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Файл:Basic literary translation. Учебное пособие-1
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XIII- XVI-
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Из эссе «Глаз и буква» А. Гениса
Extract 2
marmaria
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XIX
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topless.
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XX
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XIX
Из эссе «Письма из Древней Греции» А. Гениса
3.6 Commentary
Any literary work reflects its epoch and time and has traits of culture and
life. When times change, new readers may have some problems in understanding a
literary work. Especially it is true with a foreign reader, who often does not have
necessary background knowle
implicationsactions. In case of translation if background
knowledge of an original reader differs from the one of a foreign reader it results in
loss in meaning and sense. Units that often cause some loss are culture specific
terms, proper names, geographical names, quotations and allusions and other words
and notions specific to one culture and unknown or known in different way in
another culture. The phenomenon when in target language there is no lexical unit to
translate properly some unit of source language is called lexical gap. There are
different ways to compensate the loss and fill the gaps in the target text:
explication. The original lexical unit is transferred to the target text in a
form of transcription, transliteration or loan translation with some explanation (twofive words) to be better understood by the reader;
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compensation (or substitution). The translator omits the original lexical
unit and substitutes it with some notion specific to the target culture and close to the
original one that can provide general understanding of original unit;
commentary. It is detailed explanation of some lexical unit that does not
have direct translation in the target language. It gives additional information that
cannot be included into the text of translation, thats why commentary is given
outside the text, in footnotes at the bottom of the corresponding page or in notes
after the text.
Through creating commentary a translator tries to fill up senses lost in the text
of translation and able to affect the associative thinking of a reader, thus
commentary reveals some aspects of translation process in the meaning of cultural
adaptation. Commentary either can help the reader to fully understand the text or to
distract the reader in the way given by the translator. Some linguists suggest
defining types of commentary according to the nature of translation problem.
S.G. Ter-Minasova:
social-cultural (realistic). It fills in lack in background knowledge of
culture and may be encyclopedic and give just facts
Borodino – On the 26-th of August, 1812, a most important battle of the
Patriotic War was fought between the Russian and the French armies at the village
of Borodino (approx. 69 mi. from Moscow).
or research (creative) and connects additional information to the text under
translation;
Соседы, узнав обо всем, дивились ее постоянству и с любопытством
ожидали героя, долженствовавшего наконец восторжествовать над
печальной верностию этой девственной Артемизы.
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Artemisia. Queen of the city of Halicarnassus in Caria renowned in history
5
for extraordinary grief of the death of the husband (fourth century В. С.)5.
linguistic. This type of commentary explains linguistic phenomena
(usually lexical or stylistic).
T.A. Kazakova:
lexicographiccoinciding with an article from a dictionary by its form
and content;
Commentary: Veche means a popular assembly in medieval Russian towns.
comparing parison either linguistic, or cultural and
contextual traits of both original and translated units.
Пилатчина – Pilatism
Commentary: The Russain here has the suffix -china, which is hard to convey
in English, but is extremely insulting.
supplementing the unit.
«естественные науки… обрушиваются на общество, как Мамай…» –
The natural sciences… may advance upon the public like Mamai.
Commentary: Mamai – a Mongol Prince of the Golden Horde (founded by
Batyi, grandson of Genghis Khan, which held Russia in subjection for 237 years,
1243-1480); in 1380 Mamai advanced against Dmitri Donskoy, Prince of Moscovy,
and suffered a disastrous defeat.
explanatory
conveyed into other language occurs.
Вылезай, проклятый ганс. – Come out, you, confounded Hans!
Examples are borrowed from the work by S.G. Ter-Minasova.
168
Commentary: Like Jack, Jean or Ivan in the folk-tales of their countries, the
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Hans of German tales is… considered a fool (though he usually winds up with the
treasure and princess for his bride).
missedzero
necessary, or unnecessary commentary.
Крестовоздвиженск – Holycross
Commentary: Krestovozdvizhensk (literally, town of the Exaltation of the
Cross)6.
N.N. Korobeinikova:
encyclopedic. It refers to objects, situations, individuals, etc. that are
denoted by the lexical unit;
Ant lions – муравьиные львы, насекомые, личинки которых ловят
муравьев в особо устроенную в песке ямку.
idiolectal. lect;
Kagan – Dostoevsky first heard of the bird Kagan, a folkloric bringer of
happiness, during his imprisonment in Omsk (1849-53).
intertextual. It refers to other literary works or pieces of art;
Адалина почти желала попасть в грозу, чтобы увидеть ее именно здесь,
во всей ее грандиозности <...>
Такое восприятие грозы соответствует утверждениям И. Канта,
развивавшего идеи Берка о «возвышенном» в «Критике способности
суждения» (1790). Кант противопоставляет «прекрасное», которому
присуща форма, «возвышенному» – понятию, применяемому к объектам,
лишенным формы (таким как буря, шторм, гроза, водопад), которые
вызывают ощущения беспредельности.
missed. This type of commentary may be
Examples are borrowed from the work by T.A. Kazakova.
169
zero (no commentary when the reader needs it);
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distorting, lame, inadequate;
Can’t say I care for Vereschagin-and-water myself.
Vereschagin-and-water – разбавленный водой Верещагин, ср. whisky-andwater.
redundant (there is commentary when there is no need in it);
technical; it shows translation process when translators say that they are not
able to adequately translate some lexical units or doubt in adequacy of their
translation. Such commentary is usually irrelevant for the reader.
Гренада — Does Chekhov really mean Grenada, the island in the West
Indies, or Granada, in Spain? The allusion is obscure. Perhaps he is simply
emphasizing the distance of such exotic places from Yalta; no-one who comes from
Belyov or Zhizdra has the right to complain about Yalta!7
Exercises
1. Define types of commentary according to the given classifications and comment
upon their appropriateness in the translation.
From “Born Free”, by J. Adamson; перевод Л. Жданова («Рожденная
свободной»).
1) For many years my home has been in the Northern Frontier Province of Kenya,
that vast stretch of semi-arid thornbrush, covering some hundred and twenty
thousand square miles, which extends from Mount Kenya to the Abyssinian
border.
Северной пограничной провинции Кении.
Examples are borrowed from the work by N.N. Korobeinikova.
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