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Файл:Английский язык в сфере строительства. Учебное пособие для студентов направления подготовки бакалавров 08.03.01-Строительство
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3) Тhе coverings or uрреr parts of the building аrе called...
a) ceilings,
b) roofs .
4) Тhе exterior of а building must bе ...
a) with superfluous decorations,
b) siтple.
5) Тhе water supply and sewerage systems аrе called...
a) heating,
b) pluтbing.
6. Complete the sentences according to the text:
1) The types of buildings may be …
2) Building materials аге divided into... .
3) Тhе interior should bе planned to suit . . .
4) Еvеrу building should bе provided with ... .
5) Аn estimate depending upоn the design of the building must bе calculated ... .
7. Fill the gap with the suitable words below.
residential prominent educational
1) The types of buildings may be domestic, ____________, office,
industrial, recreational, etc.
2) Housing is _________________ among the factors affecting the level of
living.
3) Present-day designs for _______________construction envisage all
modern amenities for a dwelling.
8. Underline or mark the main ideas of the text and retell it in English.
Text B
THE LAST STEPS IN FINISHING A HOUSE
Plumbing. During construction, plumbers install the pipes that will supply
gas and water, and carry away waste. They install bathroom fixtures and sinks just
before other workers add the finishing touches to the house. Plumbers also install
traps to keep out sewages. The trap used for bathroom washbasins, for example a
P-shaped pipe, locates directly below the drain. Water settles in the lower part of
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the pipe and prevents sewages from backing tip and leaking into the room. To
function properly, traps must have outside ventilation of the air.
A cast-iron waste disposal pipe runs from inside the house to about 5 feet
(1,5 meters) outside, where it connects with a pipe of another material, usually clay.
This pipe connects home-disposal pipe with the sewerage system of the city. In areas
without a city sewerage system, a septic tank near the house holds sewage until it
dissolves. Water from the sewage flows through pipes into the ground. The sludge,
remaining in the tank, must be removed at intervals.
Insulation reduces the amount of heat or cold that passes through walls,
floors, and ceilings of a house. When the air around the house is warmer or colder
than the air inside, heat passes from the warm air to the cold air. This means that in
winter the heat will pass to the outside, and the house will become cold. In summer
the heat outside passes into the house. Insulation fills the air spaces in walls, floors
and ceilings and creates dead-air space. This helps to prevent heat from passing
through.
Insulation can save fuel costs in heating a house. Insulation is made from
many materials, including cellulose, rock wool, a glassy lava called perlite, gypsum,
certain plastics, fiberglass, and a flaky mineral called vermiculite. Insulation comes
as blankets, boards, paper and sheathing. It is also available in a loose, crumb like
form. The type of insulation used depends on the climate and on whether it insulates
floors, ceilings or walls.
Heating and air conditioning. Most houses have central heating systems.
One furnace or heating unit, supplies heat for the entire house. Such houses are
heated by warm air, steam, or hot water. In hot-air heating a fan, connected to the
furnace, blows warm air through pipes into the rooms. In steam or hot-water heating
the steam or hot water passes through radiators that stand throughout the house. In
radiant heating, hot-water pipes run under the floors or in the ceilings or walls.
Air-conditioning units may be used to cool and heat houses. An air
conditioner takes warm air from the house, cools it, removes moisture, and
recirculates cool air. It also may warm cold air, add moisture and recirculate warm
air.
Interior decoration. In a new house, builders usually paints the rooms and
finish the floors as a part of the contract with the homeowner. The owner generally
selects, buys and arranges the furnishings. But sometimes the owner hires a
professional interior decorator to do this job. Landscaping is the last step in building
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a house. Most builders try to keep the natural outline of the land and to preserve
different sorts of trees which grow in this place.
1. Read and translate the text.
2. Write down 15 unfamiliar words and make sentences with them.
3. Give a short summary of the text.
Unit 5
Text A
1. Read the text and get ready to speak about building materials:
BUILDING MATERIALS
The designer must bе аblе to select and adapt such materials of
construction that will give the most effective result bу the most economical means.
In this choiсе of materials for any work of construction, the civil engineer must
consider manу factors. These factors include availability, cost, physical properties
of materials and others. Timber, steel and concrete all vary, sometimes over
considerable ranges in the properties desired bу the engineer.
Lime, gypsum and cement аrе the three materials most widely used in
building construction for binding together masonry units, such as stone, brick and
as соnstituеnts of wall plaster. Cement is the most important component of
concrete. These materials form very important elements in all masonry structures.
As а class they аrе designed as cementing materials.
The gradual improvement in Portland cement quality from the time of its
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introduction led to the elaboration of rapid-hardening Portland cement, оr "high
early strength". Later developments include low heat and sulphateresisting
cements, also white and coloured cements. Another important class of cement is
high-alumina cement. Нigh alumina cement is а material containing alumina. It
has аn extremely high rate of strength increase, which is owing to the violence of
the chemical reaction, accompanied bу а considerable evolution of heat. It is very
resistant to chemical attack.
Тhе most important building materials mау now bе considered to bе
structural steel and concrete. Concrete mау bе considered аn artificial
conglomerate of crushed stone, gravel оr similar inert material with а mortar. А
mixture of sand, screenings оr similar inert particles with cement and water which
has the сарасitу of hardening into а rocklike mass is called mortar. Тhе
fundamental object in proportioning concrete оr mortar mixes is the production of
а durable material of requisite strength, water-tightness and other еssential
properties at minimum cost. Special attention must bе given to the selection of
cement, aggregate, and water.
The most accurate method of measuring proportions is to weight the
required quantities of each material. It is widely used in large building
constructions.
2. Read the following words and memorize them:
accurate-точный
aggregate-заполнитель
conglomerate-обломочная
горная порода
crushed stone -щебень
gypsum-гипс
high alumina cement – цемент с высоким содержанием глинозема
high rate of strength – высокая прочность
inert – нейтральный
lime-известь
masonry-каменная (кирпичная) кладка
mortar-раствор
requisite -необходимый
resistance to -прочность на
selection -выбор
to select -выбирать
to vary -различаться
variations-изменения
violence – влияние
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3. Answer the following questions:
1) What influences the choiсе of building materials?
2) What are lime, gypsum and cement most widely used for?
3) What are the main classes of cement?
4) What are thе most important building materials now?
5) What is called mortar?
6) What is the most accurate method of measuring proportions?
4. Match the English words with their Russian equivalents:
building materials
compressive load
crushed stone
fine aggregate
gypsum
high alumina cement
high rate of strength
lime
masonry
moisture content
mortar
resistance to
workability
высокая прочность
гипс
известь
каменная кладка
мелкий заполнитель
нагрузка на сжатие
обрабатываемость
прочность на
раствор
содержание влаги
строительные материалы
цемент с высоким содержанием глинозема
щебень
5. Complete the sentences according to the text:
1) Timber, steel and concrete all vary…
2) Lime, gypsum and cement аrе used in …
3) They аrе designed as …
4) Нigh alumina cement is …
5) Concrete mау bе considered …
6) Тhе fundamental object in proportioning concrete оr mortar mixes is …
6. Translate into Russian:
rapid-hardening,
high-alumina,
high early strength,
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rocklike, water-tightness
conglomerate of crushed stone
considerable evolution
7. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the modal verbs.
1) The designer must bе аblе to select and adapt such materials of
construction that will give the most effective result
2) Concrete mау bе considered аn artificial conglomerate of crushed stone,
gravel оr similar inert material with а mortar.
3) Special attention must bе given to the selection of cement, aggregate, and
water.
8. Underline or mark the main ideas of the text and retell it in English.
Text B
INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION OF A HOUSE
Interior construction of a house includes: floors, walls, windows, and
doors.
Floors have two layers. The lower layer lies at an angle across the floor
joists. The upper, finished layer is made from tongue and groove boards. One side
of each board has a tongue, or lip, and the other side has a groove or slot. The tongue
of one board fits snugly into the groove of another board. Carpenters drive nails
through the groove side so that the nail heads cannot be seen on the finished floor.
Most finished floors are made of hardwoods, such as maple or oak, which have been
finely sanded and later sealed with wood filler. The wood may then be finished with
wax, shellac, varnish, or plastic. Other floors have such coverings as linoleum or
rubber, vinyl or asphalt tile.
Walls. Rooms are made by building inside walls after the outside walls
have been attached to the foundation. Inside walls, also called partitions, are really
small-sized frames like the outside walls. They have studs and must be supported
by plates, joists and girders.
If plaster is to be applied, the interior walls must first be covered with lath,
or strips of wood, metal, or plasterboard. The lath is set horizontally 74 about 3
inches (8 centimeters) apart. Wallboard, plasterboard, or plywood may be used in
place of plaster.
Windows. Most parts of a window come from a lumber mill, already cut in
the proper sizes. Carpenters leave space in the frame for windows and window
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pulleys, weights and sashes. Window sashes are made of wood or metal, usually
either aluminium or lightweight steel.
Doors. Both doors and door frames may usually be bought ready-made.
Carpenters attach the doors high enough to swing over rugs or carpets. A threshold
fills in the space under an outside door.
Electricity. Electrical wiring provides lighting and furnishes outlets for
lamps, washing machines, and other appliances. In some houses, electricity also
provides heat. Before construction starts, the builder determines the location and
type of wiring. Wires vary in size, depending on the equipment in the house and
how far the current must travel. Standard wiring is designed for 110 volt current.
But builders often specify heavy-duty, 220-volt wiring if large electrical appliances,
such as a stove and a water heater, or an air conditioning system are installed.
Electricians install wiring while carpenters build the frame. Wiring is done
in a series of circuits. Each set of wires has several outlets. Electricians often place
the wiring for a furnace on a separate circuit. This keeps the furnace running in ease
if another circuit breaks down.
Wires become hot and can cause fires if they are overloaded, so electricians
install a fuse for each electrical. A fuse box usually holds all the fuses. If too much
current passes through a circuit, the wire in the fuse melts or blows. Electricians
often install another protective device called a circuit breaker, instead of a fuse box.
If the circuit becomes overloaded, the circuit breaker automatically cuts off the
current.
1. Read and translate the text.
2. Write down 15 unfamiliar words and make sentences with them.
3. Give a short summary of the text.
UNIT 6
Text A
1. Read the text and get ready to speak about brick:
BRICK
Brick is a universally used structural material which • in modern times
is made by pressing clay into blocks and burning them to hardness. Bricks in their
most primitive-form were not burned, but were hardened by being dried in the sun.
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In that form they were utilized during many centuries and are used even today in
regions with the proper climate. Brick probably existed in times of which no record
remained.
Since the Middle Ages, brickwork has been in constant use everywhere,
in every sort of construction and in every architectural style. Good bricks are
practically indestructible by fire or atmospheric action and more durable than stone.
At the beginning of the 19th century, mechanical processes came into
everyday use and by the end of the century had almost entirely replaced the ancient
hand-fashioned methods. They are produced in a great variety for widely different
purposes.
A brick is best described as “a building unit”. It may be made of burnt clay,
of concrete, of mortar, of a composition of sawdust and other materials; in shape it
is a rectangular solid and its weight is from 6 1/ 2 to 9 lb.
The shape and convenient size of a brick enables a man to grip it with an
easy confidence and, because of this, brick-building has popular for many hundreds
of years. The hand of the average man is large enough to take a brick and he is able
to handle more than 500 bricks in an eight-hour working day.
It is necessary, therefore, for the «would-be» bricklayer to practice
handling a brick until he can control it with complete mastery and until he is able to
place it into any desired position.
By placing the hand over the surface of the upper part of a brick and by
placing the thumb centrally down the face of the brick with the first joints of the
fingers on the opposite face, the brick may be securely handled. It is necessary to
protect the thumb and the fingers with leather pads which also prevent the skin from
rough bricks.
2. Read the following words and memorize them:
ancient - древний
brick – кирпич
bricklayer - каменщик
burnt clay – обожженная глина
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clay – глина
concrete – бетон
durable – прочный
handling – транспортировка
hardness - твердость
lb – pound (англ. фунт – 453,6 г)
mortar – известковый раствор
opposite - противоположный
purpose - цель
pads – рукавицы
sawdust – опилки
surface - поверхность
thumb – большой палец руки
to burn – гореть
to dry – сушить
to utilize – использовать
3. Answer the following questions:
1) What can you say about the history of brickwork?
2) What materials is brick made of?
3) Why brick-building has been popular for many hundreds of years?
4) What is the shape of a brick?
5) What is the brick’s weight?
4. Match the English words with their Russian equivalents:
a) the shape and size of a brick 1.ширина кирпича
b) to prevent skin 2.с полным мастерством
c) the width of a brick 3. положить кирпич
d) with complete mastery 4. форма и размер кирпича
e) to place a brick 5. защитить кожу
5. Translate into Russian:
1) A brick can be made of burnt clay.
2) Brick-building has been popular for many hundreds years.
3) A “would-be” bricklayer must practice handling a brick until he has control it
with complete mastery.
4) A bricklayer is able to place a brick into any desired position.
5) The bricklayer’s thumb and the fingers must be protected with leather pads.
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6. Make up your own sentence with the given words:
A, is, described, a, unit, building, brick, as.
7. Find in the text the sentences in which the -ing form is a) a verbal noun or
b) a gerund.
8. Underline or mark the main ideas of the text and retell it in English.
Text B
TYPES OF BUILDINGS
Types of buildings depend upon social functions and may be classified
according to the role in the Community. The types of buildings may be domestic,
educational, office, industrial, recreational, etc. The common and necessary
conditions are:
a) its suitability to use by human beings in general and its adaptability to
particular human activities;
b) the stability and permanence of its construction.
Speaking of residential construction we must say that the apartment houses
are mostly built to suit urban conditions. Group housing provides home for many
families and is at once public and private. The techniques of construction or the
methods by which structures are formed from particular materials are influenced not
only by the availability and character of materials but also by the total technological
development of society.
The evolution of techniques is conditioned by two factors:
1) one is economic – the search for a maximum of stability and durability
in building with a minimum of materials, labour and time;
2) the other is expressive – the desire to produce meaningful form.
Large housing programmes have tended to stimulate technological change
in the building industry. Modular design (i.e. design in which the elements are
dimensioned in combinations of a fixed unit) has led to standardization of elements,
interchangeability of parts and increased possibilities for mass production, with
resultant economies. Entire apartment assemblages are available and are being used
to an increasing extent. These techniques aim at a higher output of better structures
at lower cost. The high degree of mechanization and standardization is successfully
achieved by reinforced concrete blocks and units. Reinforced concrete homes are
produced by a variety of construction methods. Various methods of constructing
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