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Файл:TOPICAL ISSUES OF LOGISTICS. Учебное пособие для студентов-магистров направления «Экономика»
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civilizations tried to build the best possible works of
construction for living and protection. Now construction
logistics has emerged as a vital part of construction. In the past
few years, construction logistics has emerged as a different
field of knowledge and study within the subject of supply chain
management and logistics.
There is also Military logistics
Logistics Management is that part of the supply
chain management and supply chain engineering that plans,
implements and controls the efficient, effective forward and
reverse flow and storage of goods, services, and related
information between the point of origin and the point of
consumption in order to meet customers’ requirements. The
complexity of logistics can be modeled, analyzed, visualized,
and optimized by dedicated simulation software. The
minimization of the use of resources is a common motivation in
all logistics fields. A professional working in the field of
logistics management is often called a logistician.
Supply Chain can be defined as having the right item
in the right quantity at the right time at the right place for the
right price and is the science of process and incorporates all
industry sectors. The goal of logistic work is to manage the
fruition of project life cycles, supply chains and resultant
efficiencies.
The main functions of a qualified logistician include
inventory management, purchasing, transportation,
warehousing, consultation and the organizing and planning of
these activities. Logisticians combine a professional knowledge
of each of these functions so that there is a coordination of
resources in an organization.
There are two fundamentally different forms of
logistics. One optimizes a steady flow of material through a
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network of transport links and storage nodes. The other
coordinates a sequence of resources to carry out some project
(e.g., restructuring a warehouse). Many companies specialize in
logistics, providing the service to manufacturers, retailers and
other industries with a large need to transport goods. Some own
the full gamut of infrastructure, from jet planes to trucks,
warehouses and software, while others specialize in one or two
parts. FedEx, UPS and DHL are well-known logistics
providers. Typically, large retailers or manufacturers own
major parts of their logistics network. Most companies,
however, outsource the function to third-party logistics
providers.
Task 1. Answer the questions
1. What are the main functions of a qualified logistician?
2. How can Supply Chain be defined?
3. What is logistic management?
4. What is the operating responsibility of logistics?
5. How many forms does logistics have?
6. Is logistics an art or a science?
7. What is the goal of logistical work?
8. What are the principle types of logistics?
Task 2. Give terms according to the definitions
1. the geographical repositioning of raw materials, work in
process, and finished inventories
2. art and science of managing and controlling the flow of
goods, energy, information and other resources from the
source of production to the marketplace.
3. part of the supply chain management and supply chain
engineering that plans, implements and controls the
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efficient, effective forward and reverse flow and storage
of goods, services
4. logistic processes within a value-adding system
5. specific time-critical modes of transport used to move
goods or objects rapidly in the event of an emergency
6. activities required to set up or establish a plan for
logistics activities to occur
7. attempts to measure and minimize the ecological impact
of logistics activities
8. activities required to set up or establish a plan for
logistics activities to occur
Task 3.
Grammar Revision: Find the sentences with Attributive
groups (String compounds) and translate them into Russian
Unit 2. Top 10 Supply Chain Trends in 2021
1. Resilience is a key focus of risk prevention. Supply chains
are complex, global and increasingly interconnected. When one
part of the network is exposed to risk, all are vulnerable to
disruption. Focusing on supply chain resilience in conjunction
with risk prevention will enable companies to mitigate adverse
events faster than the competition, take market share and
outperform.
2. E-commerce boom elevates consumer expectations of
flexible shipping and fulfillment options. As previously
mentioned, the pandemic impact of consumers shopping online
is forcing companies to create new and innovative last-mile
delivery solutions such as turning retails stores into fulfilment
centers, delivery vehicles into pickup points and passenger
vehicles into delivery vehicles. Distribution centers and
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transportation hubs will move closer to key retail partners to
enable better real-time tracking and logistics optimization.
3. Using digital supply chain proactively. The transformation
from loosely connected sets of data, processes and people
toward a fully integrated, end-to-end supply chain will
significantly enhance visibility. Information-sharing and global
data harmonization and standardization will shift today’s focus
on putting out fires to predicting them. Likewise, large-scale
vaccine distribution will be impossible without a visionary
digital approach.
4. Introduce supply chain career path early. Supply chain
organizations need a robust strategy for hiring and retaining
diverse talent. Partnerships with universities and other
organizations will develop flexible programs to prepare current
and future industry professionals to drive the supply chains of
the future. Companies must do their part to influence the
younger generation, women and minorities to pursue a supply
chain career.
5. 3D printing to the rescue. COVID-19 gave the world a
glimpse of how 3D printing can be used temporarily to alleviate
the strain on supply chains during demand surges and shortages
as it did with medical equipment. Inventors are combining 3D
printing with traditional processes creating unique
combinations of parts that perform better with lower cost that
can be manufactured closer to the customer, all while being
more sustainable.
6. Accelerated use of analytics and automation across the
supply chain. Implementation of artificial intelligence and
machine learning for predictive and prescriptive analytics will
continue to accelerate, with broad-reaching effects across the
end-to-end supply chain. Businesses that harness the power of
big data and automation will have a competitive advantage in
visibility, executional efficiency, quality and profitability.
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7. Cybersecurity is a prerequisite for survival. The explosion of
data and data-driven organizations through artificial
intelligence, blockchain and the Internet of Things (IoT) is
creating much more interwoven areas of vulnerability in
systems and tools. Social engineering, ransomware and
exploiting even the tiniest gaps of vulnerability will continue.
Supply chains must protect their networks, devices, people and
programs.
8. Low cost and reliability increase IoT usage. The IoT
continues to revolutionize supply chains by increasing visibility
and real-time tracking for both raw materials and final products
— not to mention life-saving vaccines. Cheap and reliable are
making networks more responsive and competitive. Cheap and
reliable sensors that provide large amounts of data will be
essential.
9. Corporate citizenship comes with challenges. The ethical and
ecological expectations of consumers will drive supply chains
to determine how they source, produce and serve their products
in sustainable, eco-friendly and profitable ways. This could
create challenges for all constituents, including consumers, who
may experience price increases, quality issues or product
availability problems.
10. Changing demographics. Migrations to cities are creating
new urban landscapes that have different supply chain and
infrastructure challenges. Populations in the West face an
ongoing talent shortage, as populations shrink while the
workforce ages. As consumer and talents pools continue to
evolve, supply chain leaders will need to be fixated on ways to
optimize performance to be responsive while also managing
sourcing and logistics costs.
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Task 1. Answer the questions
1. What is a key focus of risk prevention?
2. Why is cybersecurity of vital importance?
3. Why could ethical and ecological expectations of
consumers create challenges?
4. What ensures predictive and prescriptive analytics ?
5. What does the abbreviation IoT stand for ?
6. What can increase IoT usage ?
7. Why does E-commerce boom elevate consumer
expectations?
Task 2. Fill in the gaps
1. ……. are complex, global and increasingly
interconnected.
2. The pandemic impact of consumers shopping online is
forcing companies to create new and innovative
…….delivery solutions.
3. Distribution centers and ……. will move closer to key
retail partners to enable better real-time tracking and
logistics optimization.
4. The IoT continues to revolutionize …….. by increasing
visibility and real-time tracking.
5. Cybersecurity is a prerequisite for …….
6. ……..expectations of consumers will drive supply
chains to determine how they source, produce and serve
their products in sustainable, eco-friendly and profitable
ways.
Task 3.
Grammar Revision: Find the sentences with ing-forms and
translate them into Russian
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Unit 3. Nodes of a Distribution Network
When a company is founded, it is usually small and so
only has one production plant and a limited number of
customers to be served. Therefore, goods are generally
delivered to customers straight from the production plant,
with no intermediate steps. The company then sees its
business grow in terms of both size and geographical
coverage. The number of products (which may be
manufactured in different plants) increases, and so does the
number of customers (who may also be located in areas a
long way from the original customers). At this point, to serve
the most distant customers with a complex mix, it could
become necessary to create the first local infrastructures,
through which the goods can transit prior to delivery to
customers. But this is not enough. Customer service also has
to be upgraded. To achieve the necessary level of service, it
is essential to establish a very complex distribution network,
consisting of several levels (plants, regional depots, local
depots, etc.), which allow goods to be placed closer and
closer to a very large number of far-flung customers.
Considering the “distribution network” part of the logistic
system from an evolutionary viewpoint, which means
analyzing how a network generally changes during a
company’s lifetime, we can identify two basic major
changes:
1. Consolidation of market position
After the rapid growth phase, a company normally enters a
phase when it consolidates its market position and thus its
business and its customers. In this phase, the underlying
concept of every strategy is often one of efficiency. In
practice, the intention is to keep offering an excellent level
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of service, but to do so without waste. The distribution
network is therefore carefully analyzed and
often rationalized: naturally, the plants, and also the regional
warehouses, remain the same, but there is some reduction in
the local depots. This may be because the management may
have thought too big, or perhaps because of a rise in the
number of customers placing large orders, which can
therefore also be shipped directly from the plant or the
regional warehouse.
2. The search for profitability
This objective is dominant both when the business is going
well (enough has been invested and now it is time to harvest
the benefits) and when there is a “crisis looming” (only
choices which guarantee immediate returns can be adopted).
In these situations, the network will be modified again. In
practice, the rationalization process launched in the previous
phase becomes more intensive, affecting all facilities: fewer
plants, fewer depots and fewer customers (only the most
important are retained). Basically, the distribution network’s
structure is now similar to that in the company’s initial
phase.
The nodes of a distribution network include:
- Factories where products are manufactured or assembled
-Warehouses for storing merchandise (high level of
inventory)
The concept of a traditional warehouse is simple; it’s a
large building that stores bulk quantities of product
or ecommerce inventory. Distribution centers for order
processing and order fulfillment (lower level of inventory)
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and also for receiving. In order for a business to grow and
compete with other brands that sell similar items, they need
more than just inventory storage — they need expertise,
technology, and processes to help streamline
their ecommerce supply chain. That’s why distribution
centers are replacing traditional warehousing. Rather than
businesses storing inventory in a warehouse and handling
fulfillment themselves, ecommerce businesses rely on
distribution centers that provide value-added logistics
services to meet customer demand.
- Distribution centers offer the fulfillment infrastructure
and technology that help online stores offer affordable,
accurate, and fast shipping.
A distribution center is a specialized warehouse that serves
as a hub to strategically store finished goods, streamline the
picking and packing process, and ship goods out to another
location or final destination. Often used interchangeably
with the term fulfillment center, distribution centers
handle order fulfillment and other value-added services.
- Transit points for cross-docking activities, which consist
of reassembling cargo units based on deliveries scheduled
(only moving merchandise)
Cross-docking is a lean supply chain model that involves
the immediate or faster transfer of finished goods directly
from suppliers or manufacturers to customers or retailers
with little to no handling or storage (e.g., stopping a truck at
a distribution center to put it on another truck without storing
the inventory inside the warehouse). This enables faster
replenishment, reduced middle- and last-mile shipping costs
by positioning inventory closer to the end customer (e.g.,
using a distributed inventory model), and better servicing of
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your end customers. In most cases, finished goods are
unloaded from the incoming transport (from the supplier)
into the inbound dock, sorted and consolidated at the crossdocking terminal, and promptly loaded onto an outgoing
vehicle (to the customer or retailer) at the outbound dock.
This saves time and labor at the receiving dock and helps get
the inventory on to the next leg of its trip. With cross-
docking you can fast-track the retail fulfillment process for
bulk shipments and eliminate the need for long-term (or
even short-term) warehousing.
Benefits of cross-docking are: a leaner supply chain ideal
for businesses to accelerate their order fulfillment process,
reduce costs, and speed up the time it takes for products to
reach hubs and/or customers; faster shipping & receiving times,
reduced costs and time savings; provides a central site for handling
products. - when last mile delivery occurs from one central
location, known as the cross-dock warehouse, it can
help optimize your supply chain. In other words,
a distribution center acts as a sorting facility. At the crossdocking location, product is sorted and then assigned to
multiple carriers based on the shipment’s destination.
Additionally, having a central hub to handle inventory is a
great solution for B2B fulfillment that doesn’t require the
need to store inventory and pick and fulfill single
items; Reduce material handling - Cross-docking operations
involves less material handling, i.e., less need to track
movement, facilitate storage. With cross-docking, you’re
able to maintain a high inventory turnover.
Types of cross-docking Today, many ecommerce players are
switching from the traditional distributional
management model to a cross-docking approach. There are
two major types of cross-docking: pre-distribution and post-
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