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270 J. Mirkovic & E. Yang
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Figure 9. In vivo images of human fallopian tube stained with acridine orange and imaged during
open surgery with the rigid confocal microlaparoscope system. Images (a) and (b) are from a patient
with healthy tubes and ovaries. Images (c) and (d) are from a patient diagnosed with high-grade
serous carcinoma in the fallopian tube and no ovarian involvement. The full field-of-view of images is
0.45 mm.
Source: Reprinted with permission from Wu et al.
108
normal fallopian tube. The authors conclude that subjective morphologic
evaluation in combination with quantitative analysis of OCT data allows
accurate detection of PID.
IVM features of pathologic fallopian tube
Utilizing in vivo CLE, Chene et al.
STIC as well as metastatic carcinoma to the fallopian tube. STIC is characterized by irregularly sized, hyperdense epithelial cells with architectural
disarray in a background of dilated and distortedstromal vessels. Metastatic
ovariancarcinoma was detected at the fallopian tube surface and was seen as
nodules of haphazardly arranged dark, pleomorphic cells. Primary fallopian tube high-grade serous carcinoma (detected grossly at the time of open
surgery and confirmed by frozen section) was imaged by Wu et al.
in vivo confocal microlaparoscope, s howing a markedly cellular lesion with
nuclear enlargement and significant anisonucleosis (Figure 9).
106
havedemonstrated the abilityto detect
108
using
Peritoneum
Histopathologic overview
The peritoneum is composed of a single layer of flat to cuboidal mesothelial
cells with underlying fibrous and fatty stromal tissue. Injury/irritation can
Gynecologic Tract 271
lead to reactive proliferation of mesothelial cells, resulting in cellular stratification and papillary structure formation. Peritoneal biopsies are performed
to evaluate a variety of processes, ranging from endometriosis, inflammatory nodules, and implants of borderline tumors to metastatic carcinoma.
IVM features of normal peritoneum
By CLE, the fibrous stroma of normal peritoneum appears as a dense unorganized meshwork of strongly fluorescent fibers.
109
Adipose tissue is visualized as dark areas of non-fluorescent adipocytes within a network of
brightly fluorescent extracellular matrix (Figure 10). Fibrosis is seen as
an increased fluorescent signal and is particularly evident in inflammatory
nodules with thickened fibrous septa between the adipocytes. The nuclei
(a)
(c)
(b)
(d)
Figure 10. (a–c) pCLE images for different microscopic structures of normal peritoneal samples.
(d) Corresponding conventional histology of normal peritoneal membrane covering an underlying
adipose tissue. The red arrow indicates the direction of exploration with the UHD miniprobe.
Source: Reprinted with permission from Pierangelo et al.
109
272 J. Mirkovic & E. Yang
of inflammatory cells are seen as dark non-fluorescent ovoid structures
scattered within the fibrotic tissue.
IVM features of pathologic peritoneum
Carcinoma involving the peritoneum is clearly visualized as clusters and
cords of variable sizes and shapes. The cytoplasm is strongly fluorescent,
while non-fluorescentnuclei are readily identifiableas malignant giventheir
enlargement, size variability, and irregular contours.
109
The stromal matrix
associated with carcinoma was found to be significantly less fluorescent
than those of normal or inflamed peritoneum. These changes in the extracellular matrix may suggest the ability of optical imaging techniques to
indirectly detect changes in the biochemical composition of stromal material that may not be readily detectable by traditional histology.
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