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Башкирский Государственный Аграрный Университет
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Theory of phonetics. Лабораторные работы по курсу «Теоретическая фонетика английского языка»

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Diagram 2
1____________________________10_______________________ 2____________________________11_______________________ 3____________________________12_______________________ 4____________________________13_______________________ 5____________________________14_______________________ 6____________________________15_______________________ 7____________________________16_______________________ 8____________________________17_______________________ 9____________________________
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3. Complete the sentences with the words and word combina­tions from the box
air back (2) breath normal breathing elasticity exhalation frequency
glottis (3) implosives larynx (4) medium open pharynx side (2)
speech trachea tract transmission vocal (2) vocal bands vocal tract
front
1. The interaction ofa source of energy, a vibrating body and aresonator generatessoundwaves, whicharetransmitted througha ________(suchasair)totheearofthereceiver.
2. Speechsoundsareproducedinthehuman_________________. Theorgansofthevocal_________arecontainedinthehead,throat, andchest.
3. Noneoftheorgansofthe“vocaltract”has________asapri­maryfunction.
4. Theairactsasamediumforthe__________ofsoundwaves.
5. Speechisasecondaryresult oftheactivityof breathing.The pressure of theoutgoing_________ is the source of energy which initiatesvocalsound.
6. Mostspeechsoundsareproducedduring__________(inhala­tion/exhalation).
7. Somefewlanguagescontainregularlyoccurringspeechsounds producedduring inhalation.Such soundsare called_________(im­plosives/explosives).
8. Thelungs,whichfurnishthesourceofenergyfor___________ sound,areimportantorgansofthehuman__________tract.
9. Airescapingfromthelungspassesrstthroughthe__________, or“windpipe”.
10.Atthetopofthetracheaisastructurecomposedofcartilage. Youcanlocateitbyfeelingthefrontofyourneck;thisisthe“voice box”,“Adam’sapple”,or____________.
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11.The airpassage abovethelarynx isthe______________, or upperthroat.
12.Thevocalbandsarelocatedinthe____________.
13.Thevocalbandsaretwoelasticfoldsoftissueattachedtothe sidewallsofthe_________________.
14.The cartilagesto whichthevocalcords areattached canap­proacheach other,thus drawingthe ____________________ close together.
15.Theopeningbetweenthevocalbandsiscalledthe___________. Itislocatedinthelarynx.
16.Theglottiscanbeclosedcompletely.Whentheglottisisclosed, no__________canpassthroughthe___________.
17.Many languages, among them German, contain a speech soundcalled theglottalstop.This soundisproduced byclosingthe _________duringspeech.
18.Whentheglottisiscompletely__________(open/closed),air fromthelungspassesunimpededthroughthelarynx.
19.The most important property of the vocal bands is their _________. They can be stretched to varying degrees of tension, drawntogetherordrawnapart.
20.Whenthevocalbandsaredrawnapart,wesaythatthe________ isopen.By movementfrom __________to __________,the vocal bandsmovetogetheroraparttoregulatethesizeoftheglottis.
21.The vocal bands can be stretched from ____________to _________tovariousdegreesoftension.
22.Whentheglottisisinpositionfortheproductionofvoice,the vocalbandsmustbestretchedundertensionfromfrontto_________ inordertovibrate.
23.Whenthe glottisis completelyopen, thevocal bandsarenot stretchedunder tension,butrelaxed. Thisisthe positionfornormal breathing / voice.
24.Therate,or_______,ofthevocalbandsiscontrolledlargely bythedegreeoftensiontowhichtheyarestretched.
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4. Try your hand at academic translation. Translate the text be­low into English
Работа органов речи
Выдыхаемая струя воздуха из легкихпроходитчерез брон­хиипопадаетвдыхательноегорло.Верхняячастьдыхательного горланазываетсягортанью.Вгортанирасположеныдвемускуль­ныеэластичныескладки—голосовыесвязки;пространствомеж­дуними называетсяголосовойщелью. Полость,расположенная вышегортани,называетсязевомилиглоткой.
В полости рта расположены следующие органыречи: язык, нёбо,отделяющееполостьртаотносовойполости,зубыигубы. Языкподразделяетсянаследующиечасти:кончикязыка,перед­нюю часть языка, среднюю часть языка, заднюю часть языка. Небовключаетальвеолы,твердоенёбо имягкоенёбо смалень­кимязычком.
__________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________
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


1. Complete the sentences with the words and word combina-
tions from the box
aspeechsound allophones phonetics phonemic meaning phonology aphoneme(2) phonetic
1.__________dealswithallspeechsoundsthatahumanvoiceis capableofcreating,whereas_______________isthestudyofasub­setofthosesoundsthatconstitutelanguageandmeaning.
2. Theunitofphoneticsis_______________,theunitofphonol­ogyis_________.
3. ‘Theminimalpairs’testhelpstоndoutwhichsoundsubstitu­tionscausedifferencein___________.
4. ___________ isthe shortest functionalmeaningful unitof a language.
5. Theactuallypronouncedspeechsoundsare________________ ofphonemes.
6. ____________ transcriptionis knownasbroad transcription. Itprovidesspecialsymbolforallthephonemesofalanguage.
7. ___________transcriptionisalsocalledallophonicornarrow transcription.Itsuggestsspecialsymbolsincludingsomeinformation aboutarticulatoryactivityofsomeallophonicfeatures.
2. Answer the following questions:
1. Individualspeechsoundshavenomeaninginisolation.When dotheybecomemeaningful? _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________
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2.Phonemesin minimalpairs areopposedonly inone position. True/False IfFalse,correctthestatement.______________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________
3.Enumeratethefunctionsofthepassingofaspokenmessage
А)____________________________ Б)____________________________ В)____________________________
4.Human speechis theresult ofahighly complicatedseries of events.Whatarethelevels/stagesoftheactofcommunication?
А)____________________ Б)____________________ В)____________________ Г)____________________
5.Theunitofphoneticsis_________;theunitofphonologyisa

6.Theactuallypronouncedspeechsoundsarevariants,or_______ ofphonemes.
7.Allophones areimportant fordistinguishing meanings.True/ FalseCorrectthefalsestatement_____________________________ _______________________________________________________
8.Whatphonemetheoryregardsphonemeasa“family”ofsounds? _________________
9.Slantbracketsareusedtomarkoff______________transcrip­tion,squarebracketsareusedfor_______________.
10.Throughthesystemofrulesofreadingphoneticsisconnected with________________.
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3. Read aloud the minimal pairs below. Single out the phonemes which are contrasted
come–gum sin–sun lose–loose know–so read–red yes–guess mile–mine call–coal luck–lark
Bill–bit said–sad one–wine bath–bard full–fool base–beige
4. Match the words below to make minimal pairs
Lose,she,le,these,very,come,hour,mile,kill,he,geese,calm, merry,shower,shoes,call. _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________
5. Read these words that show the allophonic difference of one
and the same phoneme
/t/
aspirated:tell, tooth
unaspirated:still, stone
lossofplosion:football, white table
nasalplosion:eaten, mutton
lateralplosion:settle, little
Give your own example of the allophonic difference of the follow­ing phonemes:
/d/
partlydevoiced:__________________________________
voiced:__________________________________________
lossofplosion:___________________________________
nasalplosion:_____________________________________
lateralplosion:_____________________________________
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/k/
aspirated:_________________________________________
unaspirated:_______________________________________
lossofplosion:____________________________________
/g/
lateralplosion:______________________________________
partlydevoiced:_____________________________________
voiced:____________________________________________
6. Check your knowledge of the Phonemic Chart. Fill in the
symbols for the English vowel and consonant sounds
International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) symbols
7. Broad transcription. Each of the following words contains a tran-
scription error. Circle the error, and write the correct transcription
white
length
leaves
leather
rabbit
about
avoid
rumour
/wÖt/ /lengT/
/lÖvs/ /'leT@/ /'r¸bIt/ /'@baVt/ /{'vOId/ /'rVm@/
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



1. What are the active and passive articulators involved in the production of the consonant sound at the beginning of each of the following English word
1)asty:active:
passive:
2)oap: active:
passive:
3)eese: active:
passive:
4)istle:active:
passive:
5)ilot:active:
passive:
6)izard:active:
passive:
7)inter:active:
passive:
8)uitar:active:
passive
9)antasy:active:
passive:
10)yellow:active:
passive:
2. Give three examples of English words beginning with the fol­lowing consonant sounds
1)voicedpalatal_______________________________________
2)voicedlabial-velar___________________________________
3)voicedlabio-dental___________________________________
4)voicelessalveolar____________________________________
5)voicelessdental______________________________________
6)voicelessbilabial_____________________________________
7)voicelessvelar_______________________________________
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3. Give three examples of English words ending with the follow­ing consonant sounds
1)voicelessvelar_______________________________________
2)voicelessbilabial_____________________________________
3)voicelessdental______________________________________
4)voicelessalveolar____________________________________
5)voicedlabio-dental___________________________________
6)voicedpost-alveolar__________________________________
4. Transcribe the utterances given below. Give place labels to each of the voiced consonants. Dene consonants according to the manner of noise production
1)Betterlatethannever.________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________
2)TheImportanceofBeingEarnest._______________________
3)Watchmejugglewiththeseplates.______________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________
4)That shhas athin n.______________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________
5)BenKent’spenisgreen_______________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________
5. Give ve examples of word-initial palatal sounds in English
_______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________
6. Give three examples of each of the three nasal consonants in the middle of a word
_______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________
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