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Файл:Английский язык в сфере строительства. Учебное пособие для студентов направления подготовки бакалавров 08.03.01-Строительство
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4. Match the synonyms:
to employ 1.works
plant 2.to have a right to
production 3.to make use of
to establish 4.manufactering
to deserve 5.to become greater
to increase 6.to set up
to keep in mind 7.to raise
to elevate 8.to keep in memory
5. Make up the sentences from the given words:
a. Construction, in, building, most, used, widely, the, are, materials, three, and,
gypsum, cement, lime.
b. By, lay, moulding, burning, and, brick,
ordinary, stone, an, artificial, of, is, made.
с. Directions, all, from, the, plant, of, building, the, to, should, yard, slope, the,
main.
6. Translate the phrases into Russian:
Precast-concrete products
wall panels
building needs
young industry
economic consideration
potential requirements
well-designed plant
raw materials
original lay-out
storage bins
moulding machinery
7. Complete the sentences according to the text:
1) Machinery and equipment designers have made important contributions
by creating … .
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2) A well-designed plant must have sufficient capacity for … .
3) It is axiomatic now that materials can be handled more cheaply with …. .
4) At present the trend is definitely toward the practice of elevating all raw
materials into … .
5) It is preferable that the elevation be sufficient so that the materials may
move by gravity … .
8. Underline or mark the main ideas of the text and retell it in English.
Text B
CONSTRUCTION
Man has always been a builder. The kind of house he built in the beginning
depended on the climate, on his enemies and on the building material at hand. The
first houses in many parts of the world were made of wood, for in those days the
greater part of the earth was covered with forests. In other regions the most
convenient building material was stone. Although houses were built without
cement, the remains of a few of them still exist. 29
The ancient Egyptians built very simple houses by present standards.
Having dried the bricks in the sun they put up four walls and above these they placed
a flat roof. The roof was flat because there was very little rain in Egypt. Although
their buildings were simple in construction, the Egyptian art of building was very
beautiful. Their pyramids and monuments, sphinxes and palaces arouse our wonder
to this day.
The first lessons in the art of making columns were given to the world in ancient
Egypt.
In our country architecture flourished for the first time in Kiev Russ.
Unfortunately, only a few of the church buildings of that period have remained. The
churches of the time were strong buildings with thick walls and small windows.
They often had to serve as fortresses during enemy invasions. Tourists from all over
the world come to see the famous Cathedral of St. Sophia in Polotsk the cornerstone
of which was laid in 1037 to commemorate the victory over the Pechenegs.
Since then the architecture and structural materials have been greatly
changed. A very advanced construction technique today is the use of precast
concrete. According to this method the reinforced concrete units are manufactured
at a factory and are then simply assembled at the construction site. This method
helped our country to restore its economy after the Second World War, when many
residential as well as industrial buildings were destroyed.
The first blocks made of prefabricated units appeared in the villages in the
Volgograd and Moscow regions.
At present, the building industry is the largest in Belarus and it holds an important
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place in the National Economy of our country. Many highlyeducated civil
engineers, who are trained at Belarusian universities, skilled and unskilled workers
are engaged in construction. Builders use many new materials such as reinforced
concrete, precast concrete, light weight concrete, gas concrete, many decorative
materials, oil paints, wall paper. Synthetics are among them. Such traditional
materials as stone, brick, wood are in great use as well. Various elements and
components are assembled on the site.
Now everywhere in Belarus vibro-rolled panels are being widely used in
construction. The assembly method is developing into the main method of
apartment and industrial construction.
All the working processes are mechanized. Modern construction can’t be
imagined without building machinery. Lorries, cranes, bulldozers, 30 excavators are
available at all construction sites of Belarus. Prefabricated structures are transported
by lorries and immediately hoisted into position. Finished blocks of prefabricated
flats with interior decoration are assembled on many construction sites. Transport
brings a complete flat to the prepared foundations of a building. A powerful gantrycrane lifts the 18 – 20 ton flat and carefully sets it on the foundation. After the final
inspection, electricians, plumbers and gas-men can begin their work.
As a result our country builds more than any other country of the former
Soviet Union. Thanks to special government’s programmes thousands of Belarusian
people get flats every year. Flats have all modem conveniences, such as hot and cold
water supply, central heating, lifts, ventilating plants, etc.
The building industry is paid much attention in our country as it affects
greatly the general level of living.
1. Read and translate the text.
2. Write down 15 unfamiliar words and make sentences with them.
3. Give a short summary of the text.
UNIT 10
Text A
1. Read the text and get ready to speak about town planning:
TOWN PLANNING
That cities should have a plan is now admitted in our time of large-scale
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construction and plan making has become an everyday activity. The purpose of a
town plan is to give the greatest possible freedom to the individual. It does this by
controlling development in such a way that it will take place in the interests of the
population.
The new development absorbs or modifiers an existing environment, and
so before it can be designed it is necessary to find out about that environment. It is
also necessary to do research of the trends of population growth, the distance from
work to home, the preferences for different types of dwelling, the amount of
sunshine in rooms, the degree of atmospheric pollution and so on. After the survey
is complete a forecast of future development is made in the form of a map, or series
of maps: the master plan or development plan.
The plan is never a complete and fixed thing, but rather one that is
continually being adapted to the changing needs of the community for whom it is
designed. Until quite recent years town plans were always made as inflexible
patterns, but history has shown that a plan of this description inevitably breaks down
in time
The flexible plan, preceded by a survey, is one of the most revolutionary
ideas that man has ever had about the control of his environment.
Most towns today have a characteristic functional pattern as follows: a
central cоre containing the principal shopping centre, business zones, surrounded
by suburbs of houses. Most town planners accept the traditional town pattern. In the
preparation of a master plan they are preoccupied with the definition of the town
centre, industrial areas, and the areas of housing; the creation of open space for
recreation, the laying down of a pattern of main roads which run between the builtup areas and connect them to each other.
2. Read the following words and memorize them:
scale - масштаб
flexible - гибкий
activity - деятельность
pattern – образец, модель
development- развитие
inevitably - неизбежно
population - население
environment - окружение
community – общность; общество
suburbs - пригород
recent - недавний
survey – обозрение; осмотр
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3. Answer the following questions:
1) What is the purpose of a town plan?
2) Is the plan a complete and fixed thing?
3) What characteristic pattern have most towns?
4. Translate the following phrases into Russian:
Business zone, town pattern, population growth, development plan, road system,
plan making, town planner, housing area, shopping centre, business centre, public
transport, recreation area.
5. Complete the sentences according to the text:
1) Plan making has become …. .
2) The purpose of a town is … .
3) Until quite recent years town plans were … .
4) The flexible plan is … .
5) Most town today have … .
6) Most town planners accept … .
6. Match the English words with their Russian equivalents:
a) description 1.полный
b) purpose 2.основной
c) freedom 3.свобода
d) development 4.изменять
e) to exist 5.движение
f) society 6.развитие; расширение
g) recent 7.окружать
h) needs 8.нужды
j) to accept 9.описание
k) to define 10.цель
l) to connect 11. определять
m) complete 12.создание
n) movement 13.существовать
o) to change 14 приспособлять (ся)
p) main 15.общество
q) to adapt 16.соединять
r) creation 17.принимать
s) to surround 18.недавний
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7. Underline or mark the main ideas of the text and retell it in English.
Text B
FROM THE HISTORY OF HUMAN DWELLINGS
Most of the time of a modern man is spent within the walls of some
buildings. Houses are built for dwelling. Large buildings are constructed for
industrial purposes. Theatres, museums, public and scientific institutions are built
for cultural activities of the people. The purpose of modern buildings differs widely
but all of them originate from the efforts of primitive men to protect themselves
from stormy weather, wild animals and human enemies.
Protection was looked for everywhere. In prehistoric times men looked for
protection under the branches of trees. Some covered themselves with skins of
animals to protect themselves from cold and rain but others settled in caves.
When the Ice Age had passed, Europe remained very cold, at least in
winter, and so the people of the Old Stone Age had to find some warm and dry place
to shelter from bad weather. They chose caves, dwelling places that storm and cold
could not destroy. On the walls of their caves ancient people painted pictures. Such
decorated caves are found in Europe, Asia and Africa.
When man began to build a home for himself, caves were imitated in stone
structures. Trees were taken as a model for huts built of branches. Skins were raised
on poles and formed tents.
Primitive stone structures, huts and tents are the earliest types of human
dwellings. They were lost in the prehistoric past but serve as prototypes for
structures of later historic times.
In the country ordinary people lived in simple one-storey cottages which
did not differ much from the mud and stone huts of an earlier age. The rich people
in the country, on the other hand, built huge castles with thick walls and narrow
windows. These castles were built not only as dwellings, but also to stand up to
enemy attack and to be strong bases in time of war.
In the days of early civilization, when men had learnt how to build simple
houses for their families, they began to feel a need to have a number of different
kinds of houses in one place. At first, the difference was mainly in size: the chief or
leader had a larger hut or tent than the rest of the people. Much later, when men
began to build towns, there grew up a difference between town houses and country
houses. The streets in towns were very narrow and there was not much place for
building within the town walls, and therefore houses had to be built 20 higher than
they were in the country. A typical town house consisted of a shop opening on the
street where the man did his work or sold his goods, with a kitchen behind and a
bedroom above.
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The earliest houses of which something is known are those of ancient
Egypt. They were built of bricks dried in the sun. Some of them were built around
a courtyard or garden with rooms opening into it.
Greek houses, too, had a courtyard in the middle and round their courtyard
ran a covered walk, its ceiling supported by pillars. There were special women’s
quarters, usually upstairs on the second storey.
In Rome bricks were used for building and houses were often finished with
plaster over bricks on both inside and outside walls. The centre of family life was a
garden-courtyard, surrounded by columns and with rooms opening out
into it.
The earliest houses in Britain were round, built of wood or wicker basket
work plastered over with clay. In the centre of the house there was the hearth and
light came in through the hole in the roof above it and through the door because
there were no windows.
1. Read and translate the text.
2. Write down 15 unfamiliar words and make sentences with them.
3. Give a short summary of the text.
Unit 11
Text A
1. Read the text and get ready to speak about town planning:
SOME BUILDING PROFESSIONS
А mаn who has bееn аn аррrеnticе of some уеаrs in a building trade and
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has therefore enough skill to bе considered а skilled worker at his trade, is сallеd
tradesman оr craftsman. Не mау bе а carpenter-and-joiner, bricklayer, mason, slater-
and-tiler, plumber, electrician, house painter, glazier, floor-and-wal1 tilеr, plasterer,
paper-hanger, hot wаtеr fittеr and so оn.
Bricklayer is а tradesman who builds and repairs brickwork, lays and joints
salt glazed stoneware drains, sets, сhimney pots, manhole frames and fireplaces. Не
rеnders briсkwогk, including the insides of manholes. А sewer аnd tunnel bricklayer
is а specialised bricklayer. In some districts of Great Britain; bricklayers also fiх wall
and flooring tiles, and slating and lау plaster and granolithic floors. But elsewhere
these are plasterer's specialities.
Carpenter is a man who erects wood frames, fits joints, fixes wood floors,
stairs and window frames, asbestos sheeting and other wаllboard. Не builds оr
dismantles wood оr metal formwork. The two trades of carpenter and joiner wеrе
originally the same, and most men can do both, but specialise in one or the other. In
the USA the term "carpenter" includes а joiner.
Joiner is а mаn who makes joinery and works mainly at the bench of wood
which has been cut and shaped bу the machinists. Нis work is finer than the
carpenter's, much of it being highly finished аnd done in а joinery shop which is not
exposed to weather. In Scotland а jоiner is а carpenter-and-joiner.
Mason is а stone worker or stone setter. In Scotland and the USA а
bricklayer is usually also а mason. А fixer or а fixer-mason or а bui1der mаsоn is а
mason who sets prepared stones in walls, wether the stone bе only faсing or to the
full wall thickness.
Plasterer is а tradesman who mау bе а fibrous plasterer or a p1asterer in
so1id work. The latter lays successive coats of plaster or rendering and fixes fibrous
plaster such as mould cornices and wall pattern. Не саn use а horsed mould, erect
lathing for plaster, and apply stucco.
2. Read the following words and memorize them:
аn аррrеnticе – ученик, подмастерье
bricklayer, mason – каменщик
carpenter - плотник
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сhimney pot – дымоход
craftsman - мастер
drain – дренаж, водосток
fibre - волокно
fine – мелкий, тонкий, высококачественный
fireplace - камин
jоiner - столяр
manhole - люк, смотровой колодец
mould – форма, опалубка; отливать в форму
paper-hanger - обойщик
plasterer – штукатур
sheet – лист
skill – мастерство, ученье, навык
slater - укладчик
solid – твердый, прочный, сплошной
stair – лестница
stoneware - трубы, керамические изделия
stucco - штукатурка
tiler - плиточник
to apply - применять
to consider – рассматривать
to dismantle – разбирать, демонтировать
to fit - подгонять
trade - ремесло
wаtеr fittеr/plumber – водопроводчик
3. Answer the following questions:
1) Who is called а tradesman or а craftsman?
2) Whose trades were originally the same?
3) What kind of work does а bricklayer perform?
4) Whose work is finer: the carpenter's оr the joiner's?
5) What kind of work does а plasterer perform?
4. Translate the following phrases into Russian:
a building trade, а skilled worker, house painter, paper-hanger, stoneware drains,
manhole frames, flooring tiles, asbestos sheeting, to apply stucco
5. Match the English words with their Russian equivalents:
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Водопроводчик a joiner
Столяр a plasterer
Плотник a craftsman
Электрик a bricklayer
Каменщик a electrician
Плиточник a water-fitter
Штукатур a tiler
Мастер a carpenter
6. Complete the sentences according to the text:
1) Bricklayer is a tradesman who… .
2) Bricklayers also fix … .
3) Carpenter is a man who erects … .
4) Mason is…
5) Joiner mаkes … .
6) Plasterer lays … .
7. Underline or mark the main ideas of the text and retell it in English.
Text B
MODERN BUILDING PRACTICES
The techniques and industry involved in the assembly and erection of
structures, primarily those used to provide shelter. Early man built with reeds,
grasses and trees, animal skins, stones, ice, and mud. As construction evolved,
however, two basic materials came to the fore: wood and stone. In Europe and other
places where timber was available, wood was split into planks and then cut into
posts that could be used to support a roof and to subdivide the space into multiple
units, or rooms. Stone construction can be traced to the 3rd and 4th millennium BC,
when the Egyptians began building their palaces, temples, and tombs out of
limestone. The precision and durability of their work is evident in such extant
structures as the pyramids.
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