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PMID: 38125295; PMCID: PMC10731048
325
Rhinorrhea: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis,
andTreatment
İlkerBurakArslan andİbrahimÇukurova
24.1 Introduction
24
24.2 Pathogenesis
İ. B. Arslan · İ. Çukurova (*)
İzmir University of Health Sciences, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Section of
327
328
İ. B. Arslan and İ. Çukurova
24.3 Diagnosis
24.3.1 History
24.3.2 Examination
24 Rhinorrhea: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, andTreatment
Nose: Examination of the nose should begin with examining the face. Skin scar,
Ear: Nasal inammation and nasal drainage may plug up the eustachian tube
Pharynx: Postnasal drip should be visualized as an indication of rhinitis.
329
Neck: Cervical lymph nodes are a drainage site for the nose and nasopharynx.
Eyes: Evaluate for conjunctiva injection or erythema, which might indicate irri-
Neurologic examination: Patients presenting with unilateral clear nasal dis-
24.4 Differential Diagnoses
330
İ. B. Arslan and İ. Çukurova
24.5 CSF Rhinorrhea
24.5.1 CSF Physiology
24.5.1.1 Pathogenesis
24 Rhinorrhea: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, andTreatment
Table 24.1 Normal
331
332
24.6 Diagnosis
İ. B. Arslan and İ. Çukurova
24.6.1 Chemical Diagnosis
24 Rhinorrhea: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, andTreatment
333
beta trace protein or beta TP.It is the second most abundant protein in human CSF
24.6.2 Imaging Diagnosis
334
İ. B. Arslan and İ. Çukurova
24.7 Treatment
24 Rhinorrhea: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, andTreatment
24.7.1 Surgical Technique
335