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xii Contents

https://t.me/med1917

23. Thrombosis in Atrial Fibrillation

Gregory K. Jones

Atrial Fibrillation: Prevalence, Types, and

Clinical Implications 337

Determinants of Thromboembolism

Formation in Atrial Fibrillation 338

Blood Stasis 338 Endothelial Damage 339 Abnormal Hemostasis 340 Inﬂammation 342 Determinants of Thrombus Formation:

Summary 343

Clinical Factors in Thrombosis Formation

in Atrial Fibrillation 343 Imaging of Thrombosis in Atrial Fibrillation 345 Pharmacological Treatment of Thrombus

Formation in Atrial Fibrillation 346 Mechanical Treatments for the Prevention

of Atrial Thrombosis Formation 347 Summary 351 References 351

24. Acute and Chronic Pulmonary

Embolism: Perspectives on Diagnosis and Management

Avraham Unterman, Mordechai R. Kramer

Introduction 355 Pathogenesis and Risk Factors for Venous

Thromboembolism 355

Diagnosis of Acute Pulmonary Embolism 355

Clinical Presentation 355 Assessing Pretest Probability 356 D-Dimer 357 Deﬁnitive Diagnostic Modalities 357 Echocardiography 358 Diagnostic Algorithm 359

Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism 359 Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary

Hypertension 360

Diagnosis of CTEPH 361 Treatment of CTEPH 362

References 363

25. Surgical Management of

Cardiovascular Thrombotic Conditions

Michael Magarakis, Alejandro E. Macias, Ali Ghodsizad, Tomas A. Salerno

Introduction 367 Surgical Management of Acute Pulmonary

Embolism 367

Management of Prosthetic Heart Valve

Thrombosis 370

Left-Ventricular Assist Device Thrombosis:

Natural History, Diagnosis, and Surgical Treatment 372

Laboratory Workup for Ventricular Assist

Device Thrombosis 374 Chest X-Ray 374 Echocardiography: Transthoracic,

Transesophageal 374 Computed Tomographic Angiography 374 Cardiac Catheterization 374 Medical Treatment of Left-Ventricular Assist

Device Thrombosis 374 Surgical Approaches for Treatment of

Left-Ventricular Assist Device Thrombosis 374

References 375

26. The Spectrum of Clinical Pre-

sentations and Management Options for the Treatment of Degenerative Atherothrombotic Disease of Saphenous Vein Grafts

Ran Eliaz, On Topaz, Haim D. Danenberg

Introduction 377 Pathophysiology of Venous Graft Failure 377 Perioperative Measures to Decrease Graft

Failure 379 Diagnosis and Treatment Options 380 Considerations of Saphenous Vein Grafts

and Percutaneous Coronary Intervention 382 Embolic Protection Devices 382 Thrombectomy Devices 385 Stents in Saphenous Vein Graft

Interventions 385 Novel Stents for Saphenous Vein Graft

Percutaneous Coronary Intervention 391

Covered Stents 391

Pericardium-Covered Stent 391

Adjunctive Pharmacotherapy for

Management of Saphenous Vein Graft

Disease 392

Vasodilators 392

Aspirin 392

Clopidogrel 392

Ticagrelor/Prasugrel 393

Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors 393

Anticoagulants 394

Saphenous Vein Graft Treatment With

Novel Oral Anticoagulants Versus Percutaneous Coronary Intervention 394

Summary 394 References 395

Contents xiii

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27. Prosthetic Heart Valve Thrombosis

Felipe N. Albuquerque, Christopher Hawk, Eduardo de Marchena

Introduction 399 Prevalence and Incidence 399 Mechanisms of Thrombosis 400 Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis 401 Treatment and Prevention 401 Conclusion 403 References 403

28. Experimental Designs for In Vitro

Assessment of Valve Thrombosis

Ali N. Azadani, Danny Dvir

Introduction 405 Blood Compatibility Assessment of Materials 406

In Vitro Hemocompatibility Testing of

Biomaterials 407

In Vivo Animal Models for

Hemocompatibility Testing 409

Hemodynamic Factors 410 Antithrombotic Treatment 414 Conclusions 415 References 415

29. Ventricular Assist Device Thrombo-

sis: Past, Present, and Future

Edward J. Sawey, Anit Mankad, Neil P. Lewis

Introduction and History 421 Incidence and Event Rate 422 Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Pump

Thrombus Formation 423 Risk Factors for Pump Thrombosis 424 Management and Mitigation of Risk

Factors and Prevention of Pump

Thrombosis 426 Pump Thrombosis Presentation 427 Diagnosis of Pump Thrombosis 428 Treatment of Pump Thrombosis 429 Current and Future Directions 431 Summary 432 References 432 Further Reading 434

30. Vascular Closure Devices and

Thrombosis

Matthew J. Ryan, Brian Clapp

Introduction 435

Paradoxical Embolism 435 Percutaneous Patent Foramen Ovale

Closure to Reduce the Risk of Recurrent Stroke 436

Atrial Septal Defect 438

Thrombosis in Percutaneous Atrial Septal

Occlusion Devices 438

Preprocedure Assessment 438 Periprocedural Thrombosis 439 Maintenance Antiplatelet Therapy Following

Implantation 440 Postprocedure Device Thrombosis 440 Management of Device Thrombosis 441 Surgical Considerations 442

Key Gaps in the Evidence and Avenues

for Further Research 443

Conclusions 443 References 443

31. Management Strategies for

Thrombosis of Major Abdominal Aortic Branches: The Superior Mesenteric and Renal Arteries

Mohammed Aladdin, Moshe S. Fuksbrumer, Allyne Topaz

Introduction 447 Anatomy 447 Pathophysiology of Acute Mesenteric

Ischemia 447

Clinical Presentation 448 Diagnosis 448 Treatment 449

Case Studies 450 Acute Renal Artery Thrombosis 452

Diagnosis 453 Treatment 453

Summary 455 References 456

32. Thrombotic Lesions in the Lower

Extremity Peripheral Arteries: Diagnosis and Management

Nicolas W. Shammas

Introduction: Thrombus in Peripheral Arterial

Disease 459

Thromboembolic Occlusions in Lower

Extremity Peripheral Arteries 459

In Situ Thrombotic Occlusions in Lower

Extremity Arteries 460

Treatment of Thrombus in Lower Extremity

Peripheral Arteries 460

Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis 461 Ultrasound-Accelerated Thrombolysis 462 Aspiration Thrombectomy 462 Mechanical Thrombectomy 463 Photo-Thrombectomy Using the Laser 465

xiv Contents

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Use of Anticoagulants and Antiplatelets

With Thrombectomy 465 Conclusion 466 References 466

33. Thrombosis of the Venous Vascula-

ture: Diagnosis and Management

David A. Hirschl, Richard L. Zampolin

Introduction 469 Deep Venous Thrombosis of the Lower

Extremity 470 Upper Extremity Thrombosis 473 Superior Vena Cava Thrombosis 475 Portal Vein Thrombosis 476 Hepatic Vein Thrombosis 479 Renal Vein Thrombosis 481 Septic Thrombophlebitis 481 Cerebral Venous Thrombosis 482 References 488 Further Reading 492

34. Revascularization for Acute Ische-

mic Stroke: Contemporary Perspectives on the Role and Yield of Thrombolytic Therapy and Endovascular Intervention

Ayman Al-Salaimeh, Larry B. Goldstein

Introduction 493 Evolution of Thrombolysis in Stroke

Management 493

Streptokinase 493 Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator 494 Cost Effectiveness of Intravenous rtPA 495 Efﬁcacy of Intravenous rtPA in the Setting

of Large-Vessel Occlusion 495

Endovascular Management of Acute

Ischemic Stroke 495

Intraarterial Thrombolysis 495 Combined Intravenous/Intraarterial

Thrombolysis 496

Rationale for Thrombectomy and

Thrombectomy Devices 497

Reperfusion Scales 499 Mechanical Thrombectomy

Efﬁcacy Trials 500

Time-Based Versus Tissue-Based

Approaches for Patient Selection 502

Guidelines for Thrombolysis and

Endovascular Therapy 502 Future Perspectives 502 References 503

35. Treatment Options for Recurrent

Thromboembolism in Patients With Cryptogenic Cerebrovascular Events: Medical Therapy Versus Device Closure or Surgical Repair of Patent Foramen Ovale

Andres M. Pineda, J. Kevin Harrison

Introduction 505 Medical Therapy 507 Device Closure 508

Surgical Closure 511

References 512

36. Left-Atrial Appendage Occluders:

Recent Advances and Unresolved Issues

Arwa Younis, Avishai Grupper, Roy Beinart, Michael Glikson

Introduction 515 Background 515 Currently Available Devices 516

Device Selection for the Patient 516 Evidence-Based Device Selection 517 Left-Atrial Appendage Structure 517 High Risk for Bleeding 517

Planning Atrial Fibrillation Ablation 518 Results with Left-Atrial Appendage

Occluders 518

Watchman 518 Amplatzer Cardiac Plug and Other

Amplatzer Devices 519

Amplatzer Cardiac Plug 519 Indications 522 LAAO as an Alternative to Oral

Anticoagulation When Oral Anticoagulation Is Possible 522

LAAO as Replacement for Anticoagulation

When Anticoagulation Is Unwarranted 523

Patients With an Increased Bleeding Risk

Under Systemic Anticoagulation:

A Relative Contraindication 524 LAAO as a Complement to Anticoagulation 524 LAAO in the Presence of Left-Atrial

Thrombus 524 LAAO as Adjunct to Atrial Fibrillation

Ablation and Following Left-Atrial

Appendage Isolation 524 Anticoagulation 525

Anticoagulation Before Device Implantation 525

Anticoagulation During Device Implantation 525

Anticoagulation After Device Implantation 527

Contents xv

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Long-Term Antithrombotic Therapy 527 Antithrombotic Treatment in Cases of Lariat 527 The Use of Novel Oral Anticoagulants With

LAAO 527 Thrombus on the Device 527 Incomplete Occlusion of the Left-Atrial

Appendage 528 Summary 528 References 529

37. Thrombophilia: Contemporary

Perspectives

Srikanth Nagalla, Yu-Min Shen

Introduction 535 Inherited Thrombophilia 535 Acquired Thrombophilia 536 Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome 536

Introduction and Clinical Manifestations 536 Laboratory Diagnosis 537 Management 537

Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia 537

Introduction 537 Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis 537 Management 538

Myeloproliferative Neoplasms 540 References 540

38. Infectious Diseases and

Cardiovascular Thrombosis

Subhashis Mitra, Daniel Havlichek, Jr.

Introduction 543 Infective Endocarditis 543 Epidemiology 543 Microbiology 543 Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology 544 Immunopathological Factors 544 Clinical Features 544 Laboratory Studies and Diagnosis 545 Management 546 Organism-Speciﬁc Antibiotic Considerations 547

Staphylococcal Endocarditis 547 Streptococcal Endocarditis 547 Enterococcal Endocarditis 548 Other Organisms 553

Surgery 553 Septic Venous Thrombophlebitis 553 Jugular Venous Thrombosis 553 Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis 554 Septic Pelvic Phlebitis 554 Catheter-Related Septic Thrombosis 554 References 555

39. Thrombosis in Pregnancy

Ron Hoffman, Michael Lishner

Pathophysiology 559 Thrombophilia and Pregnancy 559 Diagnosis 560

Deep Vein Thrombosis 560 Pulmonary Embolism 561

Venous Thromboembolism Prevention 561 Venous Thromboembolism Treatment 561 Pathophysiology of Gestational Vascular

Diseases 562 Conclusions 562 References 562

40. The Role of Interventional Cardiol-

ogy in the Management of Thrombotic Conditions in the Pediatric Population

Sudheer Gorla, Emily Stumpf, Satinder K. Sandhu

Introduction 565 Etiology of Thrombosis 565 Consequences of Thrombosis 565 Transcatheter Therapy 566 Suction or Aspiration Thrombectomy 566 Balloon Angioplasty and Stent Placement 566 Thrombosis in Congenital Heart Disease 567 Cardiac Surgery 568 Systemic-to-Pulmonary Artery Shunt

Thrombosis 568

Vessel Rehabilitation 568

Acute Occlusion 570 Chronic Occlusion 570

Thromboembolism 570 Venous Filter Placement 572 Complications Following Catheter-Based

Interventions 573 Conclusion 573 References 573

41. Kawasaki Disease: The Phenom-

enon of Thrombotic Coronary and Vascular Aneurysms in the Young and AdultsdA Japanese Perspective

Takayuki Onishi, Yuko Onishi

Introduction 577 Pathogenesis 577 Treatment 578

Pharmacotherapy 578 Nonpharmacotherapy 578

xvi Contents

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Treatment of Adult Patients With

Cardiovascular Sequelae in Kawasaki Disease 578

References 584

42. Thrombus Pharmacotherapy

James Smith, Holly Humphrey, Sunil V. Rao

Introduction 587 Oral Anticoagulants 587

Warfarin 587 New Oral Anticoagulants 587

Antiplatelet Agents 592

Aspirin 592 P2Y12 Inhibitors 592

Parenteral Anticoagulants 595

Indirect Thrombin Inhibitors 595 Direct Thrombin Inhibitors 597

Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors 598

Abciximab 598 Eptiﬁbatide 599 Tiroﬁban 600

References 601

43. Antithrombotic Treatment in

Patients Undergoing Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

Elad Asher, Amit Segev

Introduction 605 Recommended Pharmacological Therapy

for Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement 605

Mechanical Valves 605 Bioprosthetic Valves 606

Recommended Pharmacological Therapy

for Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement 606

Platelet Dysfunction in Aortic Stenosis

and Dual Antiplatelet Therapy Hypothesis 606

Data Regarding Antiplatelet Therapy for

Patients Undergoing Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement 607

Patients Requiring Anticoagulation Therapy

and Transcatheter Aortic Valve

Replacement 608 Summary 609 References 611

44. Antiﬁbrinolytics: Pharmacologic

Proﬁle and Clinical Utilization

Elizabeth Michalets, Lindsay Harris

Introduction 615

Coagulation and Fibrinolytic Systems 615

Historical Perspective of Antiﬁbrinolytic

Agents 617 Special Concerns in Cardiac Surgery 618 Perioperative Guidelines/Blood Conservation 618 Antiﬁbrinolytic Agents: Pharmacology,

Pharmacokinetics, Dosing, Clinical

Outcomes, and Adverse Effects 620

Pharmacology: Lysine Analogs 620

Pharmacology: Aprotinin 621

Pharmacokinetics: Lysine Analogs 622

Pharmacokinetics: Aprotinin 624

Dosing: Tranexamic Acid 624

Topical Administration 637

Dosing: e-Aminocaproic Acid 637

Dosing: Aprotinin 638

Clinical Outcomes 638

Adverse Effects 641

Conclusions 644 References 644

45. The Realm of Drug, Biological

Product and Supplement-Induced Thrombosis and Thromboembolic Risk

Emily E. Wood, Benjamin Michalove, Brian T. Peek

Introduction 651 Drug-Induced Thrombosis 651 Prescription Medications/Biological Products 653

Hormone Therapy 653 Chemotherapeutic Agents 653 Contrast Media 654 Clotting Factor Concentrates 654 Antiﬁbrinolytic Medications 654 Desmopressin 654 Erythropoietin-Stimulating Agents 654 Thrombopoietin Receptor Agonists 654 Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor

and GranulocyteeMacrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor 655

Immunosuppressants and

Immunomodulators 655

Contents xvii

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Anticoagulants, Antiplatelets, and

Thrombolytics 656 Sildenaﬁl 656 Psychiatric Medications 656 Nonsteroidal Antiinﬂammatory Drugs 656

Herbals/Supplements 657

Creatine 657 Energy Drinks 657 Ephedra 657 Herbal Tea/“Bush” Teas 658

Recreational Drugs 658

Intravenous Heroin 658 Methamphetamine 658 Cocaine 658 Alcohol 659 Marijuana 659

Summary 660 References 660

Index 663

List of Contributors

https://t.me/med1917

George S. Abela, MD, FACC

Chief, Division of Cardiology Professor of Medicine Michigan State University East Lansing, MI, United States

Nayef A. Abouzaki, BS, MD

Assistant Professor of Medicine Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, VA, United States; Interventional Cardiologist Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans

Affairs Medical Center

Richmond, VA, United States

Abdulmohsin Ahmadjee, MD

Michigan State University East Lansing, MI, United States

Ayman Al-Salaimeh, MD

Assistant Professor Department of Neurology Kentucky Neuroscience Institute University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, United States

Mohammed Aladdin, MD

The Brooklyn Hospital Interventional Radiology Department of Radiology Division of Interventional Radiology Brooklyn, NY, United States

Felipe N. Albuquerque, MD

Division of Cardiology e University of Miami

Miller School of Medicine

Miami, Florida, United State s

Robert A.S. Ariëns, BSc, PhD

Professor of Vascular Biology Univeristy of Leeds Leeds, United Kingdom Head of Discovery and Translational

Science Department; Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine United Kingdom

Elad Asher, MD, MHA

Interventional Cardiologist, Director Intensive Cardiac Care Unit Deputy Director Cardiology Devision Assuta Ashdod University Hospital Ashdod Israel

Ali N. Azadani, PhD

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering University of Denver Denver, CO, United States

Lina Badimon, PhD, FESC , FAHA

Professor Director - Cardiovascular Program ICCC Institut de Recerca Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona; CIBERCV-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Cardiovascular Research Chair UAB, Barcelona, Spain

Stephen R. Baker, BSc, PhD

Postdoctoral Research Fellow Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and

Metabolic Medicine University of Leeds

Leeds, United Kingdom

Subhash Banerjee, MD

Chief of Cardiology VA North Texas Health Care System Professor of Medicine, University of Texas

Southwestern Medical Center

Dallas, TX United States

Brittany E. Bannish, PhD

Associate Professor of Mathematics and Statistics University of Central Oklahoma Edmond, OK, United States

xix

xx List of Contributors

https://t.me/med1917

Anthony A. Bavry, MD, MPH

Associate Professor of Medicine Cardiovascular Medicine University of Florida Gainesville, FL, United States; Interventional Cardiologist Medical Service Cardiology, Malcom Randall VAMC North Florida/South Georgia

Veterans Health System

Gainesville, FL, United States

Roy Beinart, MD

Davidai Arrhythmia Center Leviev Heart Institute Sheba Medical Center and Sackler

School of Medicine Tel Aviv University Ramat Gan, Israel

Soumaya Ben-Aicha, MSc

Cardiovascular Program ICCC Institut de Recerca Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain

Emmanouil S. Brilakis, MD, PhD

Director Center for Complex Coronary Interventions Minneapolis Heart Institute Minneapolis, MN, United States; Adjunct Professor Internal Medicine University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas, TX, United States

Rhoda B. Brosnan, MD, FACC

Asheville Cardiology Associates Director Cardiology Course University of North Carolina Asheville

School of Medicine Asheville, NC, United States

Arka Chatterjee, MD

Assistant Professor of Medicine Division of Cardiovascular Disease University of Alabama at Birmingham AL, United States

Gabriele Cioni, MD, PhD

High Complexity Internal Medicine Internal and Emergency Medi cine University of Florence, Florence, Italy

Brian Clapp, MA, MBBS, PhD

Consultant Cardiologist Department of Cardiology Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Trust Honorary Senior Lecturer, King’s College London St Thomas’ Hospital London, United Kingdom

Haim D. Danenberg, MD, FACC

Professor of Medicine Department of Cardiology Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center Jerusalem, Israel

P.P.T. de Jaegere, MD, PhD, FESC

Professor of Cardiology Erasmus Medical Center Department of Interventional Cardiology Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Eduardo de Marchena, MD

Professor of Medicine and Surgery Division of Cardiology University of Miami Miami, FL, United States

Kalpa De Silva, MBBS, PhD, MRCP

Consultant Cardiologist, Bristol Heart Institute Honorary Lecturer, University of Bristol United Kingdom

Danny Dvir, MD

Interventional Cardiology University of Washington Seattle, WA, United States

Islam Y. Elgendy, MD

Department of Medicine e Division of Cardiovascular

Medicine University of Florida Gainesville, FL, United States

Ran Eliaz, MD

Interventional Cardiology Department of Cardiology Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center Jerusalem, Israel

Albert Ferro, PhD, FRCP, FBPhS, FBIHS

Professor of Cardiovascular Clinical Pharmacology School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences,

King’s College London Honorary Consultant Physician Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospitals London, United Kingdom

List of Contributors xxi

https://t.me/med1917

Aloke V. Finn, MD

CVPath Institute Gaithersburg, MD, United States

Joel E. Fishman, MD, PhD

Professor Department of Radiology University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami, FL, United States

Moshe S. Fuksbrumer, MD

Department of Radiology Division of Interventional Radiology The Brooklyn Hospital Brooklyn, NY, United States

Ali Ghodsizad, MD, PhD

Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery and

The Miami Transplant Institute

University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and

Jackson Memorial Hospital

Miami, Florida, United State s

Michael Glikson, MD

Professor of Medicine Director of Jesselson Integrated Heart Center Immediate past president of the Israel Heart Society Shaare Zedek Medical Center Jerusalem Israel

Larry B. Goldstein, MD, FAAN, FANA, FAHA

Ruth L Works Professor and Chairman Department of Neurology University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, United States; Co-Director, Kentucky Neuroscience Institute Lexington, KY, United States

Sudheer Gorla, MD

Jackson Memorial Hospital Miami, Florida, United State s

Avishai Grupper, MD

Davidai Arrhythmia Center Leviev Heart Institute Sheba Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine Tel Aviv University Ramat Gan, Israel

Oliver P. Guttmann, MD, MRCP

Department of Cardiology Barts Health NHS Trust London, United Kingdom; NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre Barts Heart Centre London, United Kingdom

Lindsay Harris, PharmD, BCCCP

Mission Health System and

the University of North Carolina

Eshelman School of Pharmacy Clinical Pharmacist, Critical Care Assistant Professor of Clinical Education Asheville, North Carolina, United States

Daniel Havlichek, Jr., MD, FACP

Professor of Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases Michigan State University East Lansing, MI, United States

Christopher Hawk, MD

Division of Cardiology University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami, Florida, United States

Timothy Henry, MD

Professor of Medicine Lee and Harold Kapelovitz Chair in Research

Cardiology Cedars Sinai Heart Institute Los Angeles, CA, United States Minneapolis Heart Institute Minneapolis, MN, United States

David A. Hirschl, MD

Assistant Professor Radiology The University Hospital for Albert Einstein

College of Medicine Monteﬁore Medical Center Bronx, NY, United States

Ron Hoffman, MD

Assistant Professor of Medicine The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine Technion-Israel Institute of Technology Haifa, Israel Deputy Director, Department of Hematology and Bone

Marrow Transplantation Rambam Health Care Campus Haifa, Israel

Holly Humphrey, MD, FACC

Clinical Assistant Professor Department of Internal Medicine Section of Cardiovascular Medicine Wake Forest University School of Medicine Winston-Salem, NC, United States Division of Cardiology W.G. “Bill” Hefner VA Medical Health Care System Salisbury, NC, United States

xxii List of Contributors

https://t.me/med1917

Hiroyuki Jinnouchi, MD

CVPath Institute Gaithersburg, MD, United States

Gregory K. Jones, MD, FACC

Chief, Electrophysiology Division of Cardiology Charles George Veterans Affairs Medical Center Asheville, NC, United States

Daniel A. Jones, PhD, MRCP

Department of Cardiology Barts Health NHS Trust London, United Kingdom; NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Cen tre Barts Heart Centre London, United Kingdom

Ion S. Jovin, MD, PhD

Director, Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory Medicine/Cardiology MvGuireVAMC Richmond, VA, United States; Professor of Medicine Division of Cardiology Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, VA, United States

Judit Karacsonyi, MD

VA North Texas Health Care System and

UT Southwestern Medical Center Dallas, TX Division of Invasive Cardiology United States; Second Department of Internal Medicine and

Cardiology Center, University of Szeged Szeged, Hungary

Michael A. Kelley

Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics Colorado School of Mines Golden, Colorado, United States

Dean J. Kereiakes, MD, FACC, FSCAI

Medical Director, The Carl and Edyth Lindner Center for

Research and Education The Christ Hospital Heart and Vascular Center Cincinnati, Ohio, United States Professor of Clinical Medicine, The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio, United States

J. Kevin Harrison, MD, FACC

Professor of Medicine Division of Cardiology Duke University Medical Center Durham, NC, United States

Ran Kornowski, MD, FESC, FACC

Chairman, Department of Cardiology Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital Petach Tikva, Israel; Professor of Cardiovascular Medicine Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel Aviv University, Israel

Mordechai R. Kramer, MD, FCCP

Head, Pulmonary Division Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus Petah Tikva, Israel; Professor of Medicine Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel Aviv University, Israel

Madhab Lamichhane, MD

Michigan State University East Lansing, MI, United States

Antonio Landi, MD

Division of Cardiology Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular

Sciences

University of Padova Medical School, Padova, Italy

Kerry Layne

Cardiovascular Division King’s College London London, United Kingdom

Massoud A. Leesar, MD, FACC, FSCAI

Professor of Medicine University of Alabama Chief, Interventional Cardiology Division of Cardiology University of Alabama - Birmingham Birmingham, AL United States

Karin Leiderman, PhD

Assistant Professor Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics Colorado School of Mines Golden, CO, United States

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