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Файл:Transport services in tourism logistics = Транспортное обслуживание в туристической логистике. Учебное пособие
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Heads of hotel departments
Employees
To determine
3. Discuss the following with your partner:
– What is important to you when you choosing the hotel?
– What elements of the hotel infrastructure are necessary to you dur-
ing your travelling?
4. Answer the questions:
a) What flows are create hotel logistic?
b) What types of internal information flows you can define?
c) Define financial flows in the hotel logistics specialties.
Topic 2.2.2. Hotel logistic nodes features
1. Read and translate the text:
Logistic nodes it is a concentration of information, financial and service
follows area. All of these flows are connected to each other. The most effective organization function can be realized at such logistic nodes, where management action can be directed to changing the parameters of several re-
source flows at once (fig. 10).
Fig. 10. Hotel logistic nodes
The hotel logistic consists of the following nodes:
1. The first node is bank and cash services. This node combines internal
and external flows.
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2. The second is resource flows as an interaction the hotel with the custom-
ers. It includes booking, accommodation of visitors, restaurants, bars etc.
3. The third is the customer’s database. This node interacts with other
companies such as marketing companies, food suppliers etc.
4. Fourth node is internal node collecting information about other nodes.
Hotel planning of logistic nodes functions should include different stages. This will help to create new tourist products, services, loyalty programs,
hotel restaurant’s menu making the hotel more competitive.
2. New words and expressions to learn:
Logistic nodes
Organization function
Bank and cash services
Accommodation of visitors
Loyalty programs
Competitive
3. Discuss the following with your partner:
– Create a project to increase hotel competitiveness
4. Answer the questions:
a) What is hotel logistic node?
b) Which nodes making the structure of the hotel logistic?
c) How to make the hotel more competitive?
CHAPTER 3. LARGE EVENT LOGISTICAL
AND SUPPORT TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
Unit 3.1. The main aspects of large event logistical
and support traffic management
Topic 3.1.1. Large events special aspects
1. Read and translate the text:
In recent years, there has been increased interest in the idea of promoting urban development and change through the hosting of major events. This
approach offers host cities the possibility of ‘fast track’ urban regeneration,
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a stimulus to economic growth, improved transport and cultural facilities,
and enhanced global recognition and prestige.
The organization of a major event impacts strongly the life of the citizens before and during the event, to host this manifestation it is needed
an important effort from the part of the city, the local administration, and often the national government. Large financial investments have to be decided
and realized through many years of preparation. There are many aspects of
the city and its life that can be impacted by major events: the economic activity, the urbanisation or also land use planning, its transport system, its new facilities, the labour market, the reputation or «the brand» of the city, the security
for its inhabitants and so on. The success of the event depends on the resulting
combination of all these elements, that are reasonably related one to the other.
Large events deal with a diversity of «exceptional» situations, which de-
pend on their magnitude, program, layout (single or multi-sites), spectator capacity, location and weather conditions among others. So-called «fixed capac-
ity» events, with an identified maximum number of spectators, are generally
easier to manage than so-called opened events, which are characterized by an
undefined maximum attendance (like a cycle race as the Tour de France).
Visitor and spectator traffic appear often to be the key elements in managing transport and accessibility. However, the magnitude and diversity
of logistical support traffic functions shall not be underestimated. This includes security, medical services, hospitality, catering, technological and
technical assistance, written press and broadcast media systems, supplies,
cleaning and waste disposal etc. Logistics related mobility demands might
account for up to a quarter of the total traffic generated by an event. Moreover, logistic transport needs are more demanding than spectators needs, particularly in scheduling and reliability, and they are constantly rising in terms
of human resources, as well as financial requirements.
2. New words and expressions to learn:
Hosting
Major events
Implications
Preparation
Diversity of «exceptional» situations
Fixed capacity events
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3. Discuss the following with your partner:
– Which large events had held in your city?
– What advantages of holding large events are for the city?
4. Answer the questions:
a) How major event impacts the life of the citizens?
b) Combination of which elements depends on the success of the
event?
c) What elements include logistical support of large events?
Topic 3.1.2. Classification of large events
1. Read and translate the text:
Events are characterized by a high thematic variety. Especially at large
events it is very difficult to match the expected traffic demand and the available traffic supply. The boundary conditions differ from event to event.
Based on that it is advantageous to structure and classify the different types
of events similar to building blocks. Building blocks enable to describe the
event in detail and assign to the typology as well as to distinguish to former
or other events. There exist a great number of criteria but focusing on large
events these can be summarized to:
–
Visitors:
people involved in the event (participants, spectators, workforce).
Assign the expected number of visitors is crucial to plan the traffic flow
and safety precautions. Large events have to deal with about 10 – 100 visitors. But besides the absolute number of visitor large events are predominately a challenge because of the relative size of visitor towards the number
of population.
– Zone of interest Magnitude: single event or group of events
The distance of arrival and departure determine the level of traffic management since events with international standard have a great influence
of the choice of the mode of traffic.
– Dispersion: one or multiple sites (in a single hosting city or region
or nation)
The requirements for traffic management are depending on the characteristics of the different events. The dispersion has a great impact of the
domestic traffic demand during the lifetime of the event.
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– Duration: time extension of the event (including head time)
The duration of an event affects the host community and the transport
planning group. A long lasting event allows better to manage the transport
demand then a short event with a defined starting and end point. These will
lead to demand surges.
– Frequency: one time, regular, biannual, other
Regular reiterating events reduce the planning effort and costs for investments. Non-recurring events are of great relevance since experience
of transport management and the question of sustainability is of great importance.
Generally, the planning effort rises with the number of visitors, growing
zone of interest and so on.
For STADIUM purpose large events were classified into 4 categories,
as reported in the table 1.
Table 1
Classification of Events
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2. New words and expressions to learn:
Variety
Boundary conditions
Enable
Distinguish
Precautions
Frequency
Reiterating
Relevance
3. Discuss the following with your partner:
– Have you ever taken a part in city large event?
– How did large events influence to transport planning?
4. Answer the questions:
a) Which blocks are necessary to create for city large events?
b) Define the goal of Duration block.
c) Define the goal of Frequency.
d) Define types of large events and their specialties.
Topic 3.1.3. Phases of large events
1. Read and translate the text:
Large Events can be distinguished in four different phases:
– Phase 1: Preparation Phase: the requirements of the event will be ana-
lysed.
– Phase 2: Implementation Phase: the conceptual design and the inte-
gration of the concept into the real environment will be realized.
– Phase 3: Monitoring Phase: enables to monitor traffic flow and bot-
tlenecks.
– Phase 4: Post-Evaluation: this final phase represents the evaluation
of the results with the reparation Phase.
Transport is a major task within the planning and implementation
of large events. Different challenges need to be considered in the preparation
phase. In this regard it exists a dependency between the kind of the event and
the structure of the venue, i. e. requirements from a sport perspective are often very difficult to integrate to existing situations in most of regions, especially for events such as Winter Olympics, with narrow mountain roads, and
a given mountain shape.
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The key tasks for transport concept preparation are:
Provide reliable accessibility to and from Host City key activity cen-
ters: Venues, airport, rail and bus stations, city center, main hotels areas, fan
zones, etc.
Provide temporarily or permanently increase transport capacities and
quality of service on strategic large event transport links.
Integrate short term transport improvements in the City long term de-
velopment plan, with priority to public transport projects.
The precondition of a detailed concept for transportation which
provides quality and reliable transportation requires the evaluation
of the following issues:
Assessment of existing capabilities in all key infrastructure and logis-
tical domains.
Reliability of improvement projects and assessment of guarantees so-
lidity.
Identification and solving of gaps per domain.
In this phase, measures have to be described properly in detail and ITS
applications have to be selected. The selection is based on the ambition to
maximize expectations and minimize operational and security risks, given by
the transport sector.
The implementation of transport mobility management based on ITS
applications should meet the requirements mentioned above and the hereafter
main challenges and objectives of transport:
– Managing considerable additional traffic flows with fully accessible,
efficient, comfortable transport services for all client groups.
– Providing maximal transport priority to athletes and shortest travel
times possible.
– Establishing a flexible transport scheme, capable to react to event
schedule changes or unpredictable accidents.
– Assurance an «almost normal » city transport operations during the event.
– Assurance a global management, with extremely high security re-
quirements, both for event and background traffic.
– Improvement of environment quality and promotion of a more sustainable mobility for future.
Within the implementation phase the applications and tools will be integrated in the existing infrastructure. That means the installation of hardware
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components as well as specific software needs to be implemented. Testing
of the system has to be considered as crucial and complex to verify the situations. The continuously tracking of transport infrastructure developments and
transport operations makes it possible to manage risks and failures.
Monitoring Phase
The implementation of ITS applications should have the functionality to
assist the management of operation. The management system should provide
a continuously transport tracking and must allow close monitoring of the
traffic flow during the event. The measures implemented should reveal bottlenecks and offer the opportunity to overcome identified problems.
Post-event phase
The final phase of an event is the phase post-event-phase. Based on
a proper evaluation, lessons can be learned that are not only useful for the
city involved but can also contribute to a better transport system at future
events. In addition a detailed structured report is recommendable including
all expects and results of the transport system performances.
2. New words and expressions to learn:
Preparation Phase
Implementation Phase
Monitoring Phase
Post-Evaluation
Logistical domains
Additional traffic flows
Unpredictable accidents
Assurance
Bottlenecks
3. Discuss the following with your partner:
– How did your city used the large events for solving local transport
problems?
– What Post-event elements stayed at the city?
4. Answer the questions:
a) Define goals of Preparation Phase.
b) Define goals of Implementation Phase.
c) Define goals of Monitoring Phase.
d) Define goals of Post-Evaluation.
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Unit 3.2. Multi-sport event transportation strategies:
organisation, strategies and management
Topic 3.2.1. Transportation system for large events
1. Read and translate the text:
An overview of main transportation system components and interactions
in support of mega and large events is illustrated by fig. 11.
Eight key aspects and system components:
1. Transport as part of the overall event organization structure.
2. Event program and schedule.
3. Event venue spatial distribution and transportation context.
4. Event transportation system main components.
5. Transportation interactions with other organizational and logistical
aspects.
6. Transport organization at Event time.
7. Transport testing, risk analysis, contingency planning, monitoring,
transfer of knowledge (TOK) and legacy: parts of these elements intervene
before or during the Event and some after.
8. Transport and traffic delivery for all client groups.
Fig. 11. Transportation System and Strategies for Large Events
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Transport is only one support and logistical component of the large
events. But it is a crucial sector having multiple interactions with about all
other domains from ticketing to accreditation and security, from general traffic management to venue accessibility and selected parking provisions.
It is also a highly visible and sensitive sector where errors, wrong routings, special delays and accidents generally produce very quick and bad advertising. In mega event conditions, it is also one of the most expensive operating item in the same order of magnitude as technology, accommodation
and security.
By relying heavily on main metropolitan, urban or regional transport infrastructures and on public transport services, the event transport organization must directly deal with public authorities for its strategic planning, its
operation scheme and for its Events time traffic management command, control and communication.
2. New words and expressions to learn:
Spatial distribution
Transportation interactions
Contingency planning
Venue accessibility
Parking provisions
Magnitude
Accommodation
Public authorities
3. Discuss the following with your partner:
– Could you give some examples of transportation system during
large event?
– Have you ever try touristic shuttles during large events?
4. Answer the questions:
a) Define Eight key aspects of transportation system during large event
b) Describe how this aspects connect to each other.
c) With which elements transportation system has multiple interactions?
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