construction; residential and industrial buildings; honorable profession;
judgment, obtained by experience; the main aim; to provide with different types of
buildings; the efforts of an engineer; such as; be directed towards the same goal; to
prepare the plans and specifications; to supervise the construction; at the lowest practical
cost; the duty of an engineer; to reduce the cost of the project; to change a design; to
modify the requirements; to revise portions of specifications; in such a way; essential
value; it seems evident; to render a real service to the client; have to combine
7.2 Read the text. Give your reasons that the town planner is an honorable
profession
Text 7 A
The town planner
In our country town planning is being carried out on a large scale and the profession
of a town planner attracts a great number of young men and women nowadays.
Town planners prepare projects, construct and reconstruct residential and industrial
buildings, schools, hospitals, museums, theatres.
The person entering this honorable profession must have a scientific attitude,
imagination, initiative and good judgment obtained by experience and serious work. The
town planner must receive a great deal of scientific training connected with his profession.
He must know mathematics and physics, facts about town plan and master plan. He must
need knowledge of city and town planning, town patterns, design, mechanical engineering,
geography, geodesy etc. Since a society is an organic thing, the plan of a city must be
flexible. A city or a town he creates should give us pleasure, a sense of beauty.
The main aim of a town planner is to provide engineers and builders with a town
plan. The efforts of an engineer, who designs a project, and a constructor, who builds a
project, are directed towards the same goal, namely the creation of the building which will
serve the purpose for which it is built.
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The project itself, placement and form of buildings in relation to their sites, the
distribution of spaces within buildings and other planning devices are fundamental
elements in the aesthetics of construction.
The town planner is engaged to prepare the plans and specifications and usually to
supervise the construction of a project. It is a duty of a town planner to design a project
which will satisfy the needs of the occupant at the lowest practical cost.
He should study every major item to determine if it is possible to reduce the cost of
the project. It may be possible to change a design, modify the requirements for
construction or revise portions of specifications in such a way that the cost of the project
will be reduced without sacrificing its essential value. A town planner who practices this
philosophy is rendering a real service to his client. Major expenses in buildings are for
land, materials and labor. Thus, it seems evident that a town planner should be reasonably
familiar with building methods, building materials and equipment which may be used to
construct the project. He has to combine art, advanced technology, science and economics
in his work.
7.3 Excises to the text
7.3.1 Read the text again and find out if the following statements are true or
false
1) Profession of a town planner is not popular nowadays.
2) A town planner never supervises the construction of a project.
3) A town planner must receive a great deal of scientific training.
4) Town planners are engaged to prepare the plans of residential buildings only.
5) The main aim of town planner is to construct buildings with all modern conveniences.
7.3.2 Complete the sentences
1) Town planner is being carried out on a …
a) same goal
b) large scale
c) modern conveniences
2) Town planners design residential and industrial…
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a) specifications
b) materials
c) buildings
3) A town planner must have scientific …
a) requirement
b) attitude
c) value
4) A town planner is engaged to prepare plans and…
a) specifications
b) constructions
c) services
7.3.3 Find the passage describing the professional qualities of a town planner,
translate it into Russian
7.3.4 Read aloud the passage concerning the cost of the project
7.3.5 Answer the following questions in written form
1) What can you say about town planning in our country?
2) Why does profession of a town planner attract so many young people nowadays?
3) Do you know what town planner design?
4) What qualities must a person entering this profession possess?
5) What is the main aim of a town planner?
6) What kind of training must a town planner receive?
7) Why should town planner be familiar with building methods, materials and equipment?
7.3.6 Find in the text and put down key words that can be used to speak about
the profession of a town planner
7.3.7 Speak on the topic: “I’ve chosen town planning as a career because”
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7.3.8 Summarize your knowledge of the question under consideration. Discuss
it with your partner. Use the following plan:
1) Town planning.
2) The qualities of a town planner.
3) The scientific training of a town planner.
4) The main aim of town planners.
5) The quality of the project.
7.3.9 Read the text and translate it with a dictionary:
Text 7 B
Town Planning
That cities should have a plan is now admitted in our time of large-scale
construction and plan-making has become an everyday activity. The purpose of a town
plan is to give the greatest possible freedom to the individual. It does this by controlling
development in such a way that it will take place in the interests of the whole population.
The new development absorbs or modifies an existing environment, and so before it
can be designed it is necessary to find out about that environment. It is also necessary to
do research of the trends of population growth, the distance from work to home, the
preferences for different types of dwelling, the amount of sunshine in rooms, the degree of
atmospheric pollution and so on. After the survey is complete a forecast of future
development is made in the form of a map, or series of maps: the master plan or
development plan. As no one can be certain when the development is to take place and
since a society is an organic thing, with life and movement, the plan of a city must be
flexible so that it may extend and renew its dwellings, reconstruct its working places,
complete its communications and avoid congestion in every part.
The plan is never a complete and fixed thing, but rather one that is continually being
adapted to the changing needs of the community for whom it is designed. Until quite
recent years town plans were always made as inflexible patterns, but history has shown
that a plan of this description inevitably breaks down in time.
The flexible plan, preceded by a survey, is one of the most revolutionary ideas that
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man has ever had about the control, of his environment.
Most towns today, have a characteristic functional pattern as follows: a central core
containing the principal shopping centre, business zones, surrounded by suburbs of houses.
Most town planners accept the traditional town pattern. In the preparation of a master plan
they are preoccupied with the definition of the town centre, industrial areas, and the areas
of housing; the creation of open space for recreation, the laying down of a pattern of main
roads which run between the built-up areas (thus leaving them free of through traffic) and
connect them to each other.
The master plan thus has to define the ultimate growth of the town, but though the
master plan is a diagram, and even a flexible one, it is the structure upon which all future
development is to take place.
7.3.10 Read the text and retell it according to the plan
Text 7 C
Design of the Complete Town
In considering the design of a town or city we must always remember that the town
must be sited in a healthy position, free from dust, fogs, its layout must not encourage
winds through urban spaces, and it must not pollute its own atmosphere. It must provide
proper standards of space and sunlight to its buildings and open spaces, and it must be
possible to move about the town easily and without danger to life. Its parts must be so
arranged that it is a convenient place for dwelling, working and playing.
Connected with these and many other technical problems is the problem of
economy. The problem must be thoroughly examined which does not suggest that the
cheapest scheme may be the best.
The town must work properly but it should also give pleasure to those who look at
it. When we say that a town should be beautiful, we do not mean that it should have some
fine parks and noble buildings, we mean that the whole of the environment, down to the
most insignificant detail, should be beautiful.
If we examine a typical urban scene we see all kinds of objects like buildings, lamp
posts, pavings, posters, and trees. It is all of them, together with all the other kinds of
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objects that are found in the town, that are called the raw materials of a town design. Each
of them down to the least important should be aesthetically satisfying.
Designing in terms of past time does not imply the imitation of the existing
environment but respect of the form, colour, texture, and general qualities of the existing
development. That which is being constructed is for immediate use which is not to suggest
that there must be an attempt to ignore the past and be "modern".
Future time must also be thought of in terms of the estimated life of the objects.
Objects like buildings and lamp posts grow old and become out-of-date, and the designer
must select those materials that are adequate for their life, no more and no less.
Until comparatively recent times the growth of cities has been without purpose in
any sense. Cities must grow, for growth is a law of life. But this natural overgrowth should
have aroused action to restore balance. Mere size, as such, is no index of greatness.
All overgrowth means overcrowding, which is loss of space, one of the vital needs
of cities. The lesson that has to be learned is that natural growth, and all the other forms of
growth have to be made subject to will and intelligence, or the city must be harmed. This
is a certain lesson of history.
7.3.11 Find the true sentences
1) When building a town we should be very careful not to spoil what exists already.
2) The streets and buildings of existing towns will serve many future generations.
3) When designing a town we should not forget that its citizens should be able to move
about it without any danger to their life.
4) The economics of a town plan and the technical problems are closely connected.
5). Scientific forecast also includes progressive methods of planning.
6) The designer should select the best building materials for the objects of his planned
town.
7) Cities will grow but their growth must be controlled.
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