Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Culturology. Educational manual
.pdf
51
When, finally, it was his turn, the Lord said to him: “My son, you came too
late. I have already finished the allotment of lands. Where were you before?” Uzbek
bowed to the Heavenly Father and, laying his hand on his chest, said, “Oh, our
Creator! You taught me to be always merciful and to love neighbors. And I, the
servant of God, gave the way to everyone who wished to go forward and therefore I
am the last who appeared before your eyes”.
Face of God brightened up and pure smile lit up his face. He said: “My son,
Uzbek! You turned out a truly generous person with pure soul. And now I am going
to give you land that I left for myself and which is like a paradise”.
So the Creator of Heaven and Earth gave Uzbek the land which was between
two large rivers, flowing from the mountains. The name of this land is Uzbekistan”
17
.
The Legend of Kirk Kiz
“For millennia, people have made legends of fearless Amazons. Many armies
fled from warlike maidens. A Kirk Kiz Girl Squad stayed in the fortress of Kirk Kiz
Tepe. Enemies surrounded the walls of the fortress and began to siege the castle.
Brave girls, led by their leader Gauhar defended the fortress. Countless days and
nights they repulsed the enemy’s attack. Many enemies were killed on the battlefield.
Detachment of girls also sustained heavy losses. Only Gauhar and some girls
survived, but help did not come. They prepared to defend the city.
The fortress was burning, groans and cries were heard in flames of fire, the
walls were destroyed. Girls lost any hope. But Gauhar, having collected all remaining
arrows, neatly hit enemies. When the arrows ended, Gauhar, mortally wounded, left
the fortress. The soldiers of the enemy became rigid. Gauhar slowly stood up, a
bloody helmet fell down from her head and luxurious tresses fell down on the armor.
The girl raised her sword and with said: “My name is Gauhar, my squad of girls was
killed in the battle, and I call your commander to a duel”.
The army responded with a roar of astonishment. No one fought with this
mighty army as bravely as the girl squad did. The leader threw a piercing glance at
the girl and whispered: “I’d like to have such men in my army"”. Leaping from his
horse, he politely came up to Gauhar and carefully looked into her eyes. He realized
that he would not occupy Samarkand, but would find his death there. The commander
bowed his head and kissed the hand of Gauhar. Then he turned to his men and
17
Legend about Uzbekistan // Advantour: website. URL: https://www.advantour.com/uzbekistan/
legends/uzbekistan.htm.
52
shouted: “I saw the pearl of Samarkand and it’s enough for me. Back home!” The
army approved it and, saddling their horses, the riders shaded from view.
Brave Gauhar followed the last enemy soldier with her eyes and a smile of joy
lit up her face when they disappeared over the horizon, leaving the land of
Samarkand. At that point, the riders appeared out of the fortress hurrying to aid the
Amazons. Gauhar bowed her head with relief and whispered: “Finally!” and fell flat
on her back. All her body was wounded. Closing her eyes she remembered her
parents: how mother cooked bread and father told fairy tales, how her sister and she
ran to the market for sweets and her betrothed told of his love. It flashed before misty
eyes of Gauhar and looking at the steppe, gardens and the city of Samarkand, the
radiant joy lit up in the depths of her eyes. “The city is saved!” — a happy inspiration
flashed across her mind”
18
.
Kyrgyz mythology
Bugu tribe
“The Bugu tribe in Kyrgyzstan consider their first ancestor to have been
Mother Deer, which gave them the name of their tribe (bugu means deer in Kyrgyz).
The legend of their creation starts on the banks of the Yenisei River in Siberia, where
a tribe of the Kyrgyz lived. They constantly fought with neighboring tribes, wars
where cattle were stolen, houses were razed, and many people were killed.
One day, a beautiful bird with a human voice warned them that a disaster was
about to happen, but the people paid no attention. Suddenly, their leader, Kulchoo,
died, and they prepared to bury him. In the middle of the ceremony, there was a loud
noise, and the tribe realized they were surrounded by their bloodthirsty enemies.
They could do nothing as they were killed, one by one, until no one was left alive.
It so happened, however, that a boy and a girl from the Kyrgyz tribe had been
sent earlier to collect mushrooms, so they escaped the slaughter. On their return, they
found their parents dead, their friends dead, their relatives dead, and all their homes
destroyed. They waited until they were sure that their enemies had left, and then
began to search for food and help.
Eventually, hungry and afraid, they saw a camp at the base of a mountain.
They rushed towards it, realizing only too late that it was the camp of their enemies.
An old woman took pity on them and gave them some boiled meat, but others
18
The Legend of Kirk Kiz // Advantour: website. URL: https://www.advantour.com/uzbekistan/legends/kirk-
kiz.htm.
53
recognized the boy and the girl as Kyrgyz, and rushed them off to the khan, who was
sitting on his white felt carpet drinking kumis. He burst into a rage, furious that any
of the Kyrgyz had survived, and ordered the old woman to kill the two children, so
that not one Kyrgyz survived.
The old woman took the children to a cliff overlooking the Yenisei River and
prepared to throw them off it. She prayed to the river to accept the children and take
pity on them, as there was nowhere left on earth for them, and asked the children to
forgive her.
Then the old woman heard a voice, and turned to see a maral, a majestic female
deer with udders heavy with milk. She explained to the old woman that hunters had
killed her own children, and that she wanted to nurse the two human children. The
old woman was astonished. “You don’t know mankind,” she said. “They have no
respect for animals, or for each other. All you are doing is inviting pain and suffering.
Why would you want to do that?” The Mother Deer replied that she would take the
children away; she had plenty of milk and would be able to feed them and care for
them. The old woman relented, and gave the children to the deer.
The children followed the deer as she took them far away, over the mountains,
to Lake Issyk-Kul, where she nursed them and raised them. There, they married and
had two sons, Tynymsejit and Alesejit. They called their new tribe Bugu — the tribe
of the Mother Deer. Tynymsejit moved with his family to Naryn, but Alesejit
remained at Lake Issyk-Kul.
It was some time later that the harmony between the tribe and the deer was to
come to an end. Some people in the Issyk-Kul region killed the deer and used their
antlers as decoration for graves, so the deer left and went deep into the mountains”19.
Questions
Elementary level:
1. What kind of objects could be described in legends?
2. What functions do legends have?
Intermediate level:
1. What is the difference between mythological explanation of some facts and
scientific one?
Advanced level:
1. Find examples of anthropomorphism in legends.
2. Find examples of sociomorphism in legends.
19
Legends of Kyrgyzstan: Bugu tribe // Advantour: website. URL: https://www.advantour.com/kyrgyzstan/
legends/origin-of-bugu.htm.
54
Folk arts: Folks crafts
There are many folk crafts in Russia. Among them are various types of artistic
painting, carving in wood, bone and stone. In some regions clay toys are made, in
others lacquer products, household items and dishes with unusual patterns are
decorated.
Gorodets
The sourсe of the photo: Библиофил20
Gorodets painting originated in the 19th century in the Volga region, near the
city called Gorodets. Residents of nearby villages decorated wooden spinning wheels
with carvings. Soon, bright patterns began to decorate not only spinning wheels, but
also sleighs, chests, furniture, toys, boxes, wooden panels and many other items.
The subjects of Gorodets painting were, first of all, genre scenes: holidays,
walks, tea parties, hunting, a date for lovers, and many others. Flowers were the
second favorite motif of Gorodets painting. Often there were also images of animals,
in particular horses and birds.
The main colors that are traditionally used for Gorodets ornaments: ocher,
pink, red, blue, blue, white, green, black, yellow.
20
Прекрасное своими руками // Библиофил: сайт. URL: http://solbiblfil2.ucoz.ru/load/dlja_vas_
chitateli/knigi_i_zhurnaly/prekrasnoe_svoimi_rukami_rospis_po_derevu/58-1-0-1358.
55
Gzhel
The sourсe of the photo: Гжельский фарфоровый завод21
Gzhel is a traditional Russian craft, a special kind of painting on ceramics. To
create Gzhel, as a rule, white and blue colors are used and floral ornaments are drawn.
In the village Gzhel pottery has been practiced since ancient times. Various clay
products were created here, pottery and figurines were molded and fired. White and blue
painting appeared at Gzhel enterprises at the beginning of the 19th century. Previously,
local products were painted with multi-colored paints, but in the 1800s the technology
changed. Faience products began to be produced at Gzhel manufactories. For the new
products, a different glaze and firing technique was used. They decided to paint the
dishes and figurines with cobalt, a blue paint that easily endured high temperatures.
Porcelain products with blue painting were exported to the countries of the
Middle East and Central Asia. At this time, Gzhel dishes were called “the best of all
such kind of dishes made in Russia”.
Khokhloma
The sourсe of the photo: Культура.рф22
21
Происхождение слова «гжель» // Гжельский фарфоровый завод: сайт. URL: https://farfor-gzhel.ru/lp/
Istoriiapromysla/.
22
Хохлома // Культура.рф: сайт. URL: https://www.culture.ru/s/slovo-dnya/hohloma/.
56
“Khokhloma” — decorative painting of wooden furniture or utensils with
golden, green and red paints on a black background. There are two main types of
painting: “horse” — red and black on a golden background, and “under the
background” — a golden silhouette pattern on a colored background. Masters do not
use gold in their work. They carve objects from wood, cover them with a solution of
clay, drying oil and tin powder. Then a floral pattern is made, varnished and fired at a
high temperature in a kiln.
This Russian folk art craft originated in the second half of the 17th century in
the villages located on the left bank of the Volga, and was sold in the village of
Khokhloma, Nizhny Novgorod province, which is why the painting got its name.
From the Nizhny Novgorod fair, merchants delivered them all over Russia, and also
sold them to the countries of Asia and Western Europe. Entire dynasties of masters
worked on the formation of Khokhloma painting, the most famous of which were the
Lushins, Gushchins and Krasilnikovs.
Dymka
The sourсe of the photo: Щи.ру23
In Russia, pottery originated in ancient times. At that time, our ancestors
worshiped the sun god Yaril. On this day, the participants of the holiday threw
painted balls of clay and used clay whistles. They are the forerunners of the
Dymkovo clay toy.
Dymkovo toy is the embodiment of life in the most joyful colors. By the
beginning of the 19th century, whistles from Dymkovo won the love of the
inhabitants of all Russia. More than 100 thousand toys were produced per year, which
23
Роспись дымковской игрушки // Щи.ру: сайт. URL: https://schci.ru/dymkovskaya_igrushka.html.
57
were sold in the capital and the Orenburg province. 59 families from Dymkovo
worked on their creation.
Traditional images of Dymkovo toys are a lady, pets, a turkey. All of them are
made in bright colors, calling to show the joy of life. Clay and river sand are used to
create the figurine. The finished image is dried in the open air for several days. Then
it is burned on fire and painted. The ornaments that are depicted on it are smooth
painting combined with geometric patterns. Colors are selected according to the
principle of contrast.
Task: guess the right names of the following folk crafts:
24 25
Name:
Name:
26
27
Name:
Name:
28 29
Name:
Name:
24
Весёлое ремесло // Вера: сайт. URL: https://vera-eskom.ru/2021/06/vesyoloe-remeslo/.
25
Дымковская глиняная игрушка // Щи.ру: сайт. URL: https://schci.ru/dymkovskaya_igrushka.html.
26
Дымковская игрушка // Культурный центр «Внуково»: сайт. URL: https://www.ccvnukovo.ru/
events/145/.
27
Pinterest: website. URL: https://tr.pinterest.com/pin/516788125989022217/.
28
Pinterest: website. URL: https://ru.pinterest.com/pin/401594491768040036/.
29
Сувениры: сайт. URL: http://www.uralsuvenir.ru/greenhall/russko-narodnie/.
58
Museum Grand-maket ‘Russia’ in Saint Petersburg
Look at these photos30.
There is a museum Grand-maket ‘Russia’ in Saint Petersburg31. It was opened
on June 8, 2012. This is the world's largest park of miniatures representing the whole
Russia: from its Far Eastern borders to the “amber” coast of the Baltic Sea. Its area is
800 square meters. On this miniatures you can see examples of the material culture of
different ethnic groups. The miniatures show that people of different religions live in
Russia. On it you can see that some ethnic groups (for example, the peoples of the
North) have retained their traditional way of life, live in yurts and wear the same
clothes that their ancestors wore. In some parts of the country, people are engaged in
cattle breeding, in others — oil production, production of goods. The whole diverse
life of the country and the culture of its inhabitants can be seen in these miniatures.
30
Гранд-макет «Россия» // VK: сайт. URL: https://vk.com/grand.maket.
31
Национальный шоу-музей «Гранд Макет Россия». URL: https://grandmaket.ru/.
59
Task: work in groups (3–4 students), you have to develop a concept of a
museum “Grand-maket of my country”. Your museum has to tell about ethnic groups
living in your country. Your museum has to reveal different aspects of their ethnic
cultures.
You have to decide:
- what ethnic groups or nationalities will be represented in this museum;
- what are the most important facts about every ethnos (housing, food, closes,
type of economic activity — what do they produce);
- what has to be in your museum to introduce their culture;
- don`t forget to demonstrate the natural environment ethnic groups of your
country live in.
Make an electronic presentation in Power Point with some photos of examples
of ethnic material culture from your country.
The organization of collective work on the project involves the division of
responsibilities for the creation of the project between all members of the group.
Students should draw on their knowledge of the ethnic and national cultures existing
in their country. The idea of the museum project should reveal different aspects of
ethnic and national cultures, offer forms of representation of these cultures.
2.2. HERITAGE OF RUSSIAN NATIONAL CULTURE
Content of the topic:
Role of Peter the Great in the modernization of Russia. Questions of values and
meaning of art. Saint Petersburg as a phenomenon of Russian culture. Russian Ballet
as a great cultural heritage. Avant-guard in Russian art of XX century.
After the topic completion students should:
1) know:
- reasons and main features of Europeanization of Russian culture;
- philosophical aspects of art;
- examples of Russian cultural heritage;
2) be able to:
- search and critically use the literature necessary for the explaining of the topic;
- evaluate cultural achievements through the historical context of their creation;
- use the knowledge gained in the course to assess the phenomena of the
cultural life of modern society;
60
- understand the role of cultural heritage in self-improvement and self-
development of the individual;
- build the professional communication based on the principles of tolerance;
- show respect for representatives of another culture;
- find common patterns inherent in national culture in specific manifestations
of spiritual, material and artistic culture;
3) have:
- skills of studying and analyzing texts with cultural content;
- methods of discussion and polemics;
- skills of public speech and reasoned presentation of their own point of view.
Main notions
Europeanization is a process of bringing elements of European society and
culture into other country.
High (elite) culture is a subculture of privileged groups of society,
characterized by fundamental closeness, spiritual aristocracy and value-semantic selfsufficiency. Appeals to a select minority of its subjects, who, as a rule, are both its
creators and addressees.
Mass culture or pop-culture is a culture that is popular and dominant among
the general population in a given society.
Classical art is the highest artistic achievements of the eras of the rise of art
and culture of different peoples. The traditions of classical art in different countries
may be different due to the peculiarities of their historical and cultural development.
The “Golden” age of Russian culture is the 19th century, when great
successes were achieved in Russian fine arts, Russian architecture, literature,
sculpture, philosophy, music and theater.
The “Silver” Age of Russian culture is the heyday of spiritual culture:
literature, philosophy, music, theater and fine arts. It has been running since the 1890s
until the end of the 1920s.
Romantism is the ideological and artistic direction in European and American
culture of the late 18th century — the first half of the 19th century, is characterized by
the assertion of the inherent value of the spiritual and creative life of the individual,
the image of strong (often rebellious) passions and characters, spiritualized and
healing nature.
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]