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Chronic Total Occlusions


Chronic Total
Occlusions
A Guide to
Recanalization
Third Edition
Ron Waksman
Section of Interventional Cardiology
MedStar Washington Hospital Center
Washington, DC, USA
Shigeru Saito
Heart Center, Cardiology & Catheterization Laboratories
Shonan Kamakura General Hospital
Kamakura City, Japan

This third edition first published 2024
© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Edition History
1e, 2006; 2e, 2011 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or
otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from
this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
The right of Ron Waksman and Shigeru Saito to be identified as the authors of the editorial material
in this work has been asserted in accordance with law.
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The contents of this work are intended to further general scientific research, understanding, and
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Waksman, Ron, 1952 - editor. | Saito, Shigeru, 1950 - editor.
Title: Chronic total occlusions : A Guide to Recanalization / edited by Ron Waksman, MedStar
Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA, Shigeru Saito, Shonan Kamakura General
Hospital, Kamakura City, Japan.
Description: Third edition. | Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell, 2024. | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2023021444 (print) | LCCN 2023021445 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119517276 (hardback) |
ISBN 9781119517221 (pdf) | ISBN 9781119517313 (epub) | ISBN 9781119517337 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Coronary heart disease. | Arterial occlusions.
Classification: LCC RC685.C6 C485 2023 (print) | LCC RC685.C6 (ebook) | DDC 616.1/23--dc23/
eng/20230605
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023021444
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023021445
Cover Images: © AYImages/Getty Images; Daria Serdtseva/Shutterstock;
anek.soowannaphoom/Shutterstock; Arctic-Images/Getty Images
Cover Design: Wiley
Set in 9/11.5pt Minion by Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd, Pondicherry, India

Contents
List of Contributors, vii
Foreword, x
Preface, xii
Part I Pathology, Indications, and Review
of Clinical Trials
1 The Pathobiology of CTO, 3
Gabby Elbaz-Greener & Bradley H. Strauss
2 Pathology of Chronic Total Occlusions:
Implications for Revascularization, 10
Takao Konishi, Ji Eun Park, Diljon S. Chahal &
Aloke V. Finn
3 Indications and Guidelines of PCI for CTO, 19
Ilan Merdler, Gabriel Maluenda & Ron Waksman
Part II Imaging
4 CT Angiography: Application in Chronic Total
Occlusions, 29
Hidehiko Hara, John R. Lesser, Nicholas Burke &
Robert S. Schwartz
5 IVUS-Guided Recanalization of CTO, 35
Etsuo Tsuchikane
8 Tornus Catheter, 64
Hideaki Kaneda
9 Microcatheters: Characteristics and Use, 69
John D. Hung & James C. Spratt
Part IV Wires Technique
10 CTO Wires: Engineering 101 and Principles of
Wire Manipulation, 83
Rahul Kurup & Luiz Fernando Ybarra
11 Use of Two Wires in the Treatment of CTO, 101
Thierry Lefèvre & Thomas Hovasse
12 Parallel-Wire Techniques, 109
Sudhir Rathore & Takahiko Suzuki
13 Transradial Approach for CTO Lesions, 115
Yutaka Tanaka & Shigeru Saito
14 Subintimal Angioplasty in Coronary CTO, 121
Negar Salehi, Philippe Généreux & George D.
Dangas
15 Antegrade Dissection and Re-Entry
Techniques, 129
Anbukarasi Maran, Carson Keck & Matthew
C. Evans
6 Optical Coherence Tomography to Guide the
Treatment of Chronic Total Occlusions, 39
Francesca Maria Di Muro, Giulia Nardi, Niccolò
Ciardetti, Selcuk Kucukseymen, Alessio Mattesini
& Carlo Di Mario
Part III Wires Technology
7 New Coronary Guidewire Technology in Chronic
Total Occlusion Percutaneous Coronary
Interventions, 49
Salman Allana & Emmanouil S. Brilakis
16 3D Wiring Methods in CTO PCI, 135
Atsunori Okamura
17 Antegrade Fenestration and Re-Entry: An
Alternative Approach to Antegrade Dissection
and Re-Entry, 156
Lorenzo Azzalini & Mauro Carlino
18 Retrograde CTO PCI: Step by Step, 166
Michael Megaly & Ashish Pershad
19 Retrograde CTO Intervention via Vein Grafts, 172
Pavan Reddy & Nelson L. Bernardo
v

vi Contents
20 Tips and Tricks of the CART and Reverse
CART Technique, 177
Arber Kodra, Chad Kliger, Apurva Patel, Craig
Basman, Tak Kwan & Michael Kim
21 Debulking of CTO, 181
Etsuo Tsuchikane
22 Laser Revascularization in Coronary CTO, 186
On Topaz
23 How to Handle Subintimal Dissections, 203
Pratik B. Sandesara & William J. Nicholson
24 CTO: How to Minimize Contrast-Associated
Acute Kidney Injury, 218
Luis Gruberg
25 Mechanical Support for CTO, 232
Khaldoon Alaswad, Asaad Nakhle, Ankur Gupta,
Katherine J. Kunkel & Mir Babar Basir
26 Stent Grafts to Seal Coronary Perforation, 246
Jasleen Tiwana & Kathleen E. Kearney
27 Complications During Retrograde Approach
for CTO, 250
Yutaka Tanaka & Shigeru Saito
Part V Interesting Cases
28 Interesting Cases I–V, 257
Yutaka Tanaka & Shigeru Saito
Index, 263

List of Contributors
Khaldoon Alaswad, MD, FACC, FSCAI
Henry Ford Hospital & Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
Wayne State University, Michigan, USA
Salman Allana, MD
Minneapolis Heart Institute and Minneapolis Heart
Institute Foundation
Minneapolis, MN, USA
Lorenzo Azzalini, MD, PhD, MSc
Division of Cardiology
Department of Medicine, University of Washington
Seattle, WA, USA
Mir Babar Basir, DO, FACC, FSCAI
Henry Ford Hospital
Detroit, MI, USA
Craig Basman, MD
Department of Cardiology, Lenox Hill Hospital
New York, NY, USA
Nelson L. Bernardo, MD
Section of Interventional Cardiology
MedStar Washington Hospital Center
Washington, DC, USA
Emmanouil S. Brilakis, MD, PhD
Minneapolis Heart Institute and Minneapolis Heart
Institute Foundation
Minneapolis, MN, USA
Nicholas Burke, MD
Minneapolis Heart Institute and Foundation
Minneapolis, MN, USA
Mauro Carlino, MD, PhD, MSc
Division of Interventional Cardiology
Cardio-Thoracic-Vascular Department
San Raffaele Scientific Institute
Milan, Italy
Niccolò Ciardetti, MD
Structural Interventional Cardiology
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
Careggi University Hospital, Italy
George D. Dangas, MD, PhD
Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY, USA;
Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, NY, USA
Gabby Elbaz-Greener, MD
Department of Cardiology, Hadassah Medical Center &
The Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Jerusalem, Israel
Matthew C. Evans, MD
Medical University of South Carolina
Charleston, SC, USA
Aloke V. Finn, MD
CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD, USA;
University of Maryland School of Medicine
Baltimore, MD, USA
Philippe Généreux, MD
Cardiovascular Research Foundation
New York, NY, USA
Luis Gruberg, MD, FACC
Mather Hospital
Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine
New York, NY, USA
Ankur Gupta, MD, PhD
Piedmont Heart Institute
Atlanta, GA, USA
Hidehiko Hara, MD
Minneapolis Heart Institute and Foundation
Minneapolis, MN, USA
Thomas Hovasse, MD
Institut Cardiovasculaire Paris Sud (ICPS)
Massy, France
Diljon S. Chahal, MD
University of Maryland School of Medicine
Baltimore, MD, USA
John D. Hung, MBChB, PhD, MRCP
Consultant Cardiologist, Liverpool Heart
and Chest Hospital
Liverpool University Foundation Trust, UK
vii

viii List of Contributors
Hideaki Kaneda, MD, PhD
Okinaka Memorial Institute for Medical Research
Toky o, Ja pan
Kathleen E. Kearney, MD
University of Washington Medical Center
Seattle, WA, USA
Carson Keck, MD
Medical University of South Carolina
Charleston, SC, USA
Michael Kim, MD
Department of Cardiology, Lenox Hill Hospital
New York, NY, USA
Chad Kliger, MD
Lenox Hill Hospital/Northwell Health
Hofstra School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
Arber Kodra, MD
Department of Cardiology, Lenox Hill Hospital
New York, NY, USA
Takao Konishi, MD
CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
Selcuk Kucukseymen, MD
Structural Interventional Cardiology
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
Careggi University Hospital, Italy
Anbukarasi Maran, MD
Medical University of South Carolina
Charleston, SC, USA
Carlo Di Mario, MD, PhD, FESC, FACC,
FSCAI, FRCP
Structural Interventional Cardiology, Department of
Clinical and Experimental Medicine
Careggi University Hospital, Italy
Francesca Maria Di Muro, MD
Structural Interventional Cardiology, Department of
Clinical and Experimental Medicine
Careggi University Hospital, Italy
Alessio Mattesini, MD
Structural Interventional Cardiology, Department of
Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Careggi University
Hospital, Italy
Michael Megaly, MD, MS
Willis Knighton Heart Institute, Shreveport, LA, USA
Ilan Merdler, MD, MHA
MedStar Washington Hospital Center
Washington, DC, USA
Asaad Nakhle, MD
Henry Ford Hospital
Detroit, MI, USA
Katherine J. Kunkel, MD
HonorHealth Scottsdale Shea Medical Center
Scottsdale, AZ, USA
Rahul Kurup, MD, PhD
South West Sydney Local Health District (Campbelltown
and Liverpool Hospitals) and Sydney Medical School
University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
Tak Kwan, MD
Department of Cardiology, Lenox Hill Hospital
New York, NY, USA
Thierry Lefèvre, MD, FESC, FSCAI
Institut Cardiovasculaire Paris Sud (ICPS)
Massy, France
John R. Lesser, MD
Minneapolis Heart Institute and Foundation
Minneapolis, MN, USA
Gabriel Maluenda, MD
MedStar Washington Hospital Center
Washington, DC, USA
Giulia Nardi, MD
Structural Interventional Cardiology
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
William J. Nicholson, MD
Emory Heart and Vascular Center, Division of Cardiology
Department of Medicine, Emory University School of
Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
Atsunori Okamura, MD
Cardiovascular Center, Sakurabashi Watanabe Hospital,
Osaka, Japan
Ji Eun Park, MD
University of Maryland School of Medicine
Baltimore, MD, USA
Apurva Patel, MD
Department of Cardiology, Lenox Hill Hospital
New York, NY, USA
Ashish Pershad, MD, MS
Department of Interventional Cardiology
Chandler Regional Medical Center, Gilbert, AZ, USA

List of Contributors ix
Sudhir Rathore, MD
Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust
Surrey, UK
Pavan Reddy, MD
Section of Interventional Cardiology
MedStar Washington Hospital Center
Washington, DC, USA
Shigeru Saito, MD, FACC, FSCAI, FJCC
Heart Center, Cardiology & Catheterization Laboratories
Shonan Kamakura General Hospital
Kamakura city, Japan
Negar Salehi, MD
Mount Sinai Medical Center
New York, NY, USA
Pratik B. Sandesara, MD
Emory Heart and Vascular Center, Division of Cardiology
Department of Medicine, Emory University School of
Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
Robert S. Schwartz, MD
Minneapolis Heart Institute and Foundation
Minneapolis, MN, USA
James C. Spratt, MD, PhD
Consultant Cardiologist, Professor of Interventional
Cardiology, St George’s University Hospitals NHS
Foundation Trust, London, UK
Bradley H. Strauss, MD, PhD
Schulich Heart Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Takahiko Suzuki, MD
Toyohashi Heart Centre, Toyohashi, Japan
Yutaka Tanaka, MD, PhD
Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, Kamakura City, Japan
Jasleen Tiwana, MD
University of Washington Medical Center
Seattle, WA, USA
On Topaz, MD, FACC, FACP, FSCAI
Professor of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine
Durham, NC, USA
Etsuo Tsuchikane, MD, PhD
Toyohashi Heart Center, Toyohashi, Japan
Ron Waksman, MD, FACC
Section of Interventional Cardiology
MedStar Washington Hospital Center
Washington, DC, USA
Luiz Fernando Ybarra, MD
London Health Sciences Centre, Schulich School of
Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON
Canada
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