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Файл:Culturology. Educational manual
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СРЕДНЕЕ ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ
_____________________________________________________________________
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution
of Higher Education «Samara State Medical University»
of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation
Yu.A. Kuzovenkova, N.V. Baraboshina
CULTUROLOGY
EDUCATIONAL MANUAL
Рекомендовано Учебно-методическим отделом СПО издательства
в качестве учебного пособия для использования в учебном процессе
образовательными учреждениями среднего профессионального образования
по всем профессиям и специальностям
Mosсow
IPR Media
2023
UDC 008
LBC 71.4
К11
Authors:
Kuzovenkova Yu.A. — PhD in culturology, associated professor
in the Department of Philosophy and Culturology of SamSMU;
Baraboshina N.V. — PhD in philosophy, associated professor
in the Department of Philosophy and Culturology of SamSMU
Reviewers:
Pakholova I.V. — PhD in philosophy, associated professor in the Department
of Philosophy of Korolev Samara National Research University;
Stotskaya T.G. — PhD in philosophy, professor in the Department of Philosophy, Social science
and Humanity of Samara National Technical University
Kuzovenkova, Yulia Alexandrovna.
К11 Culturology : educational manual / Yu.A. Kuzovenkova, N.V. Baraboshina ; Samara State
Medical University. — Mosсow : IPR Media, 2023. — 84 p. — Text : electronic.
ISBN 978-5-4497-2282-9
The educational manual considers cultural studies as a science, a phenomenon, a
phenomenon of human spiritual life and its material manifestations. The book shows the
features of ethnic and national cultures, ethnic groups. Theoretical issues of culture and
historical aspects of the cultural heritage of Russia are considered.
The educational manual was created for students of secondary vocational schools,
technical and vocational education studying the discipline “Cultural Studies”.
Educational electronic publication
ISBN 978-5-4497-2282-9 © Kuzovenkova Yu.A., Baraboshina N.V., 2023
© Samara State Medical University, 2023
© OOO IPR Media Company, 2023
Educational publication
Kuzovenkova Yulia Alexandrovna
Baraboshina Natalia Vladimirovna
Editor М.V. Polovnikova
Technical editor, computer layout М.V. Polovnikova
Cover by Ya.A. Kirsanov, S.S. Siziumova, photobank Freepik
Signed for use 28.07.2023. Data volume 7 MB.
OOO IPR Media Company
8 800 555 22 35 (toll-free in Russia)
E-mail: sale@iprmedia.ru
4
CONTENT
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 6
1. THEORY OF CULTURE...................................................................................... 7
1.1. Culturology as a science .................................................................................. 7
Main notions ................................................................................................. 7
The notion and main tasks of culturology ................................................. 9
Connections with other disciplines ........................................................... 10
A brief history of culturology ................................................................... 10
Why is culturology important? ................................................................. 11
Literature and Internet sources .................................................................. 13
1.2. Сulture as a phenomenon ............................................................................ 14
Main notions .............................................................................................. 15
Concepts of culture ................................................................................... 16
The structure of culture ............................................................................. 22
The typology of culture ............................................................................. 23
The most important functions of culture ................................................... 23
Mentality ................................................................................................... 24
Culture, mentality and health believes ...................................................... 26
Moving into foreign country and culture shock ........................................ 27
Changing the culture ................................................................................. 29
Cultural relativism ..................................................................................... 31
Multiculturalism and cosmopolitism ........................................................ 32
Parallels between cultural and biological mechanisms ............................. 33
If animals have a culture? ......................................................................... 35
Literature and Internet sources .................................................................. 36
1.3. Ethnic and national cultures: relationship and features .......................... 37
Main notions .............................................................................................. 37
Ethnic culture ............................................................................................ 38
National culture ......................................................................................... 39
Comparison of ethnic and national culture ............................................... 40
Ethnic culture in our days ......................................................................... 41
Ethnocultural stereotypes .......................................................................... 42
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2. HISTORY OF CULTURE ................................................................................. 46
2.1. Ethnic groups of Russia and their heritage ............................................... 46
Main notions .............................................................................................. 46
Ethnic groups of Russia ............................................................................ 47
Folk arts: Folklore ..................................................................................... 48
Folk arts: Folks crafts ................................................................................ 54
Museum Grand-maket ‘Russia’ in Saint Petersburg ................................. 58
2.2. Heritage of Russian national culture .......................................................... 59
Main notions .............................................................................................. 60
Role of Peter the Great in the modernization of Russia ........................... 61
Questions of the value and meaning of art ................................................ 62
Cultural heritage of Russia: Saint Petersburg ........................................... 65
Cultural heritage of Russia: Ballet ............................................................ 69
Cultural heritage of Russia: Avant-guard ................................................. 72
Literature and Internet sources .................................................................. 83
6
INTRODUCTION
Dear students!
Culturology is a humanitarian discipline that studies and teaches theoretical
aspects and historical forms of the culture. Within this discipline students learn that
cultures are unstable and always shifting. Culturology seeks to reconstruct the
cultural universe that determines the holistic worldview of a person of a particular
historical epoch, concentrates the experience of many generations of people and,
through its prism, gives people a holistic view of themselves, forms personal value
orientations, and gives an understanding of cultural sign systems, which contribute to
the socialization, adaptation and harmonization of a person in a society.
The methodology of multi-level teaching allows to stimulate interest in the
study of the discipline “Culturology” of students with different levels of basic
knowledge and value ideas.
We wish you a lot of interesting hours and getting useful knowledge while
studding this course!
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1. THEORY OF CULTURE
1.1. CULTUROLOGY AS A SCIENCE
Content of the topic:
Culturology as a science. The history of the emergence of culturology. Object
and tasks of culturology. Culturology in the system of sciences about man, society
and nature. The structure of culturology.
This topic is the first in the study of this discipline. It is aimed at forming
knowledge about the features of culturology as a science, about its field of research
and main tasks, reveals the role of culturology in shaping the general and professional
culture of a specialist.
After the topic completion students should:
1) know:
- specifics of culturology as a science: subject, key notions, structure;
- the basic concepts necessary for the disclosure of the topic;
2) be able to:
- search and critically use the literature necessary for the explaining of the
topic;
- use the knowledge gained in the course of cultural studies to assess the
phenomena of the cultural life of modern society;
- understand the role of cultural heritage in self-improvement and self-
development of the individual;
3) have:
- skills of studying and analyzing texts with cultural content;
- methods of discussion and polemics;
- skills of public speech and reasoned presentation of their own point of view.
Main notions
The dynamics of culture is a section of the history of culture, within the
framework of which the processes of variability in culture, their conditionality,
direction, strength of expression are studied, as well as the patterns of adaptation of
culture to new conditions, the factors that determine changes in culture, the
conditions and mechanisms that implement these changes.
8
Cultural genesis is one of the types of culture dynamics, which consists in the
emergence of new cultural forms and their integration into existing cultural systems,
as well as in the formation of new cultural systems. The essence of cultural genesis
lies in the process of constant self-renewal of culture, in the emergence of new
phenomena that did not exist in culture before. Cultural genesis is not a one-time
event of the origin of culture in the era of primitive antiquity of mankind, but there is
a process of constant emergence of new cultural forms and systems.
Cultural diffusion is the spread of cultural features and properties of one
culture to another one when they come into contact. The diffusion channels are
migration, tourism, missionary activity, trade, war, scientific conferences, trade
exhibitions and fairs, exchange of students and specialists, etc.
Assimilation is a process, as a result of which members of one ethno-cultural
formation lose their originally existing culture and assimilate the culture of another
formation with which they are in direct contact.
Enculturation is a process during which a person gets acquainted with the
values, norms and attitudes of a culture and makes them the basis of his way of life.
This is a way to get involved in the culture.
Cultural rejection is a process when, as a result of the interaction of cultures,
one of them completely refuses, does not accept the cultural models and values of the
other and seeks to preserve its own traditional models and cultural values.
Cultural integration is the process of combining different cultures into a
single culture due to the proximity or similarity of basic values.
Cultural evolution is a continuous process of culture development from
simple forms to more complex ones. Cultural evolution can be viewed as a
unidirectional linear process, tracing the evolution of mankind as a whole, or as a
multidirectional multilinear one, studying the evolution of each culture or society (or
specific elements of a culture or society) separately.
Cultural revolution is fundamental changes in the spiritual life of society, the
transformation and change of the basic values of the dominant way of life,
accompanying (or preceding) a revolution in the socio-economic and political
spheres. Unlike evolutionary changes that preserve the continuity of cultural
development, a cultural revolution involves a radical transformation of the very
“core” or “code” of the culture of a given society or civilization, the restructuring of
its content, values, forms and functions.
Cultural lag is a situation where some parts of the culture change faster and
others slower. The value world of a person does not have time to adapt to too rapid
changes in the material sphere, and there is a gap in time between cultural and social
9
dynamics. Technological inventions have already appeared in society, but cultural
and social adaptation of the population to them did not occur.
Cultural stagnation is a state of long-term immutability of culture, in which
innovations are sharply limited or prohibited. Norms, values, methods of activity,
ideals are reproduced almost unchanged. The society is “conserved”, protected from
external influences, and from internal changes by strict control of various social
institutions: the state, the church, the education system, etc. Of course, some cultural
changes take place in a state of stagnation, but the life of stagnant systems moves in a
circle, reproducing the stages already passed.
Cultural borrowing is the partial or complete adoption and use of elements of
one culture by members of another cultural community. Cultural borrowings are
considered by experts to be a more common source of cultural change than
independent invention. They are considered as a peaceful way of transferring the
values of one culture to another. One nation borrows from another not everything, but
only what: a) is close to its own culture, it is something that can be understood,
appreciated and used by the natives; b) bring obvious or hidden benefits, raise the
prestige of the people, allow to move up the steps of progress, give an advantage over
other peoples; c) meets the internal needs of the given ethnos, i.e. satisfies such
fundamental needs that the cultural artifacts and cultural complexes at their disposal
cannot satisfy.
The notion and main tasks of culturology
In 1909 the German philosopher Wilhelm Ostwald coined the term
“culturology”, which he defined as the science of cultural, i.e., specifically human
activities.
Culturology is a science that studies culture as a complex system that is
constantly developing. Theoretical part of culturology studies general patterns of
functioning of culture, the laws of its development and historical part of culturology
specific historical forms of culture (the culture of England, the culture of Russia,
culture of Antient or modern Egypt, etc.).
Its main tasks are:
- the most profound, complete and holistic explanation of culture, its essence,
content, features and functions;
- study of the genesis (origin and development) of culture as a whole, as well as
individual phenomena and processes in culture;
- defining the place and role of the human in cultural processes;
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- development of categorical apparatus, methods and instruments of culture
studding;
- interaction with other sciences studying culture;
- study of information about culture that came from art, philosophy, religion
and other areas related to non-scientific knowledge of culture;
- study of the development of separate cultures.
Connections with other disciplines
A brief history of culturology
Mikhail Epstein in his work “From Culturology to Transculture” writes about
the beginning of culturology:
“Culturology is a specific branch of Russian humanities that found its earliest
expression in the works of Nikolai Danilevsky (1822–1885) and Pavel Florensky (1882–
1937), culminating in the 1960s–80s with works by Mikhail Bakhtin (1895–1975),
Aleksei Losev (1893–1988), Yury Lotman (1922–1993), Vladimir Bibler (b. 1918),
Georgy Gachev (b. 1929), and Sergei Averintsev (b. 1937). Culturology investigates the
diversity of cultures and their modes of interaction and functions as a metadiscipline
within the humanities, the aim of which is to encompass and link the variety of cultural
phenomena studied separately by philosophy, history, sociology, literary and art
criticism, etc.
The philosophy underlying culturology may be traced to the German
intellectual tradition, particularly the views of Goethe, Herder, Windelband, Simmel,
and Spengler on culture as an integral organism. From this standpoint, culture
embraces various kinds of cognitive and creative activity, including politics,
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