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Epinephrine is the most important drug because not
only it is very fast-
acting (essential feature), but it also
acts on the basic components of the disease (Kelly and
Patterson1974; MacColl and Young1989), as follows:
(i) by increasing heart rate through the β
effect; (ii) by
1
contracting the vessels and thus diminishing permeability (reduces edema) and increasing arterial blood
pressure owing to the α adrenergic effect; (iii) by relaxing the bronchi through the β
effect; and (iv) by stabi-
2
lizing the mastocyte membrane to prevent the cells
from releasing histamine through the β adrenergic effect.
2) Oxygen 100% through a facemask (Giovannitti and
Bennett1979; Malamed1993; Becker1995) at 6–10
l/
min in adults.
3) Cortisol or hydrocortisone (Ball1999).
Injected intramuscularly or intravenously at 7–10
mg/
kg for adults and half this amount for children (generally 100- , 300- , or 500- mg ampoules). While cortisol is
not the most potent corticosteroid, it is the fastest acting
(essential feature), and onset is within 1 hour
(Haas 2014). It controls delayed inflammatory effects
and improves hypotension and bronchospasm (Kelly
and Patterson1974).
It is important to remember that a massive dose of
cortisol over a short period, as is the case here, has very
few complications. Classic complications (i.e. stomach
ulcer, hyperglycemic diabetic coma, superinfection,
psychosis) are not relevant here, therefore it can be
administered in very severe reactions (CINIME1979).
Support Measures forMajor Manifestations
● In the case of severe bronchospasm with breathing diffi-
culties that does not resolve with epinephrine, several
inhalations of aerosolized bronchodilators (β
agonists)
2
should be administered. Their effects are almost immediate (a few minutes) and last 4–6 hours (Haas 2014).
However, they are subject to unpredictable cardiovascular effects with worsening of hypotension (Kelly and
Patterson1974). The most widely used bronchodilators
are albuterol or salbutamol.
● Severe angioedema with obstruction of the upper airway
should be treated using tracheotomy or cricothyroidotomy (Giovannitti and Bennett1979; Becker1995).
Recovery andDischarge
Any patient who experiences an allergic reaction should
undergo an allergy work- up. Furthermore, if the reaction is severe, the patient may have to be admitted to
hospital for observation (24–48 hours) (Malamed1993).
A detailed report should be provided (including time of
onset of the reaction, anesthetic administered and dose,
clinical manifestations, medication administered, and
duration of effects).
Prevention
When an allergic reaction to a local anesthetic solution is
suspected and the component the patient is allergic to is
unknown and/or allergy tests results are not yet available
(relatively common, as this can take months or years;
Harboe etal.2010; Batinac etal.2013), the options are as
follows:
1) Provide only emergency treatments with drugs such as
antibiotics and analgesics. Do not carry out a therapeutic procedure with local anesthesia.
2) Use alternatives to local anesthetic solutions:
● Electronic dental anesthesia because this tech-
nique does not involve drugs (Jedrychowski and
Duperon 1993; Yap and Ong 1996; Burke 1997;
Munshi etal.2000), although it is less effectivethan
conventional anesthetic solutions (Chapter 20).
Electronic dental anesthesia may be accompanied by sedation with nitrous oxide to increase
effectiveness.
● Use injected antihistamines as local anesthetics,
although they are less effective and more irritant for
tissue (Annex 38). These agents may be combined
with nitrous oxide to increase their effect.
● Provide treatment under general anesthetic.
When the component causing the allergy is known, it
should be avoided for life since it is absolutely contraindicated (immune memory). The available options are as
follows:
● If the allergy is to a specific local anesthetic, then we can
use other drugs that are known to be safe for the patient
based on the results of the allergy test.
● If the allergy is to the preservative (methylparaben), then
we can use cartridges that do not contain this medication
(almost no cartridges used today contain methylpara-
ben). Of course, never use multidose vials because they
frequently contain methylparaben (the component has
not yet been withdrawn from these vials) (Graham and
Hirshman1986; Malamed2004).
● If the allergy is to the antioxidant (sulfites), then we can
use anesthetic solutions without sympathomimetic
vasoconstrictors (epinephrine, norepinephrine, lev-
onordefrin), such as prilocaine 3% with felypressin
0.03 IU or mepivacaine 3% without vasoconstrictor.
However, the effectiveness of these solutions is lower
than that of those containing epinephrine (Chapters 7
and10).
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