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Файл:Английский язык в сфере строительства. Учебное пособие для студентов направления подготовки бакалавров 08.03.01-Строительство
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reinforced concrete houses involve extensive use of large sections manufactured in
heavily mechanized factories and erected at the site.
In order to build a house first an excavation is dug by bulldozers. Then a
foundation is laid to carry the load of a structure and to keep the walls and the floors
from the contact with soil. Floors divide a building into storeys and carry the loads
too. The upper part of a structure is a roof; it ties a building, gives the firmness to
the structure and protects 47 people from rain, wind, snow, etc. Doors, windows,
stairs, lifts are integral elements of a building and they are always precast or
prefabricated.
When a structure is ready builders start to decorate it. When decoration
work is over a building is considered to be finished. The built-in space of an
apartment should be carefully thought of as well. There is a considerable trend
toward built-in furniture. Rooms should be both efficient and visually satisfying.
The extent of built-in cabinets must be determined. Drawers and shelves can often
be concealed behind walls, freeing valuable floor space.
1. Read and translate the text.
2. Write down 15 unfamiliar words and make sentences with them.
3. Give a short summary of the text.
UNIT 7
Text A
1. Read the text and get ready to speak about prestressed concrete:
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
Prestressed concrete is not a new material. Its successful use has been
developed rapidly during the last two decades, chiefly because steel of a more
suitable character has been produced.
Concrete is strong in compression but weak when used for tensile stresses.
If, therefore, we consider a beam made of plain concrete, and spanning a
certain distance, it will at once be realized that the beam’s own weight will cause
the beam to «sag» or bend. This sagging at once puts the lower edge of the beam in
tension, and if the cross-sectional area is small, causes it to break, especially if the
span is relatively large.
If, on the other hand, we use a beam of similar cross-section, but
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incorporate steel bars in the lower portion, the steel will resist the tensile stress
derived from the sag of the beam, and thus assist in preventing it from breaking.
In prestressed concrete steel is not used as reinforcement, but as a means
of producing a suitable compressive stress in the concrete. Therefore any beam (or
member) made of prestressed concrete is permanently under compression, and is
consequently devoid of cracks – under normal loading, or so long as the «elastic
limit» is not exceeded.
Prestressed concrete is not only used for beams but is now employed
extensively for columns, pipes, and cylindrical water-towers, storage tanks, etc.
2. Read the following words and memorize them:
Prestressed – предварительно-напряженный
tensile – растяжимый
to bend, to sag – изгибать(ся),прогибать
cross-section – поперечное сечение
span – пролет
bar - брусок
to resist – сопротивляться
crack - трещина
compression – сжатие
3. Answer the following questions:
1) Is prestressed concrete a new building material?
2) How long has prestressed concrete been used in construction?
3) What disadvantages has plain concrete?
4) What is steel used in prestressed concrete for?
5) What will happen if “elastic limit” of a beam is exceeded?
6) What is prestressed concrete used for?
4. Choose the best alternative according to the text:
а) Prestressed concrete is …
1) a completely new material.
2) not really a new material
b) The successful use of prestressed concrete has been developed rapidly …
1) long ago.
2) during the last two decades.
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c) Plain concrete is …
1) strong in compression.
2) weak in compression.
d) Plain concrete is …
1) weak when used for tensile stress.
2) strong when used for tensile stress.
e) In prestressed concrete steel is used …
1) as reinforcement.
2) as a means of producing a suitable compressive stress.
f) Prestressed concrete is used …
1) only for beams.
2) for beams, columns, pipes, etc. .
5. Complete the sentences according to the text:
1) Prestressed concrete has been used during … .
2) Plain concrete is strong in … .
3) The sagging of a beam maid of plain concrete may cause it to … .
4) Incorporated steel bars in the lower portion of a beam prevent … .
5) A beam made of prestressed concrete is permanently under … .
6) Prestressed concrete is now employed extensively … .
6. Make up the sentence from the given words:
Is, strong, concrete, in, compression, but, weak, for, tensile, stresses, when, used .
7. Underline or mark the main ideas of the text and retell it in English.
Text B
RESIDENTIAL AND INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS
In technically developed countries the building industry, comprising
skilled and unskilled workers in many trades, building engineers and architects,
managerial staff and designers employs a considerable proportion of the available
labour force.
Building industry, including residential public and industrial construction,
holds a considerable place in the National Economy and is being carried on a large
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scale. It is the largest single industry in the country. The problems of construction
have grown into major, political issues in most countries.
Housing is prominent among the factors affecting the level of living. The
improvement of the housing represents a concrete and visible rise in the general
level of living. In many countries residential construction has constituted at least 12
per cent and frequently more than 25 per cent of all capital formation. Since the
USSR home building industry is the concern of the state. The research and
development in housing technology is carried out on a national scale and is being
paid much attention to.
The ever growing housing demands have brought to life new methods of
construction with great emphasis upon standardization, new levels of technological
advance, utilizing such techniques as offsite prefabrication, precutting, use of
reinforced concrete panels and large-scale site planning. At present, prefabricated
structures and precast elements may be classified into two principal groups – for
residential houses and industrial buildings.
Present-day design for residential construction envisages all modern
amenities for a dwelling. They advocate larger, better built and better equipped flats
and houses. Steel was gradually substituted for iron and permitted wider rooms and
larger windows. Windows can be enlarged to the extent that they constitute a large
fraction of the wall area. There is a marked improvement in the heating and
ventilating systems as well as in hot-water supply, kitchen and sanitary fittings.
Many tenants now can afford better furnishings, refrigerators, washing machines,
etc. A house 39 which is a physical environment where a family develops is
acquiring a new and modern look.
Industrial buildings comprise another significant type of construction. This
type of construction involves factories, laboratories, food processing plants, mines,
office buildings, stores, garages, hangars and other storage facilities, exhibition
halls, etc. Modern industrial buildings have demonstrated the advantages of
reinforced concrete arches, metal frames, glass walls and prefabricated standardized
mass produced parts.
1. Read and translate the text.
2. Write down 15 unfamiliar words and make sentences with them.
3. Give a short summary of the text.
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UNIT 8
Text A
1. Read the text and get ready to speak about plastics, foamed glass:
PLASTICS. FOAMED GLASS.
Nowadays plastics can be applied to almost every branch of building, from
the laying of foundation to the final coat of paint.
A lot of decorative plastics now available have brought about a revolution
in interior and exterior design. But plastics are used now not only for decoration.
These materials are sufficiently rigid to stand on their own without any support.
They can be worked with ordinary builders’ tools.
Laminate is a strong material manufactured from many layers of paper or
textile impregnated with thermosetting resins. This sandwich is then pressed and
subjected to heat. Laminate has been developed for both inside and outside use. It
resists severe weather conditions for more than ten years without serious
deformation. As a structural material it is recommended for exterior work. Being
used for surfacing, laminate gives the tough surface.
Foamed glass is a high-porosity heat insulating material, available in
blocks made of fine-ground glass and a frothing agent. It is widely used in
prefabricated house-building, to ensure heat insulation of exterior wall panels, and
in industrial construction. Foamed glass has a high mechanical strength, is
distinguished by moisture, vapour and gas impermeability. It is non-inflammable,
offers resistance to frost, possesses a high sound adsorption, and it is easily sewn
and nailed.
Structural foamed- glass blocks designed to fill ceilings, and for making
interior partitions in buildings and rooms, to ensure heat and insulation.
2. Read the following words and memorize them:
plastics - пластмасса
paint - краска
layer, coat - слой
decoration - отделка
resin – смола
foamed glass – пеностекло
vapour - пар
insulation –изоляционный материал, изоляция
tough, rigid – жесткий
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laminate - слоистый
impregnated – пропитанный
thermosetting - термоактивый
tool – инструмент
3. Answer the following questions:
1) Where can plastics be applied?
2) What does plastic material consist of?
3) What is laminate?
4) What is laminate made of?
5) Where is laminate used?
6) What is foamed glass?
7) Where is foamed glass used?
8) What are structural foamed-glass blocks used for?
9) What is the thickness of a structural block?
10) What is the heat conductivity of structural foamed-glass blocks?
4. Choose the best alternative according to the text:
1) Plastics can be applied …
a) only in radio engineering .
b) to almost every branch of building.
2) Decorative plastics has brought about …
a) some advantages.
b) a revolution in interior and exterior design.
3) Plastics are …
a) used only for decoration.
b) sufficiently rigid to stand on their own without any support.
4) Laminate has been developed for …
a) only inside use.
b) only outside use.
c) both inside and outside use.
5) Laminate is impregnated with…
a) thermosetting resins.
b) rubber.
6) The sandwich is pressed and subjected …
a) to cold.
b) to heat.
7) The laminate gives …
a) a mild surface.
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b) tough surface.
8) Foamed glass has …
a)a high mechanical strength.
b) a low mechanical strength.
9) Foamed glass is …
a) inflammable.
b) non-inflammable.
5. Match the English words with their Russian equivalents:
exterior surface
strong material
tough glass
fine-ground agent
frothing building
prefabricated insulation
industrial design
sound construction
6. Make up the sentence from the given words:
A high-porosity, heat, insulating, is, foamed, glass, material.
7. Underline or mark the main ideas of the text and retell it in English.
Text B
MODERN BUILDING PRACTICES
The techniques and industry involved in the assembly and erection of
structures, primarily those used to provide shelter.Early man built with reeds,
grasses and trees, animal skins, stones, ice, and mud. As construction evolved,
however, two basic materials came to the fore: wood and stone. In Europe and other
places where timber was available, wood was split into planks and then cut into
posts that could be used to support a roof and to subdivide the space into multiple
units, or rooms.
Stone construction can be traced to the 3rd and 4th millennium BC, when
the Egyptians began building their palaces, temples, and tombs out of limestone.
The precision and durability of their work is evident in such extant structures as the
pyramids. The ancient Greeks built with pieces of stone that were skillfully fitted
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together and sometimes bonded with clay. They subsequently developed mortar,
and by the 2nd century BC this was being mixed with stone to make concrete. Made
from clays, and easier to use than stone because of their size and standardization,
bricks made possible the construction of the arches, vaults, and domes that were
popular in Europe from the Roman era.
With the Industrial Revolution of the 18th century, iron brought on a new
era in building in which rigid frames could be riveted together to support a building's
weight. Iron was quickly replaced by steel in the early 20th century, and this
development, along with the invention of modern concrete in the 1870s, made
possible the multistoried buildings that epitomize modern building construction.
At the end of World War II, shortage of labour, extensive demand for
housing because of bombings, and government participation led to the widespread
development of prefabricated building systems. The design, manufacture,
transportation, and erection of components could be accomplished for many
structures from a single source company, utilizing interchangeable parts.
Before most buildings are constructed, the function of the proposed
building must be determined, a geographic location chosen, a cost estimate drawn
up, and a design plan accompanied by sketches prepared by an architect.
Architectural design proceeds in a series of stages of increasing detail and
specificity. Schematic design sketches that give a rough idea of the building's look
and form are followed by detailed development design, comprising drawings of
plans, elevations, building cross sections, and perspectives. These are followed by
working drawings and specifications, which are contract documents that describe
the design, location, and dimensions of the elements of the building and that also
describe the quality of materials and workmanship to be used in the construction of
the building. Surveying and laying out, or locating, the foundation are the first steps
in the actual construction of most buildings. The foundation itself (those portions of
a building resting upon earth or rock) is dependent on the weight of the building and
on the resistance of the earth on which it rests. These two factors must balance each
other.
Wood frames are light, cheap, and simple, consisting of interlocking
arrays of vertical and horizontal beams and studs. Steel structural frames consist of
vertical members (columns) and horizontal members (girders and beams) that are
riveted, bolted, or welded together. Concrete structural frames have the advantage
of costing less than steel ones, but they must usually be reinforced by steel to carry
heavy loads. Steel rods are positioned in an interconnected framework surrounded
by a wooden or steel form, and then concrete is poured into the form. The form is
withdrawn once the concrete has set. In a method known as prestressing, high-
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strength wires are stretched and held tight while concrete is set around them. In this
way a concrete span as long as 100 feet (30 m) can be attained.
Flooring must support whatever loads are to be placed within the structure,
and it must transmit its load to the structural frame. Roofing may be flat or pitched,
depending upon the type of framing, the load to be carried, fire resistance required,
and the overall character of the building. Structural elements called trusses, which
are composed of interfaced triangles, can be utilized to make vast roof spans
possible. There are a number of auxiliaries necessary in a building, including
insulation, usually accomplished by filling in spaces within flooring or walls with
fire-resistant material; ventilation, provided by complex systems of ducts or by
windows; electricity, which is wired beneath or within the finished walls; plumbing
(both for provision of clean water and for the disposal of wastes), using cast-iron
pipe inside and clay pipe underground outside; and heating and air-conditioning,
which may be accomplished by a steam boiler system, electricity, gas, or other
energy source, such as solar radiation.
1. Read and translate the text.
2. Write down 15 unfamiliar words and make sentences with them.
3. Give a short summary of the text.
UNIT 9
Text A
1. Read the text and get ready to speak about reinforced – concrete elements
production:
REINFORCED – CONCRETE ELEMENTS PRODUCTION
With the rapid growth in the employment of precast-concrete products, and
particularly of wall panels, slabs, beams, etc., to serve a multitude of building needs,
this industry has inevitably incurred an obligation to maintain and improve the
quality of the products. A vast amount of excellent work has already been done to
raise the standards of this still comparatively young industry to their present level.
Machinery and equipment designers have made important contributions by creating
better machines and tools for the industry.
A great number of plants producing precast reinforced-concrete elements
are now in operation in our country and abroad. Before the decision is made to
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establish a precast concrete products plant in a given area, a number purely
economic consideration deserves particular attention. A careful appraisal of the
potential requirements provides valuable information for determining the size of the
plant which should be built. A well-designed plant must have sufficient capacity for
the normal output plus a reasonable margin for a possible increase. The design
should specifically and carefully anticipate the future installation of additional
equipment for increased production without disrupting the original lay-out.
It is axiomatic now that materials can be handled more cheaply with
machinery than with manpower. At present the trend is definitely toward the
practice of elevating all raw materials into overhead storage bins. For obvious
reasons, it is preferable that the elevation be sufficient so that the materials may
move by gravity from the bins to the mixers and moulding machinery without reelevating. With such an arrangement the mixers are located on a separate floor level
directly above the mouldig machinery.
2. Read the following words and memorize them:
reinforced-concrete – железобетон
slab – плита
contribution – вклад
creating – создание
precast – сборные
bin – бункер; ящик
moulding – литейный; формовой
appraisal - оценка
anticipate - предвидеть
installation – установка
lay-out – схема, планировка
elevation – подъем
mixer – мешалка, смеситель
equipment - оборудование
3. Match the English words with their Russian equivalents:
to design 1. промышленность
lay-out 2.резерв,запас
industry 3.проектировать
plant 4.оборудование
equipment 5.план,схема
margin 6.завод
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