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Файл:Emergencies and Communication at Sea. Учебное пособие для СПО
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Запасной спасательный жилет.
Сбросить спасательный круг.
Выставить вперед смотрящих.
Управлять шлюпкой.
Перевести машину на режим маневренного хода.
Проследовать к дежурным спасательным шлюпкам.
Пожар на борту!
Пожар распространяется!
Дым ядовитый?
Нет, дым не ядовитый.
Раненых нет.
Раненых два человека.
Что горит?
К пожару невозможно подойти.
Доложите о раненных.
Доложите о повреждениях.
Информации пока нет.
Аварийные учения.
Проводить учения.
Борьба с пожаром.
Обнаружить пожар.
Предотвратить взрыв.
Огнетушитель.
Кошма.
Защитный костюм.
Пожарный топор.
Пожарный рукав.
Перчатки.
Каска.
Поднять флаг «Оскар».
Отдать приказ.
Место сбора.
Расписание по тревогам.
Исполнять свои обязанности.
Эвакуировать людей.
Установить количество людей на борту.
Технические меры.
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Опасные ситуации.
Подготовить.
Предотвратить пожар.
Пожарный треугольник.
аварийная кнопка.
Подать сигнал тревоги.
Покинуть судно.
4. Study Report No. 1 and the summary that follows.
Attacks by Pirates
Report No. 1
Crime: Boarding vessel, physical attack on Master Ch Eng. and Radio Officer.
Men steal $ 7 000.
Location: Malacca straits 01° N to 02° N.
Attacked vessel: tanker.
Details of attackers: 20 pirates with automatic weapons.
Summary:
20 pirates with automatic weapons attacked a tanker in the Malacca straits.
They boarded the vessel. They attacked the Master, Chief engineer and Radio Officer
and stole $ 7 000.
5. Write summary for Report No. 2
Report No. 2
Crime: Attempted hijacking
Location: 50 miles off Somali coast
Attacked vessel: cruiser
Details of attackers: persons in small fast boats
Summary:
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
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Supplementary Reading
Read the following texts and give a short summary.
Principles of Survival.
Survival is the ability to stay alive after a shipping casualty. The main
difficulties and limiting factors facing survivors are drowning and exposure. These
difficulties can be minimized by the correct type of equipment, the correct knowledge
of survivors how to use this equipment and will to survive.
The first actions and attention must be concentrated on protection person from
exposure: water, cold, wind, rain hot sun. In temperate and cold climates heat loss
from the body must be prevented by wearing plenty of clothing.
Search and Rescue services start searching at the last known position of the
ship, so do not attempt to sail away from the immediate area, keep survival craft
secured and grouped together in order to provide a bigger location target. Use the
portable emergency transmitter to send out distress signals. Use distress rockets,
flares and smokes if there is no doubt about the presence of ship or aircraft.
Rations provided in survival craft are chosen for their ability to feed and
prevent loss of body fluids and instructions for their use. Without fresh water the
body will die after only a few days, so the priority is the provision of fresh wafer. The
basic supply of water should be addition with rainwater and condensation where
possible, but sea water and urine should never be drunk.
It is recommended to plan the emergency moves in advance, to plan what to do
if an emergency will arise, where is nearest lifejacket, lifeboat or craft.
Everybody should know how his survival equipment works, because the time
of the emergency is not the time to learn:
• Before abandoning ship wear as many layers of clothing as possible to offset
the effects of cold. Wear a waterproof suit if it’s available.
• Put on a lifejacket as soon as possible.
• When abandoning ship, try to board the lifeboat or raft dry.
• If immersion is necessary try to enter the water slowly.
• Swimming increases body heat loss, swim only to a safe place nearby. To
reduce your body heat loss, float in the water with your legs together, elbows to your
side and arms across the chest.
In a survival situation it is very important to have the will to survive.
Notes:
Exposure — незащищенность
Offset — противостоять
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Life-Saving Appliances
Life-saving appliances are means with the help of which a person can survive
after abandoning a ship. They are divided into 2 big groups: personal LSA and
Collective LSA.
The first group includes lifebuoys, lifejackets, immersion suits and thermal
protective aids. Lifebuoy is made of cork or foamed plastic. It may be supplied with
retro-reflective stripes, lines, lights and smoke buoys. Smoked lifebuoys are located
on the both wings of the bridge and are intended to indicate position of man
overboard. Lifejackets are located in cabins and additionally in places where watch
are kept. Lifejacket is supplied with retro-reflective stripes and bands, light with
chemical sea battery and whistle. Immersion suit is intended to prevent loss of body
heat and may be buoyant or used with lifejacket.
The second group includes lifeboats, life rafts and rescue boats. Lifeboats may
be of different types: open, partially enclosed and totally enclosed. They are launched
by davits or free-fall method.
There are of two main types of life rafts: inflatable and rigid. They are
launched by free-fall launching. The above survival crafts are intended for
abandoning the vessel in case of distress. As a result, they are supplied with food,
water and also other means which help crewmembers to survive. For example, life
craft is supplied with painter, bailer, paddle, sea anchor, first aid kit, repair kit, day
light mirror, whistle, pyrotechnics, electric torch, fishing tackle, survival instructions
and the selected deck officer takes also EPIRB and SART which are used as
signaling appliances. The former transmits the distress signal to the satellite and the
latter transmits a signal for surrounding vessels and aircrafts.
Rescue boat is the special craft which can be launched for 5 minutes and is
used for rescue man overboard and other purposes.
Notes:
Cork — пробка Electric torch — карманный фонарь
Rigid — жесткий Fishing tackle — рыболовные снасти
Painter — носовой фалинь EPIRB — emergency position indicating radio
beacon
Bailer — черпак SART — search and rescue transponder
Paddle — весло Former — из двух вариантов первый
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PART II. ROUTINE RADIOTELEPHONE COMMUNICATION
UNIT I. SEASPEAK. GENERAL
1. Read and translate the text.
Seaspeak is the official language of navigators the world over.
Whether on the high seas or at port, misunderstood communication can lead to
serious and even dangerous situations. Seaspeak, the official language of the seas,
helps to prevent miscommunication.
Have you ever wondered how crews on ships at sea communicate? Nowadays,
crews consist of men and women from all over the world, and often, a single ship's
crew comes from a number of different countries. But that was not always the case.
Back in the 1960s, the United States and the United Kingdom dominated ocean
traffic, and 80 percent of ships' crews were native English speakers. By the end of
1970s, however, the situation had reversed, and today, 80 percent of ship's crews do
not speak English as a first language.
So what happens when a ship captain needs to communicate to their crew, to
another ship, or to shore?
Language differences onboard: A barrier to ship safety?
The need for a common language onboard is considered essential for safe
operation of a ship, at a time when the nature of seafaring itself means ships are
manned with crew members from different parts of the world.
Many studies have attempted to investigate the impact of national culture on
human failures at sea revealing that lack of a common language could make ship a
high-risk work environment. Crews coming from various nationalities have different
mother tongues, even body language and gestures, while different cultures may
interpret things differently.
Meanwhile, communication is a complex concept of its own, involving
emotional triggers and audiovisual perception, and barriers to its effectiveness vary
from physical to physiological factors.
As such, even people who speak the same language sometimes misunderstand
each other. However, consequences of misunderstandings may be fatal onboard
vessels, especially in case of emergencies, when time is limited and people normally
tend to revert to their mother tongue.
To address language differences, in 1983, linguists and shipping experts created
Seaspeak, a system of communication setting the rules on how to talk on a vessel's
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radio. The number of words that can be said is limited, and English was chosen as the
principle lexicon. In 1988, IMO made Seaspeak the official language of the seas.
Unfortunately, there have still been examples of incidents where better language
skills could have avoided accidents and, in some cases, could have saved lives:
On passenger vessels, the ability to communicate with passengers in an
emergency is fundamental for swift evacuation: Lack of a commonly understood
language among crew was highlighted after 161 people lost their lives from fire on
“Scandinavian Star” ferry in Skagerrak in 1990.
During maneuvering, language differences in VHF may prove problematic:
After collision of bulker Huayang Endeavour with tanker Seafrontier, investigators
said the language in VHF conversation between the two vessels was not precise or
simple, and, had the watchkeepers adopted SMCP under STCW, confusion risks
would have dropped.
Master-pilot collaboration depends on shared understanding: The container
ship Cosco Busan hit the San Francisco Bay Bridge in November 2007, causing
significant pollution and a major cause was lack of effective communication between
American pilot and Chinese Captain. Also, most crew had limited knowledge of
English and could not adequately understand SMS.
Selection by shipowners of a certain mix of seafarers onboard with compatible
cultural backgrounds could be helpful, but not resolving. On their part, seafarers
could dedicate time with their mates to develop mutual understanding, which can also
partly address the issue.
Seaspeak defines the rules of how to talk on a ship's radio. The number of
words is limited to ensure that messages and conversations are short and clear. Eight
words, called message markers, precede each sentence. These words are Advice,
Answer, Information, Instruction, Intention, Question, Request, and Warning.
An important rule of Seaspeak is that numbers made up of two or more digits
are spoken in single digits. For example, the number 33 is spoken as “three three” and
the time 9:33 a.m. is spoken as “zero nine three three.” Coordinated Universal
Time — the primary time standard or international time scale which the world
regulates clocks and time — is always used at sea.
2. Answer the following questions:
1. What does communication at sea involve?
2. What are the various ways to communicate at sea?
3. What are maritime communications used for?
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4. Which of the traditional communicational means/devices are still used on board?
5. How are most communications carried out today?
6. What is the modern language of the sea?
7. What is this standardized language called?
8. What is “Seaspeak”?
3. Translate.
1. Более 86 % всех судов укомплектованы в настоящее время много-
язычным персоналом.
2. Инспекторы Порта Контроля сталкиваются с проблемами в получении
элементарной информации с судов.
3. После того как был принят «Удобный флаг», многоязычные экипажи
стали обычной практикой и вместе с этим возникли не только языковые
проблемы, но и культурные тоже.
4. Языковой барьер ведет к коммуникационным проблемам и является
вкладом в так называемый человеческий фактор.
5. Моряки, знающие профессиональный морской язык всегда будут в
более выгодном положении при получении работы.
4. Fill in the following words in the gaps.
• facilitates • competence • instructions • mishaps • error codified
“English rules the waves”
English — or rather “Maritime English” — is the language of maritime
operations. The IMO (1) ...................................... English as the official language of
seafarers and adopted the Standard Marine Communication Phrases to standardize
safety terms and phrases such as the gem: “I am sinking. Please proceed to my
assistance. What is your ETA at our distress position?” Having a common language
at sea is important (just ask the passengers on the Costa Concordia who couldn’t
understand the crew’s Italian (2) ......................................, or for that matter the
crewmembers who didn’t speak Italian). Like any accepted set of standards, a
common language (3) ...................................... safe interaction and commerce.
According to recent IMO statistics “80 % of accidents taking place at sea are caused
by human (4) ......................................, with half due to poor communication.”
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Undoubtedly some of these (5) ...................................... are due to language
comprehension difficulties – not a surprise if you can imagine trying to understand a
heavily accented, non-native speaker trying to communicate something in a panic.
The IMO has studied requiring a standardized Maritime English-language
(6) ...................................... test as an amendment to its Convention on Standards of
Training, Certification and Watchkeeping, but so far has only posted guidelines.
5. Read the text and fill in the missing phrases.
A. … that most accidents are caused by human error.
B. … because multilingual crews will continue to exist.
C. … or even because of different religious beliefs.
D. … according to preliminary reports.
E. … people panic in their own language.
F. … the master and crew were Russians.
“Onboard communication problems”
Onboard communication problems due to language barriers have been
affecting maritime safety during the past years. This problem is found on board ships
having multilingual crews and a lack of a common language. It increases during
emergency situations when people must react as fast as possible under conditions of
extreme pressure. Somebody said once that (1) ......................................
After the Flag of Convenience criteria was adopted by shipowners,
multilingual crews became very common on board all kind of ships, and language
and even cultural problems, which seldom used to happen, started to take place.
In the special case of passenger ships, the lack of a common language can
make emergency situations become critical. Reviewing the “Scandinavian Star” and
“Estonia” disasters, examples of on board communication problems because of
failures in the use of the English language can be clearly found.
People who are involved in maritime activities have heard, and surely more
than once, (2) ...................................... The percentage varies but 80 % is the figure
most usually heard and the most widely accepted. Language barriers that usually lead
to communication problems among crew members are a contributor to the so called
“human factor”. Even though statistics are not accurate with regards to language
issues, there are indeed a large number of accidents that justify the fact that language
difficulties might be considered to seriously harm maritime safety.
39
Furthermore, language barriers on board are not only a matter of understanding
orders or reading instructions properly; other kinds of situations concerning the social
and cultural aspects may take place on board. It is not only the language itself which
can create problems within multilingual crews. Socially conflictive situations may
arise because of different nationalities or different cultures, (3) .....................................
On 15 February 1996, the 147,273 dwt oil tanker “Sea Empress”, carrying
crude oil from the North Sea, went aground at the entrance of Milford Haven in
South Wales. (4) ......................................, the responsibility was on the side of the
pilot and the way he performed the approach to the port.
70,000 tonnes of oil spread along 190 km of the coast of Wales and reached
marine nature reserves where several bird colonies were affected and hundreds of
oiled sea birds died. At the time of the disaster, the “Sea Empress” was managed by a
British company, owned by a Norwegian company under the Liberian flag.
(5) ...................................... Commentators said later that there were some language
difficulties on board between the British pilot and the crew, because the last ones
were not able to speak English.
There are more examples of cases where the lack of a common language on board
resulted in incidents of diverse magnitude. Nevertheless, (6) ......................................,
there will always be the need for a common language. English has largely proved to
be the language of the maritime industry by customary practice, and should be
accepted as the common language to be used on board vessels having mixed crews.
Furthermore, seafarers being proficient in English will find themselves in a much
better position to get jobs at sea. English should be considered as an opportunity for
seafarers that will give them a competitive advantage in the maritime business, and
many maritime institutes have adopted this way of thinking.
6. Answer the following questions.
1. How are Flags of Convenience related to communication problems?
2. When does the lack of a common language become more critical?
7. Write up the words from the text above.
D _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ y: lack, fault, imperfection
I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ n: communication
M _ _ _ _ _ _ _ e: size, importance
P _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ t: competent or skilled in doing or using something
B _ _ _ _ _ r: an obstacle that prevents communication
40
UNIT II. STRUCTURE OF VHF MESSAGE
1. Study the structure of VHF message.
1. MAKING CONTACT:
- initial call;
- checking / reporting radio reception;
- agreeing on / switching over to a working channel.
2. EXCHANGE OF MESSAGES.
3.TERMINATING THE EXCHANGE.
(end procedure)
Structure of VHF message for making and maintaining contact:
1. The name of the station you are calling + its call signs e.g. m/v “Atlantica”
HPRK.
2. Ship station identity / This is … /
e.g. This is m/v “Batabano” COGX.
3. Date and time /GMT/UTC/ e.g. time 15.35. GMT.
4. Position:
e.g. position: bearing two — seven — zero degrees true from West Cape, distance 6 mls.
5. Over.
NB: If the name of the ship is not known it should be addressed by the phrase
ALL SHIPS IN AREA followed by the:
- ship-type and special features;
- position;
- course and speed.
e.g. All ships in west Cape area, calling unknown ship, position: bearing:
234 degrees true, from West Cape, distance 2 mls.
To ensure that you actually say what you want to, and that you eliminate
unnecessary repetition.
PLAN WHAT YOU WANT TO SAY BEFORE STARTING.
2. Which stage does each of the following phrases belong to? Write 1, 2
or 3 next to each phrase.
This is…
Out
(Advise you) switch to VHF channel…
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