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and verticals, Roman architecture is plastic with much use of rounded forms (arch, vault,
and dome). The Romans were more experimental than the Greeks in their construction.
Modifying and expanding earlier form to suit their purpose, the Romans often used
supporting columns for decorative effects, while the walls became the essential elements,
and they also made extensive use of coloured marble. But the true greatness of the
Romans lay in the creation of interior space.
In Roman architecture there were three types of houses: the domus or town -house;
the insula or multi - storey apartment house, and the villa or country house. The domus
was usually of one storey only and inward - looking, consisted of suites of rooms grouped
around a central hall, or atrium (a quadrangular court) and one or more peristyle courts.
The insula had several identical but separate floors and was often vaulted throughout with
concrete construction. Independent apartments had separate entrances with direct access to
the street. The villa was derived from the traditional farm - house and was more casual in
plan than the domus.
The Romans were great builders and engineers famous for their factories, roads,
aqueducts and bridges, grand thermae and amphitheaters, theatres, and temples.
The greatest surviving circular temple of antiquity, and in many respects the most
important Roman building, is the Panthenon in Rome. In consists of rotunda about 142
feet in diameter surrounded by concrete walls 20 feet thick, in which are alternate circular
and rectangular niches. Light is admitted through a central opening, or oculus, at the
crown of the dome. The rotunda and the dome are among the finest examples of Roman
concrete work. The interior was lined with marble.
The Romans also developed the Tuscan and Composite orders. The Tuscan order is
a simplified version of the Roman Doric, having a plan frieze and no mutules in the
cornice. The Composite order is a late Roman combination of elements from the Ionic and
Corinthian orders.
The evolution of new constructive elements was aided by important technical
discoveries. A part from stone Roman architecture soon began to make use of bricks,
which at the peak of Roman architecture became the main building material because of
their adaptability. The invention of concrete provided a material that encouraged the
monumental tendencies of Roman architecture.
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2.5.1 Find the false sentences using the information from the text. Correct
them:
1) "De Architecture' by Vitruvius is the source of information on Roman architecture.
2) Roman architecture is tectonic, built up from series of horizontals and verticals.
3) The Romans were not so experimental as the Greeks in their construction.
4) In Rome the column was often degraded to merely decorative use.
5) There were four main types of houses.
6) The Panthenon is the greatest temple of ancient Greek architecture
7) The Romans added the Tuscan and Composite orders.
2.5.2 Give the English equivalents:
руины
обширный запас
освещать почти все вопросы по архитектуре
изменять ранее существующие нормы
декоративные цели
важный элемент
подлинная величина
анфилада комнат
отдельный вход
облицевать мрамором
новые элементы строительства
важные технические открытия
основной строительный материал
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2.5.3 Translate into English
Колизей
Самым важным амфитеатром в Риме был Колизей, построенный в 70/75 -82 гг.
н.э. Он занимал территорию в 6 акров(2,4 га) и вмещал 50 000 зрителей. Амфитеатр
имеет эллиптическую форму и высоту 57м. 80 входов в амфитеатр расположены так,
что здание можно было покинуть очень быстро. Всё строение выполнено из бетона,
внешняя сторона облицована травертином, а внутренняя - мрамором. Сейчас
Колизей - один из наиболее знаменитых памятников древности во всём мире.
2.5.4 Choose the right term to the following definitions:
1) town-house
a) domus
b) dome
c) porch
2) oculus
a) door
b) shell
c) central opening of the dome
3) a quadrangular court of the house
a) rotunda
b) basilica
c) atrium
4) country house
a) villa
b) thermae
c) terrace
5) blocks of flats
a) amphitheaters
b) niches
c) insulae
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2.5.5 With your partner, speak on one of the following topics:
1) Ancient Greek and Roman Architecture compared
2) Roman Domestic Architecture
3) Ancient Greek and Roman Dwellings Compared
2.6 Read and translate the text. Find sentences containing completely new
information
Text 2 D
Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture
The architecture of Byzantium, or Eastern Roman Empire, was the culmination of
Early Christian architecture. This style can be traced back to the period after 330 ВС. The
art characteristic of the developed Byzantine Empire had enormous influence on both East
and West, spread widely and lasted throughout the Middle Ages until the fall of
Constantinople to the Turks in 1453. The dominant Byzantine art was architecture. It was
characterized by round arches, elaborate columns, richness in decorative elements and
colour. But the chief contribution of the Byzantine style to the architecture of the world
was large pendentive-supported dome.
Brick was the main material used for the construction of Byzantine churches, It was
covered externally with plaster and internally with thin marble ladoes and mosaics above.
The Byzantine style reached a high point in the reign of the Emperor Justinian (527-
565). He built and rebuilt 26 churches, many hospitals, bridges aqueducts, and fortress.
The outstanding masterpiece of Byzantine church architecture is Hagia or Saint
Sophia in Constantinople (now Istanbul). Hagia Sophia remained unique and no attempts
was thereafter made by Byzantine Builders to emulate it. Its plan may be defined as a
Greek cross inscribed in a square (typically Byzantine) with a narthex at the west end. The
chief feature is the huge dome, approximately 32.6 m in diameter, rising 56 m above the
floor. Its carried on pendentives. There are also half-domes at two ends which are, in turn,
carried by smaller semidomedexedrae. The interior surface of the edifice is richly
decorated.
Among the greatest examples of Byzantine buildings are the basilican St. Apollinare
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in Classe, Ravenna; the octagonal St. Vitale, Ravenna; St. Marco, Venice; the cathedral of
St. Sophia in Kiev and others.
Notes to the text:
pendentives
plaster
to emulate
edifice
exedra
2.6.1 Complete sentences choosing the variant corresponding to the contents of
the text
1) The Byzantine style developed after ...
a) 1453
b) 330 ВС
c) 527 AD
2) The Byzantine style spread widely in the ...
паруса свода или купола
штукатурка
стремиться превзойти
здание, сооружение
экседра, вестибюль
a) East and West
b) North
c) West
3) The dominant Byzantine art was ...
a) sculpture
b) painting
c) architecture
4) Byzantine churches were made mainly of ...
a) stone
b) brick
c) concrete
5) The chief contribution of the Byzantine art the world's architecture was ...
a) pointed arch
b) architectural order
c) pendentives
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6) Hagia Sophia in Constantinople is ...
a) сhurch
b) palace
c) сastle
7) The Byzantine style reached its culmination in the ...
a) 4th century ВС
b) 11th century
c) 6th century
2.6.2 Find proper equivalents for the words and word combinations in italics:
1) Byzantine architecture was the culmination of Early Christian architecture.
2) It is characterized by large pendentive-supported domes, round arches and elaborate
columns.
3) The Byzantine style began to influence architecture in Italy.
4) The interior surface of the edifice is richly decorated.
5) The outstanding masterpiece of Byzantine church architecture is Hagia Sophia.
internal; started; huge; pillars art of building; remarkable; cupolas; ornamented; religious;
high point; affect; circular; building
2.6.3 Read the text once more and tell about the main features of the
Byzantine style
2.7 You are asked to make a short report on the problem of the Romanesque
architecture. Use the following text and present information on:
1) Subdivisions of Romanesque architecture;
2) Its main features;
Text 2 E
The Romanesque style
The Romanesque style was a compound of many influences - Roman, Byzantine,
Viking, Celtic, Muslim. It followed the Early Christian style and preceded the
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introduction of the Gothic style, с 1200. The principal countries in which Romanesque
architecture flourished were France, England, Italy, Germany and Spain. This style must
have appeared first in Italy, in Lombardy, late in the 9
th
century.
Its is usually subdivided into pre — Romanesque, which includes the Lombardic,
Carolingian, and Ottoman or Rhenish styles as well as Saxon and Romanesque proper
beginning from с AD 1000.
From the Roman tradition, the pre - Romanesque architects adopted characteristic
features: the semicircular arch, modified and simplified from of the Corinthian column
with its capital of acanthus leaves. Occasionally, at an early period, they used carved
fragments of antique buildings. After 1050 various systems were developed to vault major
spans: tunnel vaults in France, often pointed (Burgundy, Province) and also in Spain; groin
vaults in Germany; ribbed vaults at Durham and Italy. The Romanesque period was the
great age of European monasticism. The architectural work of this period there for consist
almost exclusively domestic buildings have survived.
The greatest examples of this style are Benedictine abbey church at Jumieges,
Normandy (1036-1066); S. Ambrogio, Milan, Italy (1140); Sompting church in Succex
(11th century); Augsburg Cathedral, Germany.
2.7.1 Write the summary of the text in Russian
2.8 Read the text to find answers to the given questions
Text 2 F
The Gothic Style
1 Where and when did the Gothic architecture develop?
This style represented the High Middle Ages in Western Europe. The architecture of
this period was termed Gothic during the Renaissance because of its association with the
barbarian north. Now this term is used to describe the important international style in most
countries of Europe from the early 12lh century to the advent of the Renaissance in the 15lh
century.
2 What architectural elements characterize great Gothic cathedrals?
38
Gothic architecture raised buildings to soaring heights, stressing the vertical
principle throughout in the compositional rhythm of all parts of the structure. At the
technical level Gothic architecture is characterized by the pointed arch, the ribbed vault,
the development of the exterior flying buttress, gradual reduction of the walls to a system
of richly decorated fenestration. Gothic cathedrals depended for their enrichment chiefly
upon sculpture and stained glass.
3 How does the classification of the Gothic phases differ in France, Germany and
England?
It is generally said that in France and Germany this style is subdivided into the
Early, High, and Late Gothic. The French middle phase is referred to as Rayonnant, the
late phase as Flamboyant. In English architecture the usual subdivisions are Early English,
Decorative, and Perpendicular.
4 What are the main features of Gothic architecture represented in the Rheims
Cathedral?
The Rheims Cathedral, erected between 1211 and 1430, illustrates the main features
of Gothic architecture. An examination of the facade indicates certain qualities inherent in
Gothic church design. The lower portion of the facade contains huge portals which prove
to be grand and imposing entrance ways. Directly above the main portal a huge rose
window appears, flanked by monumental towers which reach far above the main portion
of the cathedral. The towers create vertical thrusts. The rose window and the stained-glass
windows along the cathedral's sides flood the church with the tined light providing
luminous richness to the interior. Minor towers with decorative pinnacles add accents to
main tower, and niches containing religious statuary are incorporated in the facade.
2.9 Read the dialogue in pairs. Make up your own dialogues about other
architectural styles changing words in italics
A.: Let's discuss the Gothic style.
В.: With pleasure. Primary this was the architecture of the pointed arch, the ribbed vault,
and the flying buttress, the stained-glass windows.
A.: What do you mean by the flying buttress?
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В.: Do you mean to say that you don't know? This is an arch or half-arch transmitting
the thrust of a vault or a roof from the upper part of an outer support.
A.: Oh, I see. But I think these are not isolated motifs. They act together and represent
buildings raised to soaring heights.
В.: You are quite right.
2.10 Make up a report on one of styles of architecture. Try to make it
interesting for the audience
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3 Unit 3 Renaissance
3.1 Pretext exercises
3.1.1 Warming - up
1) Did you decide to be an architect?
2) Are you sure in the choice of your future job?
3) What does the word "Renaissance" mean?
4) In what country did this style originate?
3.1.2 Read the words. Pay attention to the letters in italics
[ai] time, derive, characterize, device, line, symbolize, decide, high
[i] this, in, during, it, mid, building, pictorial, definition, immediate, with, skill, which,
pilaster, unribbed, brilliant addition, width, treatise, dominant, linear
[a:] rebirth, first, girder
[ia] interior, exterior, pictorial
[ai] style, by, type, pylon
[i] symbol, century, early, symmetrical, harmony, body, vocabulary, carry, many
3.1.3 Read the following words. Mind their meaning
treatise
device
immediate
comprehension
ribbed
austere
прямой, непосредственный, немедленный
понимание
ребристый, рифленый
строгий, простой, чистый
трактат
средство
perfection
transept
lantern
spectator
length
безупречность, совершенство
поперечный неф
фонарь верхнего света
зритель, очевидец
длина
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