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15 Quality of Life and Patient Reported Outcome Measures Following Percutaneous Aortic Intervention…
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QOL andPROMS inCatheter
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Ablation ofCardiac Arrhythmia
KathleenL.Withers, HelenMorgan, andMauroLencioni
16
Introduction
Percutaneous ablation of cardiac arrhythmias is a relatively safe and effective method for the treat­ment of sustained and paroxysmal heart rhythm disorders. It has evolved from open heart exci­sion surgery that was used 60years ago to directly ablate the AV junction, via the use of focused high-voltage energy burns to produce scar tissue in the targeted region without damage to sur­rounding tissues and structures. The use of surgi­cal cryoablation developed during the 1970s [1], and in 1981, the rst successful catheter ablation was performed using DC ablation in a candidate who was unsuitable for surgical ablation, ulti­mately leading to a decision to treat him with a catheter ablation [2]. Despite earlier experimen­tal work using radiofrequency ablation, it was not until the late 1980s that its safety and efcacy was established [2] with catheter cryoablation
K. L. Withers (*) Cedar, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff Medicentre, Cardiff, UK e-mail: Kathleen.withers@wales.nhs.uk
H. Morgan Cedar, Cardiff University, Cardiff Medicentre, Cardiff, UK e-mail: MorganHE1@cardiff.ac.uk
M. Lencioni University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK e-mail: mauro.lencioni@uhb.nhs.uk
subsequently coming into use in the 2000s [3]. Over the last decade catheter ablation has been used increasingly to treat even complex arrhyth­mias, predominantly using radiofrequency and cryo-energy delivered through exible catheters [4]. The success of these operations is highly dependent on the technical skill of the surgeon and experience in selecting patients that are likely to benet from this treatment.
There are three broad categories of indications for catheter ablation: (1) denitive treatment of supraventricular tachycardia that includes nodal re-entrant, nodal dependant and focal arrhythmia substrates, (2) reduction in arrhythmia burden in symptomatic atrial brillation that is poorly con­trolled on anti-arrhythmic medication and (3) denitive treatment of ventricular tachycardia in normal hearts or in structural heart disease where medication has failed in the latter [5, 6]. Technological advances in the eld of AF abla­tion over the last ten years have made this proce­dure feasible and this in term has driven demand. Currently in the UK, catheter ablation for atrial brillation (AF) accounts for approximately 50% of these procedures [7].
A number of new advances are currently being cited as potentially further improving manage­ment of patients with cardiac arrhythmias [8, 9], with strategies including electroporation (pulsed­eld ablation), and ultra-low temperature cryoab­lation being investigated. While the benets of ultra-low cryoablation are still awaited [10],
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 T. Athanasiou et al. (eds.), Patient Reported Outcomes and Quality of Life in Cardiovascular Interventions,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09815-4_16
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studies using pulsed eld ablation have shown it to be a safe and durable option [11]. However, quality of life outcomes have yet to be reported for this treatment strategy.
While atrial brillation is a major cause of stroke and heart failure [12], the vast majority of cardiac arrhythmias are not life threating but are responsible for considerable morbidity. Paroxysmal SVT’s produce anxiety due to the unpredictable initiation of attacks and disabling symptoms during episodes of arrhythmia. Sustained arrhythmias manifest with chronic, less dramatic but equally disabling symptoms [1315].
Treatment is thus aimed at symptom control rather than risk reduction [16] as supported by a number of recent guidelines [1719]. Additionally it is well recognised that there is a strong link between cardiac arrhythmias and anxiety and depression [20, 21], further exacerbating the det­rimental effect on quality of life in this patient group. It is therefore essential that treatment suc­cess is measured not only by objective parame­ters but also considers the patients view, as changes in symptoms and quality of life (QoL) are areas which are best assessed by patients themselves. Due to this, the use of Patient Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) in patients with cardiac arrhythmias has grown sig­nicantly in recent years as their potential to measure effectiveness of care in this group has been recognised. This is reected in the increas­ing support for their use both in routine use and in clinical trials, as illustrated by the recent interna­tional Task Force for quality indicators in atrial brillation publication which recommends their use, as developed with groups including the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), the Asia Pacic Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS), and the Latin­American Heart Rhythm Society (LAHRS) [22]. Similarly, the International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement (ICHOM) atrial brillation group have developed a set of sug­gested outcome measures for use in patients with AF [23]. These include clinical and procedural outcomes such as complications and long term
consequences of the disease as well as suggested PROMs tools and their timings.
PROM tools in combination with clinical assessment are ideal at assessing effectiveness of arrhythmia treatment. At the clinical level, both patient and operator are able to quantify baseline health and quality of life issues and to review treatment outcome, while published PROMs out­comes can allow patients to make informed deci­sions about treating centres. Clinicians are also able to use PROM data to rene their selection criteria, offering treatment to patients that are most likely to improve their QoL as well as set­ting patient treatment expectations. Aggregated PROM outcomes are useful at national level, used by commissioners to determine the value of the treatment and plan future investment. This is increasingly important as growing nancial pres­sures on health service provision means it is essential that the care provided is both effective and economically efcient. Using PROMs in these varied ways can drive improvement in treat­ment quality and ultimately patient care.
As with other clinical areas, both generic PROMs tools and condition specic tools have been utilised to collect data from this patient group [5, 24, 25]. This chapter provides an over­view of the tools which have been used to mea­sure health related quality of life in studies involving patients treated with percutaneous catheter ablation in arrhythmia care.
Search Strategy
A literature search was performed using EMBASE (Ovid); Medline (Ovid) including Medline in Process and Medline Epub Ahead of Print; Scopus (Elsevier); and Web of Science (Science Citation Index). The search strategies used a range of free text terms and, where appli­cable, subject headings to describe cardiac arrhythmia, catheter ablation and tools used to measure quality of life and patient-reported­outcome measures in patients treated with cathe­ter ablation. The Medline search strategy is available as supplementary material (Appendix). The search period was from 1st January 2010 to
16 QOL andPROMS inCatheter Ablation ofCardiac Arrhythmia
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18th December 2021 and limited to English lan­guage publications.
Inclusion andExclusion Criteria
Studies in English which reported HRQoL in adults treated with catheter ablation for any cardiac arrhythmias were included. Studies involving surgical approaches such as Cox-Maze procedures and thorascopic ablation, and studies focusing on patients with implantable devices were excluded as these will be dealt with in other chapters. Studies where the primary diagnosis was not arrhythmia and those using experimental techniques were also excluded. Due to the large number of studies available, this review focuses on those studies reporting disaggregated health related quality of life data at baseline and post ablation only.
Data Extraction
Relevant articles were independently identied by two reviewers and conicts discussed to reach agreement. Full texts were reviewed to identify whether they met the inclusion criteria. As for previous chapters the information extracted included the following: author and year of publi­cation; study intent; total number of patients; age and gender of patients; length of follow up; instruments used and baseline and follow up patient reported outcome data.
Quality Scoring
A quality assessment of the included studies was not conducted for this overview.
Results
Selected Studies andTheir Objectives
The literature search identied 718 studies. Where abstracts and full text publications were
available, only the full text paper was selected. Where more than one full text manuscript was available from a single study, all were included as part of the review into factors impacting on qual­ity of life, but data extraction was limited to one paper. Ultimately, 77 papers reporting on 74 stud­ies were selected for review. Kloosterman et al. [26] and Picini et al. [27] both reported on the same study, as did Andrade etal., Samuel etal., and Yao et al. [2830]. For expediency, where study details are reported below, only Kloosterman etal. [26] and Andrade etal. [28] will be referenced. The data extracted from all identied studies is available to view in Table16.1.
The studies identied included a total of 20,118 patients with the largest study comprising 2008 patients and the smallest 31 patients. Where the time period was specied the included studies enrolled or followed up patients between the years 1999 and 2020. The majority (n = 38;
51.35%) of the studies were conducted in Europe, including 4 from the UK.Others originated from Asia (n=15; 20.27%), and North America (n=9;
12.16%), while a further 12 studies (16.22%) were inter-continental.
The included studies comprised twenty ran­domised trials [28, 36, 43, 57, 6063, 65, 66, 74,
81, 84, 85, 88, 89, 9396], and another six were
studies of patients on clinical registries [32, 34,
50, 51, 55, 67]. There were four retrospective
studies [68, 69, 97, 98] while the remaining forty- four- studies consisted of prospective cohorts of patients [26, 31, 33, 35, 3742, 4449, 5254, 56,
58, 59, 64, 7073, 7580, 82, 83, 86, 87, 9092, 99102].
Sixty studies focused only on patients treated for atrial brillation (AF) alone [26, 28, 3239, 41,
43, 4547, 5058, 6062, 6469, 71, 7376, 78 81, 8491, 93102] while two studies included
patients with AF and other types of arrhythmia: Mohanty etal. [63] included patients with co-exis­tent AF and atrial utter while Evans et al. [48] was a PROMs validation study which enrolled patients with a broad range of arrhythmia sub­strates including AF, atrioventricular nodal re­entry tachycardia (AVNRT), atrial utter, accessory pathway and ventricular tachycardia.
304
Follow-up
(months) Instrument(s)
No of patients
in Ablation arm
reporting QoL
data
Total
no. of
patients
31 31 6 ASTA
EQ-5D-3L
12 AFEQT;
115 CRYO-2
115 CRYO-4
346 115 CF-RF
K. L. Withers et al.
other relevant demographics
(race, employment, obesity,
diabetes, physical activity,
smoking, alcohol, no leisure
physical activity)
centre, cohort study
conducted in Indonesia
sex=female
n (%)
43.06 (17–74) 19 (61.3) Observational, single-
To compare symptom
burden and the quality of
life before and 6months
Paper Study intent age
Amir etal.
Table 16.1 Data from identied studies
[31]
from January through
December 2019. Treating
patient’s refractory to
anti-arrhythmic with
low-burden premature
ventricular complexes
NR NR CIRCA-DOSE
after ablation
To evaluate the impact of
Andrade etal.
multicentre prospective
parallel-group, single-
blinded RCT with blinded
endpoint conducted at 8
clinical centres in Canada.
346 patients with
paroxysmal AF refractory
contact force–guided
radiofrequency ablation
versus cryoballoon
ablation on quality of life
and health care utilization
[28]
to at least 1 Class I or III
AAD randomized in a
1:1:1 ratio to: (1) contact
force–guided point
by-point RF ablation
(CF-RF); (2) short 2-min
cryoballoon ablation
duration (CRYO-2); and
(3) standard 4-min
cryoballoon ablation
duration (CRYO-4).
(Secondary analysis
reported by Samuel etal.
[29] and Yao etal. [30]
16 QOL andPROMS inCatheter Ablation ofCardiac Arrhythmia
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SF-36
305
(continued)
222 44 6 AFEQT
Nine hundred AF patients
with low CHADS2 score
from the Chinese Atrial
Fibrillation Registry
prospectively enrolled
After
matching:
27 (36.49)
RFA group
55 (37.16)
After matching:
61.82±8.90in RFA
group
62.42±10.52in
non-RFA group
192 192 12 ASTA; HADS:
between 2011 and 2013.
After a propensity score
matching a cohort of 222
patients was constructed
with 74in the RFA group
and 148in the non-RFA
group
non-RFA
group
60.5±10.2 56 (29) Observational study with
data from SMURF study,
single centre in Sweden.
Patients with rst RFA
ablation for AF
prospectively enrolled
between Jan 2012 and
April 2014
99 99 12 SF-36
consecutive patients
prospectively enrolled
between 1st Jan 2008 and
31st Dec 2010. Patients
with recurrence of AF
55.4±8.9 20 (25) Dutch population,
(n=52) compared to
those with no recurrence
of a single RF ablation
(RFA) on QoL in atrial
brillation (AF) patients
with low stroke risk.
Bai etal. [32] To investigate the impact
Exploration of predictors
of improvement in
arrhythmia specic
symptoms and HRQoL
following RF ablation for
AF
Barmano
etal. [99]
To explore the
relationship between
documented AF
recurrences and QoL in
patients following PVI
Berger etal.
[33]
306
Follow-up
(months) Instrument(s)
No of patients
in Ablation arm
reporting QoL
data
Total
no. of
patients
736 462 12 AFEQT
57 54 24 AF6; SF-36;
K. L. Withers et al.
412 153 60 SF-36
other relevant demographics
(race, employment, obesity,
diabetes, physical activity,
Table 16.1 (continued)
smoking, alcohol, no leisure
physical activity)
US patients with AF
already prospectively
enrolled in a prospective
observational registry. 381
patients aged <65years;
355 patients aged 65+
sex=female
n (%)
284 (38.6) Analysis uses data from
71.1 older group
53.6 younger group
To quantify the healthcare
utilization and quality of
life benets of catheter
ablation for AF, for
patients 65years
compared to patients
<65years
Paper Study intent age
Biviano etal.
[34]
years. Mean age of older
group was 71.1 (SD 4.9)
years. Mean of Younger
group 53.6 (SD 9.1) years.
Older group=fewer
males; higher rates of
anticoagulation usage,
hypertension, TIA, CAD,
higher CHADS2 risk
scores
prospectively enrolled
between 2009 and 2013
57±9 23 (40) Scandinavian AF patients
To evaluate the use of an
AF-specic and a generic
patient-reported outcomes
instrument during
continuous rhythm
Bjorkenheim
etal. [35]
A prospective study of
consecutive patients with
persistent AF.Elderly
patients aged 70: Group
A 153 patients treated
with ablation; Group B
44 (29)
ablation
group
73 (28)
AAD group
75±5 ablation
group
76±5 AAD group
monitoring 2years after
AF ablation
To compared the efcacy,
safety, and QoL impact of
catheter ablation versus
antiarrhythmic drugs
(AAD) in elderly patients
with persistent AF.
Blandino
etal. [100]
259 patients treated with
AAD.Enrolled between
Jan 2005 and Jan 2009
16 QOL andPROMS inCatheter Ablation ofCardiac Arrhythmia
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307
(continued)
155 79 12 SF-36
Patients in Sweden and
Finland, enrolled between
July 2008 and Sept 2017
on the CAPTAF RCT
Trial—Patients with AF
treated with Pulmonary
vein isolation ablation
(n=79) or antiarrhythmic
21 (26.6)
ablation
group
14 (18.4)
AAD group
55.8 (10.6) ablation
group
56.3 (8.9) AAD
group
1054 943 12 AFEQT
was a prospective,
drugs (n=76).
60.6±10.9 341 (32.4) The GOLD AF Registry
observational, multi-
centre, registry with 40
worldwide sites in France,
Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Italy, the
Netherlands, Poland,
Portugal, Spain,
Switzerland, UK, Georgia,
Israel, and South Korea.
Enrolled patients between
2015 and 2017. It
included adults (≥18years
old) with PAF, persistent
AF (PersAF), or LS
PersAF who underwent a
phased RF ablation.
101 101 12 SF-36
Patients followed up in
person or by telephone.
multicentre, single-arm
trial in Germany, France
and Greece including
61.8±10.5 26 (25.7) A prospective,
patients with AF enrolled
between Dec 2014 and
May 2016
examination of standard-
of- care use for the
treatment of paroxysmal
and persistent atrial
To assess quality of life
with catheter ablation vs
antiarrhythmic
medication at 12months
in patients with atrial
brillation
Blondstrom-
Lundqvist
etal. [36]
To prospectively assess
the population,
indications, and outcomes
using second-generation
phased radiofrequency
(RF) ablation (pulmonary
vein ablation catheter
Boersma etal.
[93]
GOLD) in a global
brillation
To report long term
outcomes after single PVI
ablation in persistent AF
patients
(CRYO4PERSISTENT
AF Trial)
Boveda etal.
[37]