Signicant advances in intensication of cell culture processes have occurred over the last decade. Higher productivity and a better understanding of the science of methods to manipulate product quality have been achieved. The versatility of bio­logical products to treat disease never before considered has led numerous biophar­maceutical companies recently to announce expansions of production bioreactor capacity in the hundreds of thousands of liters. If this much additional capacity is necessary, clearly there remains a need for signicant increases in efciency and productivity from upstream operations. Within this chapter, we’ve described multi­ple new technical innovations such as hybrid cell culture processes and a renewed interest in continuous perfusion processes, particularly with the potential to link directly to continuous or nearly continuous downstream recovery operations. New molecule modalities and elds such as cell and gene therapy, with minor modica­tions, can also benet from the innovations described in this chapter.