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Файл:Английский язык в его национальных вариантах. Учебно-методическое пособие
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121
Illustrative material of the anglophone world
Pic. 1 The division of the anglophone world according to time of
settlement. (Note. Countries where English is spoken as a first
language are shown in grey.)
Pic. 2 Regional emigration overseas from England, Scotland and
Ireland
122
Pic. 3 London, the Home countries and broad dialect regions of
England
Pic. 4 The dialect areas of Scotland
123
Pic. 5 The dialect areas of Ireland
Pic. 6 Dialect regions of the United States
124
Pic. 7 Dialect regions of Canada
125
EXAM QUESTIONS
1. What are national varieties of English?
2. How do national varieties of English differ from dialects?
3. What are the major national varieties of English?
4. Why do different countries develop their own English
varieties?
5. What factors influence the development of national
Englishes?
6. What are some key features of British English
pronunciation?
7. How does British spelling differ from American English?
8. What is Received Pronunciation (RP), and how important
is it in the UK?
9. What role does code-switching play in African Englishes?
10. How do British and American English differ in grammar
(e.g., collective nouns, verb agreement)?
11. What are the main characteristics of American English
pronunciation?
12. How did Noah Webster influence American English
spelling?
13. What are some common American English words that
differ from British English?
14. Why is American English often considered more
influential globally?
15. How does American English simplify certain
grammatical structures compared to British English?
16. How does Canadian English differ from American
English?
17. What is Canadian Raising in pronunciation?
18. Why does Canadian English have both British and
American spelling influences?
19. What are some uniquely Canadian words or phrases?
126
20. How does French influence Canadian English?
21. What are the key features of Australian English
pronunciation?
22. How does Australian English vocabulary reflect local
culture?
23. What are some common African English loanwords from
local languages?
24. How does Australian English differ from British English
in slang?
25. What Aboriginal words are commonly used in Australian
English?
26. How does New Zealand English pronunciation differ
from Australian English?
27. What are some distinctive features of Māori influence on
NZE?
28. How does NZE vocabulary differ from Australian
English?
29. What is the "High Rising Terminal" in NZE speech?
30. How does Malaysian English (MyE) differ from
Singaporean English?
31. How does South African English pronunciation differ
from British English?
32. What Afrikaans words are commonly used in SAE?
33. How does Black South African English (BSAE) differ
from standard SAE?
34. What are some uniquely South African English
expressions?
35. How did apartheid influence the development of English
in South Africa?
36. What are the main features of Indian English
pronunciation?
37. How does Indian English grammar differ from standard
British English?
127
38. What Hindi or regional language words are commonly
used in Indian English?
39. Why does Indian English often use progressive tenses
differently?
40. How has British colonialism shaped Indian English?
41. What is Singlish, and how does it differ from Standard
English?
42. What are some common Singlish sentence structures?
43. How do Chinese, Malay, and Tamil influence Singlish?
44. Why does British English use "u" in words like "colour"
and "favour" while American English omits it?
45. Why is Singlish sometimes discouraged in formal
settings?
46. How does Welsh English (WelE) differ from Standard
British English?
47. What are some Celtic influences in Irish and Scottish
English?
48. What is World Englishes (WE) theory, and who
proposed it?
49. How does Kachru’s Three Circles Model classify English
varieties?
50. What is the difference between English as a Native
Language (ENL), ESL, and EFL?
51. How do postcolonial Englishes evolve differently from
native varieties?
52. Why do some countries resist American/British English
norms?
53. What is linguistic imperialism, and how does it affect
local Englishes?
54. How do English-based creoles develop from pidgins?
55. Why do some English varieties retain archaic British
English features?
56. What are the key pronunciation features of Irish English?
128
57. How does Irish Gaelic influence Hiberno-English?
58. What are some uniquely Irish English grammatical
structures?
59. How does Irish English vocabulary differ from British
English?
60. Why do Irish English speakers often use "after" in
perfect tenses (e.g., "I’m after eating")?
61. How does Scottish English pronunciation differ from
RP?
62. What is Scots, and is it a dialect or a separate language?
63. What are some common Scots words used in Scottish
English?
64. How does Scottish English grammar differ from
Standard English?
65. Why is the Scottish accent so distinct from other British
accents?
66. How does Nigerian English (NigE) differ from British
English?
67. How does globalization influence the spread of English
varieties?
68. What are the key differences between Received
Pronunciation (RP) and Cockney accents?
69. Why is English considered a "global language," and how
do national varieties contribute to this?
70. Will national varieties of English continue to diverge or
become more standardized in the future?
129
REFFERENCES
1. Земцова, О. В. Национальные варианты английского
языка : учебное пособие / составители О. В. Земцова. – Липецк :
Липецкий государственный педагогический университет имени
П. П. Семёнова-Тян-Шанского, 2018. – 65 c. – Текст :
электронный // Цифровой образовательный ресурс IPR SMART :
[сайт]. – URL: https://www.iprbookshop.ru/100974.html (дата
обращения: 20.09.2024).
2. Прошина, З. Г. Контактная вариантология английского
языка : Проблемы теории. World Englishes Paradigm : учебное
пособие / З. Г. Прошина. – 2-е изд., стер. –Москва : ФЛИНТА,
2017. – 208 с. –ISBN 978-5-9765-2694-5. Текст : электронный //
Лань : электронно-библиотечная система. – URL:
https://e.lanbook.com/book/92743 (дата обращения: 10.04.2025).
3. Эфендиева, Р. А. Формы существования и
функциональная парадигма британского варианта английского
языка : учебное пособие / Р. А. Эфендиева, З. О. Доткулова,
Д. С. Кожокова, С. Х. Карчаева. – Нальчик : КБГУ, 2024. –
108 с. – Текст : электронный // Лань : электронно-библиотечная
система. – URL: https://e.lanbook.com/book/434492 (дата
обращения: 10.12.2024).
4. Azhar, M. F. M. Varieties of English: Singapore English /
[Электронный ресурс] URL:
https://www.academia.edu/31749409/Varieties_of_English_Singapor
e_English (дата обращения 12.01.2025).
5. Bauer, L. An Introduction to International Varieties of
English / L. Bauer. // – Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press Ltd.,
2002. – 135 p.
6. Hickey, R. A Dictionary of Varieties of English /
R. Hickey // ed. by Wiley Blackwell. – Chichester, 2014. – 457 p. –
ISBN: 0470656417.
130
7. Hundt M. Varieties of English: Australian/ New Zealand
English. Handbücher zur Sprach und Kommunikationswissenschaft /
Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science. 2012. –
P. 1995–2012.
8. Kirkpatrick, A. World Englishes: Implications for
International Communication and English Language Teaching /
A. Kirkpatrick. − Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Press, 2007. –
266 р.
9. Kortmann, B. A Handbook of Varieties of English: A
Multimedia Reference Tool / B. Kortmann, E. W. Schneider,
K. Burridge, B. Kortmann, R. Mesthrie, C. Upton. – Berlin : De
Gruyter Mouton. 2004. – 1168 p.
10. Kynoch, D. A Doric dictionary / D. Kynoch. – Scotland :
Scottish Cultural Press, 1996. – 186 p.
11. Kynoch, D. Doric for Swots / D. Kynoch. – Scotland :
Scottish Cultural Press, 2009. – 80 p.
12. Lessard-Clouston, M. Canadian English: Background,
Features and Resources / M. Lessard-Clouston // TESL Ontario
Contact, – 2000. vol. 26, no. 1, P. 11–17.
13. Newman, M. New York Tawk (New York City, NY) in
Wolfram, W. and Ward, B. (eds) American Voices: How Dialects
Differ from Coast to Coast, – Oxford, Blackwell, 2006. – P. 82–87.
14. Owusu-Addo, A. National Varieties Of English /
A. Owusu-Addo, A. Atianashie // International Journal of
Research. – 2021. – № 8. – P. 266–277.
15. Seargeant, P. English in the world : history, diversity,
change / P. Seargeant, J. Swann. – UK : Milton Park, Abingdon,
Oxon ; New York : Routledge. 2012. – 416 p.
16. Sevinj, M. American Variety of English Language /
M. Sevinj // International Journal of English Linguistics. – 2015.
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