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Файл:Transport services in tourism logistics = Транспортное обслуживание в туристической логистике. Учебное пособие
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using a certain interface (for example, tracking). In addition, such tracking
allows you to improve the quality of the provided services, create related
services and new business models, which will increase the profit of companies.
Big Data is a term for large or complex datasets and analysis of such
data to research some useful trends and logic. Big Data gives new
opportunities to transport infrastructure. Big Data gives users information
about the movement of vehicles in real time, simplifies the process of paying
for services using various devices and applications. Vehicles, in turn, provide
information to operators to improve transportation efficiency, safety and
speed. New technologies are able to reduce traffic jam in peak hours, for
example, by giving information, to increase public transport attraction, to
create new services such as mobility-as-a-service.
Big Data creates advantages for developing new services that are meets
user’s needs and forecasting implication this new services implementation.
Data layer is the base of Smart services. We have to get this layer right
for new services developement. Data layer includes the next components:
telecommunication system, the network, identification and data exchange
(fig. 6, 7). All of this compenents are in connection by the Internet of Things.
This interconnection allows data exchange between different divices.
Fig. 6. The digitalization process
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Every day big amount of different
data is generated. It is very hard to use this
data in traditional way. So collecting,
storage, analysis, data exchanges
requires new approach. According to
researches generation data value
increased in 40 times in last ten years.
Nowadays in the digitalization,
many different programs support
tourism companies. This programs are
not in connection to each other but they
offer the combination of information which impossible to get just using one
program. Big Data systems should combine data obtained not only from
different programs that serve to perform certain functions, but also from
programs that record this data in a certain way (fig. 8).
The process of decision making to
optimize the tourism infrastructure using
big data includes the next steps:
– User’s interview is the process of
goal definition. Answers on the right
questions can help the company.
– Preparation is the process
of goals identification for the project
development.
– The process stage includes storage
and data safe. In addition, here is a data
selection and data base creation.
– Analysis is the process of the main factors definition. This stage is not
depend on goals.
– The report is transfer data to leaders for the holistic approach for goals
and developing direction.
– Action – making a decision based on the received data.
To create a model for tourism services optimization it is necessary to get
a lot of information about clients, their preferences, geography, their costs for
travelling etc. Tourism company could to combine information about costs,
data GPS, preferences and so on for forecasting the most attractive routes.
Fig. 8. Data science
Fig. 7. Basic requirements
for data layer creating
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New words and expressions to learn:
Smart city
Digitalization
Big Data
Data storage
Data exchange
3. Discuss the following with your partner:
– Give an example of ITS objects.
– What advantages of ITS implementation could you mention?
4. Answer the questions:
a) What the digitalization process is?
b) What is Big Data?
c) Define advantages of using Big Data in tourism infrastructure.
Topic 1.7.2. Creating tourism services using Big Data
1. Read and translate the text:
Data-driven solution for tourism infrastructure based on fundamental
principle of different types of tourists data analysis.
Using Big Data tourism infrastructure includes:
Transport simulation. Design and construction of transport infrastructure.
Road safety. Reducing road incidents, forecasting traffic violations.
Dynamic pricing. Demand analysis and tariffs control
Transportation infrastructure’s object analysis. Airports, railway
junction, routes etc.
Therefore, we can see that data monitoring and analysis allows making
decisions and reacting to changes. The volume of information and data
requires new information and digital technologies.
Big Data creates by users or by devices as follows:
Global Positioning System (GPS) or other geo-localized devices.
Time marks.
Device identify, it’s location and connections with different networks
such as Wi-Fi, GSM, etc.
Data received by devices, vehicles and network objects.
Data received by different ID cards, transponders, etc.
Commercial operations data.
E-mails, SMS, phone calls, social networks.
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Developing a new service requires intuitive tools that integrate data into
everyday processes and transform modeling results into real business
actions: for example, a clear interface for employee planning, detailed crossselling offers for call center agents, or a way for marketing managers to
make decisions about discounts in real time. Each plan should solve some
problems. They need leader’s attention and combine the follow: invests
priorities definition, balance of costs and sources supplying. These aspects are
the important part of strategic plans. The project new tourism service developing
based on big data usage can get the next view (fig. 9).
Fig. 9. Developing tourism service
project based on Big Data usage
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In the tourism infrastructure, the most important question is how to
balance the potential benefits of new big data technologies and analytical
models with business risks. The conducted research shows that there is often
an outflow of users when implementing new models related to user behavior,
pricing and planning.
When a project plan is created, its implementation becomes easier: data
integration, launching pilot projects, creating new tools and training
personnel occur in the context of a clear vision of a specific goal. One of the
key advantages of big data and analytics is a detailed consideration of the
project various components its development and implementation.
2. New words and expressions to learn:
Data-driven solution
Transport simulation
Road safety
Dynamic pricing
Information and digital technologies
3. Discuss the following with your partner:
– What’s your opinion about using Big Data in tourism sector?
– Try to create a new tourism service/route using algorithm from this topic.
4. Answer the questions:
a) What data can be used in tourism sector?
b) What devices can provide data about their users?
c) How to develop a new tourism service using Big Data?
CHAPTER 2. TOURISTIC FLOWS
Unit 2.1. Touristic flow as the tourism logistics research main object
Topic 2.1.1. The concept of the touristic and customers flows
1. Read and translate the text:
Tourism logistic combines the follow types of flows: touristic flows and
flows of customers. So, touristic flows divided into flow of group tourists
and tourists who are travelling without any touristic company.
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The main touristic flow contains:
a) flows of customers (potential tourists);
b) flows of organized tourists;
c) flows of amateur («wild») tourists (which is very difficult due to the
lack of any statistics).
But in tourism logistic we are taking into account just organized tourists. Organized tourist – is a person, who is travelling in the country
or abroad more than 24 hours without any work in the conditions of duty to
leave a foreign country within the specified period.
Organized tourist criteria:
1. Travelling more than 24 hours.
2. Unpaid activity (the tourist does not earn money, he spends it).
3. Duty to leave a foreign country within the specified period.
In touristic flow we can define the following touristic types:
1) domestic tourism – visitor is a resident traveling within his own
country, but outside of his usual environment;
2) foreign (inbound) tourism – visitor is a tourist who is not a resident,
he is a person traveling around the country, but not permanently residing in it;
3) foreign (outbound) tourist is a visitor who makes a trip outside of his
country, outside the customs territory of the country, but resides in it;
4) transit visitor – a person stopping in a certain area or country while
traveling to a destination (the stop period is more than 24 hours).
The concept of «tourist flow» is defined as the constant arrival of tourists to a country or region.
It is characterized by the following criteria:
The total number of tourists (including organized and amateur).
The number of tours (the number of overnight stays or bed days).
The average length of tourists stay in the country or region.
The main indicators of the tourist flow include: the number of arrivals
(departures) and the duration of stay. In addition to absolute indicators
of tourist flows, the indicator of arrivals (departures) per 1 thousand populations (relative indicator of the flow of tourists) is used.
2. New words and expressions to learn:
Unpaid activity
Amateur
Travelling abroad
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Duty to leave a foreign country
Domestic tourism
Foreign tourism
To reside
3. Discuss the following with your partner:
– What type of tourism do you prefer?
– What is an average length of your touristic trips?
– Have you ever been abroad? Where?
4. Answer the questions:
a) What does touristic flow include?
b) What types of touristic flows you can define?
c) Define who is a tourist?
d) How can you characterize touristic flows, in what criteria?
Topic 2.1.2. Touristic flows structure
1. Read and translate the text:
The main number of arrivals and departures of international tourists is
concentrated in a few countries located mainly in Europe: Austria, Switzerland, Finland, Denmark, Germany.
This creates a certain imbalance between advanced economies and developing countries. The largest exporters of tourist services are Spain,
France, Italy, USA, importers Germany, Japan, Great Britain.
Countries with an active international tourism mainly supply tourists
(Germany, USA), which is explained by the high level and cost of services in
their domestic market than in other countries.
It is quite difficult to build a single model for the distribution of international tourist flows, because each country has its own characteristics. France
is the world leader in the number of international tourist arrivals – in 2005
78 million tourists visited it. Spain takes the second place (54 million arrivals), followed by USA (46 million arrivals).
Each country has its own typical list of the most visited places by tourists, it includes, first of all, neighboring countries, as well as the USA, Great
Britain, Germany, France, Spain, Italy. Short-distance travel to neighboring
countries is a significant component of tourism – they account for about 40 %
of all international tourist trips.
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2. New words and expressions to learn:
Switzerland
Finland
Denmark
Imbalance
Advanced economy
Domestic market
Distribution
Neighboring countries
Short-distance travel
3. Discuss the following with your partner:
– What country is the most attractive for you to travel? Why?
– Is your city/ region is popular for tourists?
– What places of your city would you advice tourists to visit?
4. Answer the questions:
a) What countries are the most popular for tourists in the world?
b) Why Germany and USA have active international tourism?
c) Haw many tourists visited France in 2021?
d) Why travelling to neighboring countries is so popular?
Topic 2.1.3. Cities of Russia
1. Read and translate the text:
Moscow is the capital and most populous city of Russia with 12.6 million residents (2021). Moscow is the major political, economic, cultural, and
scientific center of Russia and Eastern Europe, as well as the largest city
(both by population and by area) entirely on the European continent.
Saint Petersburg is Russia's second-largest city after Moscow with
5.3 million inhabitants in 2021. Situated on the Neva River, it was founded
by Tsar Peter the Great in 1703. Saint Petersburg is often considered Russia's
cultural capital.
Novosibirsk is the third-most populous city in Russia, after Moscow
and St. Petersburg. It is the most populous city in Asian Russia, with a
population of 1.6 million inhabitants (2020). It occupies an area
of 502 square kilometres.
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Yekaterinburg is the fourth-largest city in Russia, located on the Iset
River, in the middle of the Eurasian continent, on the Asian side of the
boundary between Asia and Europe. In 2020, it had an estimated population
of 1.4 million.
Nizhny Novgorod is the administrative center of Volga Federal District
and Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. From 1932 to 1990, it was known as Gorky
after the writer Maxim Gorky, who was born there. The city is an important
economic, transportation, scientific, educational and cultural center in Russia, and is one of the largest centers of river tourism in Russia.
Kazan is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Tatarstan. It is
the sixth most populous city in Russia. Kazan is one of the largest economic,
political, scientific, educational, cultural and sports centers in Russia. Kazan
lies at the confluence of the Volga and Kazanka Rivers in European Russia,
about 715 kilometres from Moscow.
Rostov-on-Don is the administrative centre of Rostov Oblast and the Southern Federal District of Russia. It lies in the southeastern part of the East European
Plain on the Don River. The population is over one million people (2020).
Sochi is a city located on the Black Sea coast. Sochi hosted
the XXII Olympic Winter Games and XI Paralympic Winter Games in 2014.
It was also one of the host cities for the 2018 FIFA World Cup.
2. New words and expressions to learn:
Inhabitant
Entirely
Consider
Estimated
Confluence
Eurasian continent
Olympic Winter Games
Paralympic Winter Games
FIFA World Cup
3. Discuss the following with your partner:
– Which Russian city would you like to visit?
– Which of these cities have you already visited?
– Which cities would you recommend your friends to visit?
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4. Answer the questions:
a) The merger of which is located in Kazan?
b) What sports events were held in Sochi?
c) Which writer was born in Nizhny Novgorod?
d) Which city was founded by Peter the Great?
Unit 2.2. Logistics flows and nodes in the hotel industry
Topic 2.2.1. Hotel logistic system
1. Read and translate the text:
For hotels touristic flows could be define as information and financial
flows. Hotels have a limited number of rooms and tariffs. So the main goal
of hotels logistic is to provide services to customers in the most optimized way.
Information flows in the hotel logistics services are divided into internal
and external. Internal – it is communication between hotel stuff. External –
communications with customers includes booking, feedback and so on.
Internal information flows includes:
«horizontal» information exchange between the heads of hotel de-
partments;
«vertical» exchange of information between management and employ-
ees, determines the flow of organizational and administrative documentation;
exchange of information between customers and hotel employees as
part of the service.
Financial flows in the hotel logistics have the following specialties:
1. Financial flows are a consequence of the corresponding input infor-
mation flows;
2. Financial flows are primary relative to the corresponding service
flows (for example, in the case of prepayment).
Information, financial and service flows form the hotel logistic system.
Tourists are the source of information and financial flows in hotel logistic.
2. New words and expressions to learn:
Internal
External
Booking
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