Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Английский язык для архитектора и градостроителя. Учебное пособие для СПО
.pdf
101
7.3.12 Study the dialogues, write down the sentences containing interesting
information for you. Make up your own dialogues
Text 7 D
Training of Town Planners, Architects and Landscape Designers Abroad
A.: Could you tell me anything about training of architects abroad?
B.: With pleasure. Formal training of architects is of relatively recent origin.
A.: Is it really?
B.: There is no doubt about it. The first architectural school in America was the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology opened in 1868.
A.: And what about other English – speaking countries?
B.: The first school in England which introduced architecture was Cambridge. This was in
1908. As far as I know in Australia the University of Sydney introduced architecture in
1918.
A.: I see, thank you very much indeed.
B.: You are welcome.
C.: Would you mind telling me where foreign would - be architects and civil engineers are
trained?
M.: Willingly. Today an official training is carried out in technical type colleges and
universities.
C.: What are the general trends in modern training, I wonder? I mean the curriculum as a
whole.
M.: At present there is evidence that both types of institutions are moving away from their
traditional methods. They are tending to organize more realistic courses to cope with the
changing and emerging condition of the construction.
C.: I see, thank you.
M.: It’s a pleasure.
102
7.4 Audial practice
7.4.1 Listen to the text and render it either in English or in Russian
Text 7 C
The Modern City as a Symbol of Modern Man
The modern city has still to be built, and the first step toward sinking its foundations
into the earth is to raise its ideal structure in the mind. It is obvious that the "modern city"
cannot be created by mechanical improvements, especially if it is conceived in the childish
terms used in the 1920s by various American skyscraper architects in portraying super-
skyscraper cities lived in largely under artificial light, zoned in horizontal layers according
to incomes and utilizing every mechanical device. Even Le Corbusier's refinement of this
picture - with wide green spaces, trees, sunlight, and sport-fields-though plainly more;
human, is still naive, for it neglects the essentials of family life and neighbourly
intercourse
103
8 Unit 8 Supplementary Material
8.1 Architecture
Text A
Architecture
Architecture belongs to everybody. Unlike painting or music which can be avoided or
denied, the history of architecture, the enduring remains of the past, is all around us. Our
experience of architecture is of the building, the everyday spaces of towns and cities, that frame
the lives of ordinary people.
Architecture can be seen as a response to the primary human need for shelter (and
comfort). Different cultures have all produced different kinds of buildings. Variations in
climate initially, and later in religious beliefs and economic systems, resulted in different
'traditional' or vernacular buildings, using the most easily available local materials.
Architecture can also be many other things. Architecture as 'Art' with a capital A
considers itself to be something more than mere building. Architecture as history illustrates the
power of the institutions, namely the state, the crown or the church with their enduring,
preserved monuments, their castles, palaces and cathedrals. Architecture might also be
physical proof of scientific achievement, of technological progress, with the tallest buildings
and widest spans. At a domestic scale, ordered and well-serviced living spaces might be seen as
representative of a highly evolved civilization.
Many histories of architecture have attempted to explain why buildings look the way
they do. To understand even one building fully it is necessary to learn something of the culture
that produced it.
So what is architecture?
On one hand, architecture, like any practical craft, looks to the past for tried and trusted
construction methods and familiar and comfortable imagery; on the other it yearns for
originality, and looks to the future, the daring and excitement of the new.
Architecture is the science — and the art — of creating structures like buildings, bridges,
and stadiums. It begins as an idea in an architect's mind and grows into the reality of concrete or
glass or steel. When you think of architecture, think first of its starting point: an idea. Every
architect, modern or ancient, has drawn upon what has been built before. Architects help us learn
104
about the past even as they shape the present.
Text B
Architecture and the Architect
Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps (1849), stated that architecture was the 'art which disposes
and adorns the edifices raised by man ... that the sight of them' contributes 'to his mental health,
power, and pleasure', which proposes aesthetic, beneficial, and spiritual aspects rather than a
utilitarian or Functionalist agenda. He also opined, in the same book, that 'architecture' should
be confined to 'that art which,... admitting... the necessities and common uses' of a building
'impresses on its form certain characters venerable or beautiful, but otherwise unnecessary'.
He went on to note that 'no one would call the laws architectural which determine the height of
a breastwork or the position of a bastion. But if to the stone facing of that bastion be added an
unnecessary, feature, as a cable moulding, that is Architecture. It would be similarly
unreasonable to call battlements or machicolations architectural features, so long as they consist
only of an advanced gallery supported on projecting masses, with open intervals beneath for
offence. But if these projecting masses be carved beneath into rounded courses, which are
useless, and if the headings of the intervals be arched and trefoiled, which is useless, that is
Architecture'. Such a simplistic and prolix definition is revealing of Ruskin’s attitudes,
which, to large extent, became the general view of the subject for the next eighty years or so.
Architecture is concerned with the creation of order out of chaos, a respect for
organization, the manipulation of geometry, and the creation of a work in which aesthetics
plays a far greater role than anything likely to be found in a humdrum building. Sir Henry
Wotton's (1568—1639) statement that ‘well building hath three conditions: Commodity,
Firmness, and Delight' seems to have originated from Vitruvius, who insisted that architecture
derives from order, arrangement, eurhythmy (or harmony of proportion), symmetry, propriety,
and economy. Wren spoke of 'Beauty, Firmness, and Convenience' in architecture. These
definitions suggest that there is much in the built fabric that falls into the category of non-
architecture. Architecture might be described as the art and science of designing a building
having qualities of beauty, geometry, emotional and spiritual power, intellectual content and
complexity; soundness of construction, convenient planning, many virtues or different kinds,
durable and pleasing materials, agreeable colouring and decorations, serenity and dynamism,
105
good proportions and acceptable scale, and many mnemonic associations drawing on a great
range of precedents. Doubtless there are many more aspects that some would consider essential
other than those suggested above. Philip Johnson (1906), in the New York Times (1964), went
so far as to claim that 'architecture is the art how to waste space'.
Architect. Person capable of preparing the plans, elevations, and sections of the design of
a sophisticated building with an aesthetic content and to supervise its construction in
accordance with the drawings and specifications. Soane described an architect's business as
that of making 'designs and estimates', directing 'the works', and valuing 'the different parts':
he declared the architect as the 'intermediate agent between the employer, whose honour and
interest he is to study, and the mechanic, whose rights he is to defend'. Soane emphasized the
architect's position as implying great trust, being 'responsible for the mistakes, negligences,
and ignorance of those he employs'. Ruskin suggested that one who is neither a sculptor nor
painter could not be an architect, but only a builder, and Frank Lloyd Wright stated that an
architect cannot bury his mistakes, unlike a physician.
Text С
The seven wonders of the ancient world
The ancient Greeks were probably the first to make up a list of Seven Wonders — those
marvelous structures that no traveller would want to miss. Through the ages, others added to or
subtracted from the list, based on their opinions. Today, however, the following wonderworks
are most often referred to as the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.
The Pyramids, tombs for the Egyptian pharaohs, are the oldest and best preserved of all
ancient wonders. The three most famous pyramids were built at Giza about 2600 ВС. The
largest of the three, the Great Pyramid, stands about 450ft (137m) high. Its base occupies about
13 acres (5 hectares).
The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were built by King Nebuchadnezzar who ruled
Babylonia from 605 to 562 ВС. Babylon, the capital of Babylonia, was located near the city
of Baghdad in Iraq. The walls are in ruins today, but accounts describe beautiful gardens of
flowers, fruit trees, and fountains. The gardens were laid out on brick terraces about 400ft
(120m) square and 75ft (23m) above the ground.
The Temple of Artemis was built about 550 ВС in the Greek city of Ephesus on the
106
west coast of what is now Turkey. Artemis was the Greek goddess of hunting. The temple
was made entirely of white marble except for its tile-covered wooden roof. It was 377ft
(115m) in length and 180ft (55m) in width. More than one hundred enormous columns, in a
double row around the building, supported its huge roof.
The Statue of Zeus at Olympia, Greece, was perhaps the most famous statue of the
ancient world. It was made in about 435 ВС and dedicated to the King of the Greek gods. The
statue was made of ivory, 40ft (12m) high, and showed Zeus sitting on a huge golden throne
set with precious stones.
The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus was located in what is now southwestern Turkey.
It was a huge, white marble tomb for a king named Mausolus. Its size and gold decoration
made it so famous that large tombs are calledmausoleums even today.
The Colossus of Rhodes was a huge bronzed statue that stood near the harbour of
Rhodes, an island in the Aegean Sea. The statue honoured the Greek god of the sun,
Helios. It stood about 120ft (37m) tall — about as high as the Statue of Liberty.
The Lighthouse of Alexandria stood on the island of Pharos in the harbour of
Alexandria, Egypt. The lighthouse rose from a stone platform in three sections: the
bottom was square, the middle eight-sided, and the top circular. Light was provided by a
bonfire burning continuously at the top of the tower.
Except for the pyramids at Giza, none of the ancient wonders is standing today.
They were destroyed by humans or nature.
Text D
Iron and Steel
Architects, being as they were preoccupied with style, were slow to grasp the possibilities
offered by new building techniques. It was engineers, excited by the potential of iron and steel,
who first developed structural uses for the new materials. Joseph Paxton's Crystal Palace was
the turning point that aroused architectural interest in these materials.
Built to house the Great Exhibition of 1851 in Hyde Park, London, the Crystal Palace
took just nine months to erect. It was pioneering in its use of iron and was assembled on the site
from a series of prefabricated panels. It was enormous, measuring 410 x 197ft/125 x 60m in
plan and 72ft/22m in height. Built around existing trees, the novel spatial effect was
107
heightened by its almost complete transparency.
Text E
Building Bridges
Cast iron had first been used structurally in England in 1779 for a bridge at
Coalbrookdale, as well as for bridges in the US and in France. The intense competition between
the new railway companies spurred bridge-building as well as production of rails, which were
also the first source of I-beams used in buildings. Thomas Telford (1757—1834) wasthe first to
build arched bridges in cast iron, a material which works well in compression. Wrought iron,
which works better in tension, he used for the chains on the Menai Straits suspension bridge
(1819). Robert Stephenson's Britannia railway bridge, also across the Menai (1850), used an
innovative system of box girders made of wrought iron.
Text F
A.V. Shchusev
Aleksei Viktorovich Shchusev is known as a brilliant architect He has built scores of
remarkable buildings, has worked out over 150 designs, has published about 170 scientific
papers, has created a great number of drawings and paintings.
One of A.V.Shchusev's first designs was that of the Kazan Terminal in Moscow.
The composition of terminal is quite wonderful; several separate pavilions joined by the
architect into one building are subordinated to the clear-cut vertical lines of the main tower.
The pavilions of the terminal are also joined together by forms taken from the 17th
century Russian
The interiors of the terminal have been designed by the architect in the Russian
national style; here one can see the cubic space of the waiting halls, the mighty arch lines,
the typical created during 1918-1926.
It should be noted that a characteristic trend in Shchusev's creative work as an
architect was his ability to make full use of national motifs. His bold use of red bricks and-
white stone's as building materials was especially to the liking of ancient Russian architects.
At the former Donskoi Monastery in Moscow there is the Museum of Architecture
108
named after Aleksei Viktirovich Shchusev.
8.2 Landscape design
Text A
Create Backyard Landscape Design for Relaxation and Entertaining
Modern backyard landscape design takes the traditional, simple lawn and extends
the enjoyable living space of your home into the natural appeal of the outdoors. Today’s
outdoor living spaces incorporate all the elements of indoor living, from purposeful living
areas to detailed accents, to create a true estate home that is enjoyable throughout.
The most important thing to remember when designing your outdoor living space is
to blend the look and feel of your home’s interior into the exterior.
Choose a garden style that complements the style of your home and integrate the
same color scheme, furniture style, and even add similar outdoor accessories.
Another way to define the unity between the inside of your home and your backyard
landscape design is to connect the two with entrance ways.
A kitchen doorway may provide access to a sunny terrace with a fresh herb garden
or the dining room could extend to an outdoor eating area. Consider connecting your
bedroom to a romantic, fragrant flower garden.
Text B
How to Create a Functional Outdoor Living Area with Landscape Patio Design
Your landscape patio design is an essential part of an enjoyable and functional
outdoor living area. Whether you’re entertaining, sitting by the swimming pool, or simply
relaxing by the fire, you’re backyard patio is a prominent feature in your landscape design
and can define the usefulness and enjoyment of your outdoor space.
Choosing the best patio design for your home requires careful planning and
attention to various details.
The paving materials, furnishings, accessories, and even plant life can significantly
influence the overall look and feel of your design.
These patio features are also used to blend the outdoor living area with the style of
109
the home in many landscape designs.
Planning Your Patio Design
An outdoor patio is typically designed for a specific purpose. Before selecting
materials, accessories, or any other outdoor decor, consider what your patio will be used
for most of the time.Think about the size of the space available for your patio and decide
on the best features for the area you are using.
You may want a sunny terrace for poolside seating or a covered retreat to escape the
midday heat or just a dining set with canopy. Outdoor kitchens are also popular patio
options.
Text C
Creating Modern Outdoor Living Space with Contemporary Landscape Design
Contemporary landscape design is a relatively new garden style that complements
modern architecture and is just as unique as the structures it surrounds. Near the end of the
1950′s, new styles in architecture brought about a more modern style of landscaping to
match it.
Vivid colors and abstract patterns, combined with unique uses of lighting, textures,
and space, create an outdoor space that magnifies the beauty of nature with the
sophistication of modern living.
Diminishing yard space in today’s affluent communities and the rushed, fast-paced
lifestyle of present day society have made trends toward modern garden design even more
popular. Contemporary landscape design is creative and chic with a variety of options that
are ideal for all types of yards.
Many modern landscapes incorporate extensive hardscape designs to minimize
upkeep while creating a functional outdoor living area and plant life is integrated in
several different ways, including trendy potted gardens for small outdoor spaces.
The most important thing to remember if you are planning a contemporary
landscape design for your modern home is to create clean lines that complement the
architectural style of your home.
Extend the materials, colors, and textures found within your home to your outdoor
space and artistically include sculptures, water features, and other innovative additions to
110
reflect your personal tastes. Modern designs take nontraditional outdoor elements and use
them in just the right way to make the most of your home.
Text D
Materials Within A Contemporary Landscape Design
Regardless of the garden style you choose for your home, the materials used for
landscape design and the types of accessories you select are key elements in blending your
outdoor living areas with the look and feel of your house.
Contemporary garden styles are defined by a variety of synthetic materials that
express the simplicity of nature in innovative, often unusual, ways.
• Simple wood beams in natural colors that complement the outside of your home
look wonderful over patios and are a great way to blend your indoor and outdoor living
areas.
• Canvas is a unique material to create shade around your outdoor living areas.
Many modern gardens lack large trees and can become uncomfortable at certain times of
the day.
• Terraces, patios, and pathways can be made from simple materials like gravel, un-
grouted stone and tile, or intriguing pebbles in complementary hues. Some contemporary
gardens are primarily made up of these landscape materials with limited vegetation.
• Raw concrete is another popular material for modern landscape design and is often
used to create a vertical effect within the garden, especially with walls.
Text E
Laying the Ground Work with Landscape Site Design Plans
Carefully drawn landscape site design plans are the key to a beautiful yard that
complements your home. Your site plan, or sometimes called concept plan is a preliminary
layer and serves as a tool to layout the various features and components you want in your
outdoor design. Before you begin drawing the plans, it is a good idea to consider what you
would like the space surrounding your home to look like, as well as its function.
Think about the times you will use your outdoor space the most and decide on plants
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]