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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5886_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
X
- •Foreword
- •Preface
- •Acknowledgements
- •Contents
- •Contributors
- •About the Editors
- •1.2.2.3 Progeria
- •1. Bioprocessing, Bioengineering and Process Chemistry in the Biopharmaceutical Industry: Using Chemistry and Bioengineering to Improve the Performance of Biologics
- •1.1 Introduction
- •1.2.2.2 Cystic Fibrosis
- •1.3.2.1 ADC Drugs
- •1.4 Top 25 Best-Selling Drugs
- •1.5.1 An Overview
- •1.5.2 Synthetic Biology
- •1.5.8 Biopharmaceutical Regulatory CMC
- •1.5.9 Technology Transfer
- •References
- •2.1 What Is Synthetic Biology?
- •2.6 CAR-T Cell Therapies
- •2.7 Conclusion
- •References
- •3.1 Introduction
- •3.2.1 Oligonucleotide Synthesis
- •3.2.1.1 Early Synthetic Chemistries
- •3.2.2 Solid Supports
- •3.2.3 Modern Oligo Synthesis Platforms
- •3.3 Gene Synthesis
- •3.3.1 Early DNA Assembly Methods
- •3.3.2 Array-Based Gene Synthesis
- •3.4 New Discovery Bottleneck
- •3.4.1.1 Hybridoma Technology
- •3.4.1.2 Phage Display Technology
- •3.4.1.3 Synthetic Antibody Library Construction
- •Semi-Synthetic Libraries
- •Fully Synthetic Libraries
- •3.5 Perspectives
- •References
- •4.1 Introduction
- •4.2.1 Batch
- •4.2.2 Fed-Batch
- •4.2.4 Hybrid Processes
- •4.2.7 Dynamic Perfusion Processes
- •4.3.2 Glucose Limitation
- •4.4.1 N-1 Perfusion
- •4.4.3 Linked Bioreactors
- •4.5 Process Analytical Technology
- •4.6 Single-Use Bioreactors (SUBs)
- •4.7 Conclusions
- •References
- •5.1 Introduction
- •5.2.1 Molecular Format Considerations
- •5.2.1.1 The Charge-Based Electrostatic Approach
- •5.2.1.2 The Knob into Hole Approach
- •5.2.2.1 Stable CHO Host Cell Integration System—Random or Targeted?
- •5.2.2.2 Expression Vector Considerations
- •5.2.2.3 Cell Line Screening Strategy Considerations
- •5.3.1 Upstream Process Development
- •5.3.2 Downstream Process Development Considerations
- •5.3.2.1 Unique Impurity Challenges
- •5.3.2.2 Stability Concerns
- •5.5.2.1 H/H Removal
- •5.5.2.2 HMMS Removal
- •References
- •6.1 Introduction
- •6.2.1 N-Linked Glycosylation
- •6.2.2 O-Linked Glycosylation
- •6.2.3 Glycosaminoglycan Synthesis
- •6.3.1 Mannosylation
- •6.3.2 Fucosylation
- •6.3.3 Galactosylation
- •6.3.4 Sialylation
- •6.5 Glycoengineering
- •6.5.1 Manipulating Heterogeneity
- •6.5.2 Manipulating Sialylation
- •6.5.2.1 Increasing α-2,6 Sialylation
- •6.5.3 Manipulating Fucosylation
- •6.5.4 Manipulating Branching
- •6.6.1 Temperature
- •6.6.2 pH
- •6.6.3.2 Amino Acids
- •6.6.3.3 Glycosaminoglycan Production
- •6.6.4 Culture Additives
- •References
- •7.1 Introduction
- •7.1.1 AAV Gene Therapy
- •7.3.1 Humoral Immunity
- •7.3.2 Cell-Mediated Immunity
- •7.4 Conclusion
- •References
- •8.1 Introduction
- •8.2 mRNA Vaccines
- •8.2.1 Background
- •8.2.2 Production Process
- •8.2.2.2 Production
- •8.4.1 Background
- •8.4.2 Production Process
- •8.4.2.2 Production
- •8.4.2.3 Viral Inactivation
- •8.5 Protein-Based Vaccines
- •8.5.1 Background
- •8.5.2 Production Processes
- •8.5.2.1 NVX-CoV2373 (Novavax)
- •8.3 Viral Vectors
- •8.3.1 Background
- •8.3.2 Production Process
- •8.3.2.2 Production
- •8.4 Whole Inactivated Virus Vaccines
- •8.5.2.2 CoVLP (Medicago)
- •8.5.2.3 EpiVacCorona (Vector Institute)
- •8.7 Conclusions
- •References
- •9. CAR-T Bioprocessing
- •9.1 Introduction
- •9.2.1 Introduction
- •9.2.2 Lentiviral Vector Design
- •9.2.5 Upstream Bioprocessing
- •9.2.6 Downstream Bioprocessing
- •9.3 Cell Product Bioprocessing
- •9.3.1 End-to-End Systems
- •9.3.4 Activation
- •9.3.6 Cell Expansion
- •9.3.8 T-Cell Cryopreservation
- •References
- •10.1.1 What Is CRISPR?
- •10.1.4 Mechanism Behind CRISPR Gene Editing
- •10.2.1 Creating Gene Knockouts
- •10.2.2 Creating Gene Knock-Ins
- •10.2.4 CRISPR Screens
- •10.3.1 Derivative Technologies
- •10.4.2 Delivery Methods
- •10.6.2 TCR Engineered T Cell Therapy
- •10.6.3 Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Therapy
- •10.9.2 Safety Considerations
- •References
- •11.1 Introduction
- •11.1.2 Categories
- •11.2 Current Status
- •11.2.1 Approved Products
- •11.2.2 Market
- •11.3 Design
- •11.3.1 Building Blocks
- •11.3.2 Linkers
- •11.3.3 Oligomerization
- •11.3.3.1 Monomer
- •11.3.3.2 Dimer
- •11.3.3.3 Trimer
- •11.3.3.4 Tetramer
- •11.3.3.5 Pentamer
- •11.3.3.6 Hexamer
- •11.3.3.7 Octamer
- •11.3.4 Orientation
- •11.3.5 Protein Engineering
- •11.3.6 Immunogenicity
- •11.4 Manufacturing
- •11.4.1 Upstream
- •11.4.2 Downstream
- •11.4.3 Glycosylation
- •11.4.4 Aggregation
- •11.4.5 Analytics
- •11.5 Therapeutic Concepts
- •11.5.1 Half-Life Extension
- •Albumin Fusions
- •Fc Fusions
- •Transferrin Fusions
- •Repetitive Peptide Fusions
- •Glycosylated Peptides
- •11.5.1.3 Aggregate Forming Peptides
- •11.5.2 Targeting Functions
- •11.5.3.1 Fc Domain Receptor-Mediated Toxicity
- •11.5.3.2 Toxins
- •11.5.3.3 Immunocytokines
- •11.5.3.4 Human Enzymes
- •11.5.3.5 Apoptosis Induction
- •11.6 Summary
- •11.7 Future Perspectives
- •References
- •12.1 Introduction
- •12.2 ADC History
- •12.3 Target Selection
- •12.4 Antibody Selection
- •12.6 ADC Technology
- •12.7 ADC Clinical Development
- •12.8.1 Mylotarg
- •12.8.2 Adcetris
- •12.8.3 Kadcyla
- •12.8.4 Besponsa
- •12.8.5 Polivy
- •12.8.6 Padcev
- •12.8.7 Enhertu
- •12.8.8 Trodelvy
- •12.8.9 Blenrep
- •12.8.10 Zynlonta
- •12.8.11 Tivdak
- •12.9 Concluding Remarks
- •References
- •13.1 Introduction
- •13.2 Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin
- •13.3 Gemtuzumab Antibody
- •13.4 Calicheamicin
- •13.7.3 Isolation of N-Acetyl Calicheamicin
- •13.10 Conclusions
- •References
- •14.1 Introduction
- •14.2.1 Antibody Generation
- •14.3.1 Structure Prediction
- •14.3.2 Biophysical Properties
- •14.3.3 Hydrophobicity
- •14.3.5 Isoelectric Point (pI)
- •References
- •15.1 Introduction
- •15.2 ADA Program Development
- •15.2.3 Project Approach
- •15.2.4 Model Library
- •15.3 Case Study
- •15.3.3 Hypothesis Generation
- •15.3.5 Feature Engineering Example
- •15.3.7 Model Insights
- •References
- •16.1 Introduction
- •16.1.1.1 United States
- •16.1.1.2 European Union
- •16.1.2 Global Markets
- •16.4.1 United States FDA
- •16.4.2 European Medicines Agency (EMA)
- •16.4.3 The World Health Organization
- •References
- •17.1 Introduction
- •17.3.1.2 Clone Selection

xii
Preface
antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), biopharmaceutical analytics, regulatory CMC
and the tech transfer and emerging trends in biologics of biopharmaceuticals.
We are hoping to reach global readers across academia as well as the pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical industries and look forward to their participation and
input for future work.
San Francisco, CA, USA KumarGadamasetti
Chestereld, MO, USA StephenA.Kolodziej

Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the many contributors of this volume for their hard work,
dedication, manuscripts, and their patience. In addition, we want to thank the
reviewers of these manuscripts, as they were entrusted with assuring the quality of
the content and strengthening the high level of the science presented. We believe the
signicant contributions of Rosalind Franklin laid the pathway to our modern
understanding of the structure of DNA, and this led to the signicant advances made
in the twenty-rst century in bioengineering and bioprocessing detailed in this book.
We would like to extend special thanks to Anita Lekhwani, Bo Arve, Aaron Sato
and Dianne Shumay for working with us during the initial phases of the book and
helping with valuable suggestions.
We thank the staff at Springer-Nature Publishers for their outstanding support
throughout the journey and for cooperating with late-breaking changes.
xiii

Contents
Part I Overview
1 Bioprocessing, Bioengineering and Process Chemistry
in the Biopharmaceutical Industry: Using Chemistry
and Bioengineering to Improve the Performance of Biologics . . . . . . 3
Kumar Gadamasetti
Part II Synthetic Biology
2 Synthetic Biology in Drug Development and Beyond . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Aaron K. Sato and Stephen Rife
Part III Oligonucleotide Synthetic Chemistry to DNA Synthesis,
Bioprocessing and Manufacturing
3 Increasing the Scalability of DNA Synthesis and Its Key Role
in Expanding the Biopharmaceutical Discovery Process . . . . . . . . . . 55
Rebecca L. Nugent and Aaron K. Sato
4 Advancements in the Manufacture of Monoclonal Antibodies
and Other Large Molecule Protein Therapeutics: Recent
Innovations in Cell Culture Technology Enabling Process
Intensification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Gregory W. Hiller
5 Process Development and Manufacturing Considerations
for Multispecific (Bispecific and Trispecific) Antibodies:
Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Timothy Iskra, Ashley Sacramo, and John J. Scarcelli
xv

xvi
Contents
Part IV Process Engineering, Gene Therapy and Vaccines
6 Metabolic and Process Engineering to Control Glycan Structures
for Biopharmaceuticals Produced in Cultured Mammalian Cells . . . 135
Ranya Pranomphon, Vijay Tejwani, Hussain Dahodwala,
Montarop Yamabhai, and Susan T. Sharfstein
7 Even a Worm Will Turn: Immunity Following AAV Vector
Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Kruti Patel, Arpana Khatri, and Suryanarayan Somanathan
8 COVID-19 Vaccine Manufacturing Processes: Making
the Molecules to Solve the Pandemic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Jennifer A. S. Romine, Stephen A. Kolodziej, Tarl Vetter,
and Michael P. Dux
Part V Special Topics: CAR-T and CRISPR Technologies
and Applications
9 CAR-T Bioprocessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Adebola Adeniran, Salina Handy, and Abdulrahman Baki
10 CRISPR Technology and Its Application in Therapeutics . . . . . . . . . 259
Rigel Kishton, Montse Morell, Kevin Holden, Meenakshi Prabhune,
Rebecca Roberts, Bobby Moon, and Rebecca L. Nugent
Part VI Fusion Proteins, Antibody Drug Conjugates
and Process Chemistry
11 Fusion Proteins: Current Status and Future Perspectives . . . . . . . . . 287
Stefan R. Schmidt
12 Development of Antibody-Drug Conjugates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
David Y. Jackson
13 Mylotarg: The Journey to FDA Reapproval and Broad
International Approval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Leo Letendre, Durgesh Nadkarni, and Frank Kotch
Part VII Biopharmaceutical Informatics and Analytics
14 Biopharmaceutical Informatics: A Strategic Vision
for Discovering Developable Biotherapeutic Drug Candidates . . . . . 405
Joschka Bauer, Sebastian Kube, Pankaj Gupta, and Sandeep Kumar
15 Advanced Data Analytics Application in Biomanufacturing
Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
Jun Luo, Lin Qiu, Yang Tang, Grant Sumida, Sid Kundu,
and Yiming Peng

Contents
xvii
Part VIII Biopharmaceutical Regulatory CMC
16 Overview of Complexities of Global CMC Regulatory Affairs . . . . . 457
Katherine Arch-Douglas, Nathalie Dubois, Stephen Mayer,
Rich Pelt, and Andrew Nelson
17 CMC Considerations for Continuous Bioprocess Design,
Development, and Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
Yanhuai (Richard) Ding and Margaret (Peggy) Marino
Part IX Technology Transfer
18 Three Decades of Advancements in Technical Transfer
of Biologics: A Blueprint for Advanced Therapeutics . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
Mairead Looby, Ciaran Brady, Melissa Bentley, Amanda M. Lewis,
Conor Layden, Barak Barnoon, Erin Abbott, and Brendan Hughes
Part X Emerging Trends and Future of Biopharmaceuticals
19 Emerging Biopharmaceutical Technologies and Trends . . . . . . . . . . . 533
David W. Woods and Izabela Gierach
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553

Contributors
Erin Abbott Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb
Company, East Syracuse, NY, USA
Adebola Adeniran Cell Therapy Process Development, The Center for
Breakthrough Medicine, King of Prussia, PA, USA
Katherine Arch-Douglas Global Regulatory Sciences CMC, Pzer Inc., Pearl
River, NY, USA
AbdulrahmanBaki Cell and Gene Therapy, Medicinal Science and Technology,
GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
BarakBarnoon Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb
Company, Devens, MA, USA
JoschkaBauer Pharmaceutical Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim
Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach/Riss, Germany
MelissaBentley Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb,
Phoenix, AZ, USA
Ciaran Brady Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb,
Devens, MA, USA
JenniferR.Cochran Schools of Medicine and Engineering, Stanford University,
Shriram Center, Stanford, CA, USA
Hussain Dahodwala Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research,
University of Maryland, Rockville, USA
Yanhuai (Richard) Ding CMC Drug Substance/Drug Product, EvolveImmune
Therapeutics, Branford, CT, USA
NathalieDubois Global Regulatory Sciences CMC, Pzer Inc., Brussels, Belgium
MichaelP.Dux Pzer Global Supply, Pzer Inc., Sanford, NC, USA
xix

xx
Contributors
KumarGadamasetti Certum Bio, San Francisco, CA, USA
IzabelaGierach Protein Capture Science, Columbus, OH, USA
PankajGupta In Silico Team, Biotherapeutics Discovery, Boehringer– Ingelheim
Pharmaceutical Inc., Ridgeeld, CT, USA
SalinaHandy Manufacturing Science and Technology, Lonza, Houston, TX, USA
Gregory W. Hiller Bioprocess Research and Development, Biotherapeutics
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pzer Inc., Andover, MA, USA
KevinHolden Synthego Corporation, Redwood City, CA, USA
BrendanHughes Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb,
Devens, MA, USA
Timothy Iskra Bioprocess Research and Development, Biotherapeutics
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pzer Inc., Andover, MA, USA
DavidY.Jackson DYJ Pharma, San Mateo, CA, USA
ArpanaKhatri Rare Disease Research Unit, Pzer, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
RigelKishton Moonwalk Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA
Stephen A. Kolodziej Bioprocess Research and Development, Biotherapeutics
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pzer Inc., Chestereld, MO, USA
Frank Kotch Bioprocess Research and Development, Biotherapeutics
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pzer Inc., Chestereld, MO, USA
SebastianKube Pharmaceutical Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim
Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach/Riss, Germany
SandeepKumar Computational Protein Design and Modeling Biopharmaceutical
Informatics, Moderna, Cambridge, MA, USA
Sid Kundu Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations, Genentech, South San
Francisco, CA, USA
ConorLayden Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb,
Dublin, Ireland
LeoLetendre Leo Letendre Consulting, LLC, Oakdale, CT, USA
Amanda M. Lewis Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers
Squibb, Devens, MA, USA
MaireadLooby Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb,
Dublin, Ireland
JunLuo Manufacturing Sciences, Genentech, Vacaville, CA, USA

Contributors
xxi
Margaret(Peggy)Marino Downstream Process Development & Manufacturing,
AnaptysBio, San Diego, CA, USA
StephenMayer Global Regulatory Sciences CMC, Pzer Inc., Pearl River, NY, USA
BobbyMoon Synthego Corporation, Redwood City, CA, USA
MontseMorell EditCo Bio, Redwood City, CA, USA
TaritK.Mukhopadhyay Merck Research Labs, West Point, PA, USA
Durgesh Nadkarni Bioprocess Research and Development, Biotherapeutics
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pzer Inc., Chestereld, MO, USA
AndrewNelson Global Regulatory Sciences CMC, Pzer Inc., Sanford, NC, USA
RebeccaL.Nugent Tessera Therapeutics, Sommerville, MA, USA
KrutiPatel Rare Disease Research Unit, Pzer, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
RichardPelt Global Regulatory Sciences CMC, Pzer Inc., Sanford, NC, USA
Yanhuai (Richard) Ding Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, South San
Francisco, CA, USA
MeenakshiPrabhune The Scientist, Lab X Media Group, Midland, ON, Canada
Ranya Pranomphon School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural
Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Rachasima, Thailand
LinQiu Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
StephenRife Twist Bioscience, South San Francisco, CA, USA
RebeccaRoberts Synthego Corporation, Redwood City, CA, USA
JenniferA.S.Romine Bioprocess Research and Development, Biotherapeutics
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pzer Inc., Chestereld, MO, USA
AshleySacramo Solid Biosciences Inc., Charlestown, MA, USA
AaronK.Sato Twist Bioscience, South San Francisco, CA, USA
JohnJ.Scarcelli Sano, Framingham, MA, USA
StefanR.Schmidt evitria AG, Zurich, Switzerland
Susan T. Sharfstein College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY
Polytechnic Institute, Albany, NY, USA
Suryanarayan Somanathan Rare Disease Research Unit, Pzer, Inc.,
Cambridge, MA, USA
GrantSumida Manufacturing Sciences, Genentech, Vacaville, CA, USA
YangTang Nonclinical Biostatistics, Roche, Mississauga, ON, Canada

xxii
Contributors
VijayTejwani College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic
Institute, Albany, NY, USA
TarlVetter Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Durham, NC, USA
Nicholas W. Warne Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pzer Inc.,
Andover, MA, USA
DavidW.Woods Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio
State University, Columbus, OH, USA
MontaropYamabhai College of Nanotechnology, Science and Engineering, State
University of NewYork, Albany, NY, USA

About the Editors
Kumar Gadamasetti is an experienced pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical
executive with a strong operations mindset combined with integrating pragmatic
strategic vision. Currently, he is the CEO of Certum Bio in San Francisco Bay area
and has a joint appointment as the Member of the Board of Advisors with the
University of California Berkeley Postdoctoral Entrepreneurial Program (BPEP).
Over the past 30years, his focus has been in developing small molecules and biologics and marketing programs, efcient operations, R&D involving drug substance
(API) and drug product (formulations) and outsourcing management of both sides
of business with CDMOs and CROs. Kumar actively consults with both pharma/
biopharma and the academic institutions and enjoys being a liaison connecting academia to the industry and vice versa. The therapeutic areas include cancer, CV, CNS
and infectious diseases. He worked in Fortune 500 companies (Bristol-Myers
Squibb Co, NJ-USA and Amgen, CA-USA), mid-size and startups/CROs (Discovery
Partners Intl. CA; X-Mine, CA; Delphian Pharma, CA and Certum LLC, CA). Of
the several programs he worked at Pharma and Biotech companies, three culminated in making to the market (PaclitaxelTM—Bristol-Myers Squibb; SensiparTM—
Amgen and DuexisTM—Horizon Therapeutics). As the Founder and Chairman, he
spearheaded the ACS ProSpectives international conferences on “Process Chemistry
in the Pharmaceutical Industry,” and as the chair, speaker and moderator at numerous national and international conferences on API Process Chemistry and Drug
Discovery and Development. He has been a Visiting Professor at Catholic U.,
Louvain, Belgium and U. Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA and Visiting Speaker at
Humboldt U. in Berlin, Germany. In addition to several peer-reviewed publications
and patents, he published two volumes on Process Chemistry in the Pharmaceutical
Industry [1997 & 2008] and the current volume entitled, Bioprocessing,
Bioengineering and Process Chemistry in the Biopharmaceutical Industry-Using
Chemistry and Bioengineering to Improve the Performance of Biologics [2024].
Kumar’s current interests include cancer and immunotherapy—ADCs as cancer
therapeutics, API process R&D, drug formulations and manufacturing, new
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