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Chronic Total Occlusions
Chronic Total Occlusions
A Guide to Recanalization
Third Edition
 
Ron Waksman
Shigeru Saito
Heart Center, Cardiology & Catheterization Laboratories Shonan Kamakura General Hospital Kamakura City, Japan
This third edition first published 2024 © 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Edition History
1e, 2006; 2e, 2011 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
The right of Ron Waksman and Shigeru Saito to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with law.
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Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty
The contents of this work are intended to further general scientific research, understanding, and discussion only and are not intended and should not be relied upon as recommending or promoting scientific method, diagnosis, or treatment by physicians for any particular patient. In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of medicines, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each medicine, equipment, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials or promotional statements for this work. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Waksman, Ron, 1952 - editor. | Saito, Shigeru, 1950 - editor. Title: Chronic total occlusions : A Guide to Recanalization / edited by Ron Waksman, MedStar
Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA, Shigeru Saito, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, Kamakura City, Japan.
Description: Third edition. | Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell, 2024. | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2023021444 (print) | LCCN 2023021445 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119517276 (hardback) |
ISBN 9781119517221 (pdf) | ISBN 9781119517313 (epub) | ISBN 9781119517337 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Coronary heart disease. | Arterial occlusions. Classification: LCC RC685.C6 C485 2023 (print) | LCC RC685.C6 (ebook) | DDC 616.1/23--dc23/
eng/20230605 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023021444 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023021445
Cover Images: © AYImages/Getty Images; Daria Serdtseva/Shutterstock; anek.soowannaphoom/Shutterstock; Arctic-Images/Getty Images Cover Design: Wiley
Set in 9/11.5pt Minion by Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd, Pondicherry, India
Contents
List of Contributors, vii
Foreword, x
Preface, xii
Part I Pathology, Indications, and Review of Clinical Trials
1 The Pathobiology of CTO, 3
Gabby Elbaz-Greener & Bradley H. Strauss
2 Pathology of Chronic Total Occlusions:
Implications for Revascularization, 10
Takao Konishi, Ji Eun Park, Diljon S. Chahal & Aloke V. Finn
3 Indications and Guidelines of PCI for CTO, 19
Ilan Merdler, Gabriel Maluenda & Ron Waksman
Part II Imaging
4 CT Angiography: Application in Chronic Total
Occlusions, 29
Hidehiko Hara, John R. Lesser, Nicholas Burke & Robert S. Schwartz
5 IVUS-Guided Recanalization of CTO, 35
Etsuo Tsuchikane
8 Tornus Catheter, 64
Hideaki Kaneda
9 Microcatheters: Characteristics and Use, 69
John D. Hung & James C. Spratt
Part IV Wires Technique
10 CTO Wires: Engineering 101 and Principles of
Wire Manipulation, 83
Rahul Kurup & Luiz Fernando Ybarra
11 Use of Two Wires in the Treatment of CTO, 101
Thierry Lefèvre & Thomas Hovasse
12 Parallel-Wire Techniques, 109
Sudhir Rathore & Takahiko Suzuki
13 Transradial Approach for CTO Lesions, 115
Yutaka Tanaka & Shigeru Saito
14 Subintimal Angioplasty in Coronary CTO, 121
Negar Salehi, Philippe Généreux & George D. Dangas
15 Antegrade Dissection and Re-Entry
Techniques, 129
Anbukarasi Maran, Carson Keck & Matthew C. Evans
6 Optical Coherence Tomography to Guide the
Treatment of Chronic Total Occlusions, 39
Francesca Maria Di Muro, Giulia Nardi, Niccolò Ciardetti, Selcuk Kucukseymen, Alessio Mattesini & Carlo Di Mario
Part III Wires Technology
7 New Coronary Guidewire Technology in Chronic
Total Occlusion Percutaneous Coronary Interventions, 49
Salman Allana & Emmanouil S. Brilakis
16 3D Wiring Methods in CTO PCI, 135
Atsunori Okamura
17 Antegrade Fenestration and Re-Entry: An
Alternative Approach to Antegrade Dissection and Re-Entry, 156
Lorenzo Azzalini & Mauro Carlino
18 Retrograde CTO PCI: Step by Step, 166
Michael Megaly & Ashish Pershad
19 Retrograde CTO Intervention via Vein Grafts, 172
Pavan Reddy & Nelson L. Bernardo
v
vi Contents
20 Tips and Tricks of the CART and Reverse
CART Technique, 177
Arber Kodra, Chad Kliger, Apurva Patel, Craig Basman, Tak Kwan & Michael Kim
21 Debulking of CTO, 181
Etsuo Tsuchikane
22 Laser Revascularization in Coronary CTO, 186
On Topaz
23 How to Handle Subintimal Dissections, 203
Pratik B. Sandesara & William J. Nicholson
24 CTO: How to Minimize Contrast-Associated
Acute Kidney Injury, 218
Luis Gruberg
25 Mechanical Support for CTO, 232
Khaldoon Alaswad, Asaad Nakhle, Ankur Gupta, Katherine J. Kunkel & Mir Babar Basir
26 Stent Grafts to Seal Coronary Perforation, 246
Jasleen Tiwana & Kathleen E. Kearney
27 Complications During Retrograde Approach
for CTO, 250
Yutaka Tanaka & Shigeru Saito
Part V Interesting Cases
28 Interesting Cases I–V, 257
Yutaka Tanaka & Shigeru Saito
Index, 263
List of Contributors
Khaldoon Alaswad, MD, FACC, FSCAI
Henry Ford Hospital & Health System, Detroit, MI, USA Wayne State University, Michigan, USA
Salman Allana, MD
Minneapolis Heart Institute and Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation Minneapolis, MN, USA
Lorenzo Azzalini, MD, PhD, MSc
Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA
Mir Babar Basir, DO, FACC, FSCAI
Henry Ford Hospital Detroit, MI, USA
Craig Basman, MD
Department of Cardiology, Lenox Hill Hospital New York, NY, USA
Nelson L. Bernardo, MD
Section of Interventional Cardiology MedStar Washington Hospital Center Washington, DC, USA
Emmanouil S. Brilakis, MD, PhD
Minneapolis Heart Institute and Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation Minneapolis, MN, USA
Nicholas Burke, MD
Minneapolis Heart Institute and Foundation Minneapolis, MN, USA
Mauro Carlino, MD, PhD, MSc
Division of Interventional Cardiology Cardio-Thoracic-Vascular Department San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan, Italy
Niccolò Ciardetti, MD
Structural Interventional Cardiology Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine Careggi University Hospital, Italy
George D. Dangas, MD, PhD
Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, NY, USA
Gabby Elbaz-Greener, MD
Department of Cardiology, Hadassah Medical Center & The Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem, Israel
Matthew C. Evans, MD
Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, SC, USA
Aloke V. Finn, MD
CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD, USA; University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
Philippe Généreux, MD
Cardiovascular Research Foundation New York, NY, USA
Luis Gruberg, MD, FACC
Mather Hospital Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine New York, NY, USA
Ankur Gupta, MD, PhD
Piedmont Heart Institute Atlanta, GA, USA
Hidehiko Hara, MD
Minneapolis Heart Institute and Foundation Minneapolis, MN, USA
Thomas Hovasse, MD
Institut Cardiovasculaire Paris Sud (ICPS) Massy, France
Diljon S. Chahal, MD
University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
John D. Hung, MBChB, PhD, MRCP
Consultant Cardiologist, Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital Liverpool University Foundation Trust, UK
vii
viii List of Contributors
Hideaki Kaneda, MD, PhD
Okinaka Memorial Institute for Medical Research Toky o, Ja pan
Kathleen E. Kearney, MD
University of Washington Medical Center Seattle, WA, USA
Carson Keck, MD
Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, SC, USA
Michael Kim, MD
Department of Cardiology, Lenox Hill Hospital New York, NY, USA
Chad Kliger, MD
Lenox Hill Hospital/Northwell Health Hofstra School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
Arber Kodra, MD
Department of Cardiology, Lenox Hill Hospital New York, NY, USA
Takao Konishi, MD
CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
Selcuk Kucukseymen, MD
Structural Interventional Cardiology Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine Careggi University Hospital, Italy
Anbukarasi Maran, MD
Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, SC, USA
Carlo Di Mario, MD, PhD, FESC, FACC,
FSCAI, FRCP
Structural Interventional Cardiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine Careggi University Hospital, Italy
Francesca Maria Di Muro, MD
Structural Interventional Cardiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine Careggi University Hospital, Italy
Alessio Mattesini, MD
Structural Interventional Cardiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Careggi University Hospital, Italy
Michael Megaly, MD, MS
Willis Knighton Heart Institute, Shreveport, LA, USA
Ilan Merdler, MD, MHA
MedStar Washington Hospital Center Washington, DC, USA
Asaad Nakhle, MD
Henry Ford Hospital Detroit, MI, USA
Katherine J. Kunkel, MD
HonorHealth Scottsdale Shea Medical Center Scottsdale, AZ, USA
Rahul Kurup, MD, PhD
South West Sydney Local Health District (Campbelltown and Liverpool Hospitals) and Sydney Medical School University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
Tak Kwan, MD
Department of Cardiology, Lenox Hill Hospital New York, NY, USA
Thierry Lefèvre, MD, FESC, FSCAI
Institut Cardiovasculaire Paris Sud (ICPS) Massy, France
John R. Lesser, MD
Minneapolis Heart Institute and Foundation Minneapolis, MN, USA
Gabriel Maluenda, MD
MedStar Washington Hospital Center Washington, DC, USA
Giulia Nardi, MD
Structural Interventional Cardiology Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
William J. Nicholson, MD
Emory Heart and Vascular Center, Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
Atsunori Okamura, MD
Cardiovascular Center, Sakurabashi Watanabe Hospital, Osaka, Japan
Ji Eun Park, MD
University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
Apurva Patel, MD
Department of Cardiology, Lenox Hill Hospital New York, NY, USA
Ashish Pershad, MD, MS
Department of Interventional Cardiology Chandler Regional Medical Center, Gilbert, AZ, USA
List of Contributors ix
Sudhir Rathore, MD
Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust Surrey, UK
Pavan Reddy, MD
Section of Interventional Cardiology MedStar Washington Hospital Center Washington, DC, USA
Shigeru Saito, MD, FACC, FSCAI, FJCC
Heart Center, Cardiology & Catheterization Laboratories Shonan Kamakura General Hospital Kamakura city, Japan
Negar Salehi, MD
Mount Sinai Medical Center New York, NY, USA
Pratik B. Sandesara, MD
Emory Heart and Vascular Center, Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
Robert S. Schwartz, MD
Minneapolis Heart Institute and Foundation Minneapolis, MN, USA
James C. Spratt, MD, PhD
Consultant Cardiologist, Professor of Interventional Cardiology, St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
Bradley H. Strauss, MD, PhD
Schulich Heart Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Takahiko Suzuki, MD
Toyohashi Heart Centre, Toyohashi, Japan
Yutaka Tanaka, MD, PhD
Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, Kamakura City, Japan
Jasleen Tiwana, MD
University of Washington Medical Center Seattle, WA, USA
On Topaz, MD, FACC, FACP, FSCAI
Professor of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine Durham, NC, USA
Etsuo Tsuchikane, MD, PhD
Toyohashi Heart Center, Toyohashi, Japan
Ron Waksman, MD, FACC
Luiz Fernando Ybarra, MD
London Health Sciences Centre, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON Canada