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- •Preface
- •Contents
- •Abbreviations
- •1.1 Introduction
- •1.1.2 Stent Grafts
- •1.1.3 Mechanical Embolization Materials
- •References
- •3.1 Thoracic Aortic Dissections
- •3.1.1 Acute Complicated Aortic Dissection Type B
- •3.1.1.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •3.1.1.3 Endovascular Treatment
- •References
- •3: Thoracic Vascular Emergencies
- •3.1.1.4 Outcome
- •3.1.2.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •3.1.2.3 Endovascular Treatment
- •3.1.2.4 Outcome
- •3.1.3.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •3.1.3.3 Endovascular Treatment
- •3.1.3.4 Outcome
- •3.1.4.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •3.1.4.3 Endovascular Treatment
- •3.1.4.4 Outcome
- •3.1.5.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •3.1.5.3 Endovascular Treatment
- •3.1.5.4 Outcome
- •3.1.6.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •3.1.6.3 Endovascular Treatment
- •3.1.6.4 Outcome
- •3.2 Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms
- •3.2.1.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •3.2.1.3 Endovascular Treatment
- •3.2.1.4 Outcome
- •3.2.2 Aortic Arch Aneurysm I
- •3.2.2.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •3.2.2.3 Endovascular Treatment
- •3.2.2.4 Outcome
- •3.2.3 Aortic Arch Aneurysm II
- •3.2.3.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •3.2.3.3 Endovascular Treatment
- •3.2.3.4 Outcome
- •3.2.4 Symptomatic Thoracoabdominal Aneurysm
- •3.2.4.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •3.2.4.3 Endovascular Treatment
- •3.2.4.4 Outcome
- •3.3 Thoracic Aortic Intramural Haematomas
- •3.3.1.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •3.3.1.3 Endovascular Treatment
- •3.3.1.4 Outcome
- •3.3.2.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •3.3.2.3 Endovascular Treatment
- •3.3.2.4 Outcome
- •3.3.3.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •3.3.3.3 Endovascular Treatment
- •3.3.3.4 Outcome
- •3.3.4.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •3.3.4.3 Endovascular Treatment
- •3.3.4.4 Outcome
- •3.4 Penetrating Thoracic Aortic Ulcer
- •3.4.1.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •3.4.1.3 Endovascular Treatment
- •3.4.1.4 Outcome
- •3.4.2.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •3.4.2.3 Endovascular Treatment
- •3.4.2.4 Outcome
- •3.4.3.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •3.4.3.3 Endovascular Treatment
- •3.4.3.4 Outcome
- •3.5 Thoracic Aortic Trauma
- •3.5.1 Thoracic Aortic Trauma-I
- •3.5.1.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •3.5.1.3 Endovascular Treatment
- •3.5.1.4 Outcome
- •3.5.2 Thoracic aortic trauma-II
- •3.5.2.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •3.5.2.3 Endovascular Treatment
- •3.5.2.4 Outcome
- •3.5.3 Thoracic Aortic Trauma-III
- •3.5.3.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •3.5.3.3 Endovascular Treatment
- •3.5.3.4 Outcome
- •3.6 Thoracic Arterial Bleeding
- •3.6.1 Pulmonary Artery Bleeding
- •Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •Endovascular Treatment
- •Outcome
- •Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •Endovascular Treatment
- •Outcome
- •3.7 Intercostal/Bronchial Artery Bleeding
- •3.7.1.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •3.7.1.3 Endovascular Treatment
- •3.7.1.4 Outcome
- •3.7.2.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •3.7.2.3 Endovascular Treatment
- •3.7.2.4 Outcome
- •3.7.3.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •3.7.3.3 Endovascular Treatment
- •3.7.3.4 Outcome
- •4: Abdominal Vascular Emergency
- •4.1 Abdominal Aortic Emergencies
- •4.1.1 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm-Symptomatic
- •4.1.1.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •4.1.1.3 Endovascular Treatment
- •4.1.1.4 Outcome
- •4.1.2 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm-Ruptured
- •4.1.2.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •4.1.2.3 Endovascular Treatment
- •4.1.2.4 Outcome
- •4.1.3 Iliac Artery Aneurysm-Ruptured
- •4.1.3.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •4.1.3.3 Endovascular Treatment
- •4.1.3.4 Outcome
- •4.1.4 Mycotic Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
- •4.1.4.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •4.1.4.3 Endovascular Treatment
- •4.1.4.4 Outcome
- •4.1.5 Abdominal Aorto-Iliac Occlusion
- •4.1.5.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •4.1.5.3 Endovascular Treatment
- •4.1.5.4 Outcome
- •4.2 Visceral Artery Aneurysms
- •4.2.1 Splenic Artery-I
- •4.2.1.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •4.2.1.3 Endovascular Treatment
- •4.2.1.4 Outcome
- •4.2.2 Splenic Artery-II
- •4.2.2.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •4.2.2.3 Endovascular Treatment
- •4.2.2.4 Outcome
- •4.2.3 Hepatic Artery–I
- •4.2.3.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •4.2.3.3 Endovascular Treatment
- •4.2.3.4 Outcome
- •4.2.4 Hepatic Artery-II
- •4.2.4.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •4.2.4.3 Endovascular Treatment
- •4.2.4.4 Outcome
- •4.2.5 Left Gastric Artery
- •4.2.5.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •4.2.5.3 Endovascular Treatment
- •4.2.5.4 Outcome
- •4.2.6 Gastroduodenal Artery I
- •4.2.6.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •4.2.6.3 Endovascular Treatment
- •4.2.6.4 Outcome
- •4.2.7 Gastroduodenal Artery II
- •4.2.7.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •4.2.7.3 Endovascular Treatment
- •4.2.7.4 Outcome
- •4.2.8 Superior Mesenteric Artery
- •4.2.8.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •4.2.8.3 Endovascular Treatment
- •4.2.8.4 Outcome
- •4.2.9 Inferior Mesenteric Artery
- •4.2.9.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •4.2.9.3 Endovascular Treatment
- •4.2.9.4 Outcome
- •4.2.10 Renal Artery-I
- •4.2.10.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •4.2.10.3 Endovascular Treatment
- •4.2.10.4 Outcome
- •4.2.11 Renal Artery-II
- •4.2.11.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •4.2.11.3 Endovascular Intervention
- •4.2.11.4 Outcome
- •4.3 Visceral Artery Occlusive Diseases
- •4.3.1 Superior Mesenteric Artery-I
- •4.3.1.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •4.3.1.3 Endovascular Treatment
- •4.3.1.4 Outcome
- •4.3.2 Superior Mesenteric Artery-II
- •4.3.2.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •4.3.2.3 Endovascular Treatment
- •4.3.2.4 Outcome
- •4.3.3 Inferior Mesenteric Artery
- •4.3.3.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •4.3.3.3 Endovascular Treatment
- •4.3.3.4 Outcome
- •4.3.4 Renal Artery
- •4.3.4.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •4.3.4.3 Endovascular Treatment
- •4.3.4.4 Outcome
- •4.4 Abdominal Arterial Bleeding
- •4.4.1 Coeliac Trunk-Left Gastric Artery
- •4.4.1.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •4.4.1.3 Endovascular Treatment
- •4.4.1.4 Outcome
- •4.4.2 Superior Mesenteric Artery-I
- •4.4.2.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •4.4.2.3 Endovascular Treatment
- •4.4.2.4 Outcome
- •4.4.3 Superior Mesenteric Artery-II
- •4.4.3.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •4.4.3.3 Endovascular Treatment
- •4.4.3.4 Outcome
- •4.4.4 Inferior Mesenteric Artery
- •4.4.4.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •4.4.4.3 Endovascular Treatment
- •4.4.4.4 Outcome
- •5: Pelvic Vascular Emergencies
- •5.1 External Iliac Artery Bleeding
- •5.1.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •5.1.3 Endovascular Intervention
- •5.1.4 Outcome
- •5.2 Internal Iliac Artery Bleeding
- •5.2.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •5.2.3 Endovascular Intervention
- •5.2.4 Outcome
- •5.3 Uterine Artery Bleeding-I
- •5.3.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •5.3.3 Endovascular Intervention
- •5.3.4 Outcome
- •5.4 Uterine Artery Bleeding-II
- •5.4.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •5.4.3 Endovascular Intervention
- •5.4.4 Outcome
- •5.5 Uterine Artery Bleeding-III
- •5.5.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •5.5.3 Endovascular Intervention
- •5.5.4 Outcome
- •5.6 Arterio-Enteric Fistula Bleeding-I
- •5.6.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •5.6.3 Endovascular Treatment
- •5.6.4 Outcome
- •5.7 Arterio-Enteric Fistula Bleeding–II
- •5.7.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •5.7.3 Endovascular Intervention
- •5.7.4 Outcome
- •6: Peripheral Artery Vascular Emergency
- •6.1 Carotid Artery
- •6.1.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •6.1.3 Endovascular Treatment
- •6.1.4 Outcome
- •6.2 Subclavian Artery-I
- •6.2.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •6.2.3 Endovascular Treatment
- •6.2.4 Outcome
- •6.3 Subclavian Artery-II
- •6.3.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •6.3.3 Endovascular Treatment
- •6.3.4 Outcome
- •6.4 Femoral Artery-I
- •6.4.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •6.4.3 Endovascular Treatment
- •6.4.4 Outcome
- •6.5 Femoral Artery-II
- •6.5.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •6.5.3 Endovascular Treatment
- •6.5.4 Outcome
- •6.6 Popliteal Artery
- •6.6.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •6.6.3 Endovascular Intervention
- •6.6.4 Outcome
- •6.7 Crural Arteries
- •6.7.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis
- •6.7.3 Endovascular Treatment
- •6.7.4 Outcome

Endovascular
Treatment of Arterial
Emergencies
Stevo Duvnjak
123

Endovascular Treatment of Arterial
Emergencies

StevoDuvnjak
Endovascular Treatment
of Arterial Emergencies

StevoDuvnjak
Department of Vascular Surgery
Rigshospitalet
København
Denmark
ISBN 978-3-030-68831-8 ISBN 978-3-030-68832-5 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68832-5
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
Switzerland AG 2021
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specically the rights of
translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on
microlms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval,
electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known
or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specic statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in
this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor
the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material
contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains
neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional afliations.
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

To all my teachers in Interventional Radiology and Vascular
Surgery in Serbia and Denmark.

Preface
The endovascular treatment of arterial and venous diseases is unavoidable in
daily practice. The development of new devices and improvements in currently available devices ensure the steadily increasing usage of endovascular
methods. Emergencies are a part of everyday practice, and mastering endovascular knowledge and techniques provides a good outcome for our patients.
This book presents a practical overview of endovascular treatment in an arterial emergency, including the most common clinical scenarios. The cases presented in the book are from my experience during work at the Department of
Radiology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark. There are many books
available covering endovascular treatment, but few have focused on arterial
emergencies alone. Therefore, this book may be valuable for different target
groups, including vascular surgery, interventional radiology, cardiology, and
emergency surgery. Experienced, resident, and young doctors can use this
book for a quick overview and to reference treatment options in acute cases
during their clinical work. The book covers the majority of arterial emergencies than can be seen in clinical practice. Many quality images of arterial
emergencies and treatments and their descriptions can provide readers with
the necessary knowledge on and provide insight into endovascular options.
The book describes the treatment of complex and standard thoracic vascular emergency cases, followed by abdominal emergency and peripheral arterial emergency cases. At the beginning of each case, a few critical remarks
that should be considered during the decision-making process are
emphasized.
Copenhagen, Denmark StevoDuvnjak
vii

Contents
1 Endovascular Armamentarium in Vascular Emergencies . . . . . 1
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Catheters and Microcatheters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.2 Stent Grafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.3 Mechanical Embolization Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.4 Liquid Embolization Materials and Microspheres . . . . 4
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2 Diagnosis of Vascular Emergencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1 Diagnosis of Endovascular Emergency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2 Computed Tomography (CT) Diagnosis of Endovascular
Emergencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Diagnosis
of Endovascular Emergencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.4 Invasive Angiographic Diagnosis of Endovascular
Emergencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3 Thoracic Vascular Emergencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.1 Thoracic Aortic Dissections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.1.1 Acute Complicated Aortic Dissection Type B . . . . . . . 14
3.1.2 Subacute Complicated Aortic Dissection Type B . . . . 22
3.1.3 Acute Aortic Dissection Type B Presented
with Rupture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.1.4 Subacute Aortic Dissection Type B Presented
with Rupture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.1.5 Chronic Aortic Dissection with Enlarging
Aneurysm-I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.1.6 Chronic Aortic Dissection with Enlarging
Aneurysm-II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.2 Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.2.1 Ruptured Thoracic Descending Aortic Aneurysm . . . . 43
3.2.2 Aortic Arch Aneurysm I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.2.3 Aortic Arch Aneurysm II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.2.4 Symptomatic Thoracoabdominal Aneurysm . . . . . . . . 55
3.3 Thoracic Aortic Intramural Haematomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.3.1 Intramural Haematoma Involving the Ascending
and Descending Aorta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
ix

x
3.3.2 Intramural Haematoma in the Descending
Aorta-I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.3.3 Intramural Haematoma in the Descending
Aorta–II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.3.4 Intramural Haematoma in the Descending
Aorta-III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.4 Penetrating Thoracic Aortic Ulcer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.4.1 Penetrating Thoracic Ulcer in the Descending
Aorta-I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.4.2 Penetrating Thoracic Ulcer in the Descending
Aorta-II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
3.4.3 Penetrating Thoracic Ulcer in the Descending
Aorta-III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
3.5 Thoracic Aortic Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
3.5.1 Thoracic Aortic Trauma-I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
3.5.2 Thoracic aortic trauma-II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
3.5.3 Thoracic Aortic Trauma-III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
3.6 Thoracic Arterial Bleeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
3.6.1 Pulmonary Artery Bleeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
3.7 Intercostal/Bronchial Artery Bleeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
3.7.1 Bleeding from the Intercostal- Bronchial Artery . . . . . 96
3.7.2 Bleeding from the Bronchial Artery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
3.7.3 Bleeding from the Intercostal Artery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Contents
4 Abdominal Vascular Emergency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
4.1 Abdominal Aortic Emergencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
4.1.1 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm-Symptomatic . . . . . . . . 114
4.1.2 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm-Ruptured . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
4.1.3 Iliac Artery Aneurysm-Ruptured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
4.1.4 Mycotic Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
4.1.5 Abdominal Aorto-Iliac Occlusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
4.2 Visceral Artery Aneurysms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
4.2.1 Splenic Artery-I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
4.2.2 Splenic Artery-II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
4.2.3 Hepatic Artery–I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
4.2.4 Hepatic Artery-II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
4.2.5 Left Gastric Artery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
4.2.6 Gastroduodenal Artery I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
4.2.7 Gastroduodenal Artery II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
4.2.8 Superior Mesenteric Artery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
4.2.9 Inferior Mesenteric Artery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
4.2.10 Renal Artery-I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
4.2.11 Renal Artery-II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
4.3 Visceral Artery Occlusive Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
4.3.1 Superior Mesenteric Artery-I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
4.3.2 Superior Mesenteric Artery-II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
4.3.3 Inferior Mesenteric Artery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
4.3.4 Renal Artery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

Contents
xi
4.4 Abdominal Arterial Bleeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
4.4.1 Coeliac Trunk-Left Gastric Artery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
4.4.2 Superior Mesenteric Artery-I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
4.4.3 Superior Mesenteric Artery-II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
4.4.4 Inferior Mesenteric Artery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
5 Pelvic Vascular Emergencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
5.1 External Iliac Artery Bleeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
5.1.1 Aetiology and Clinical Presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
5.1.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
5.1.3 Endovascular Intervention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
5.1.4 Outcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
5.2 Internal Iliac Artery Bleeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
5.2.1 Aetiology and Clinical Presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
5.2.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
5.2.3 Endovascular Intervention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
5.2.4 Outcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
5.3 Uterine Artery Bleeding-I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
5.3.1 Aetiology and Clinical Presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
5.3.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
5.3.3 Endovascular Intervention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
5.3.4 Outcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
5.4 Uterine Artery Bleeding-II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
5.4.1 Aetiology and Clinical Presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
5.4.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
5.4.3 Endovascular Intervention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
5.4.4 Outcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
5.5 Uterine Artery Bleeding-III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
5.5.1 Aetiology and Clinical Presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
5.5.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
5.5.3 Endovascular Intervention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
5.5.4 Outcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
5.6 Arterio-Enteric Fistula Bleeding-I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
5.6.1 Aetiology and Clinical Presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
5.6.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
5.6.3 Endovascular Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
5.6.4 Outcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
5.7 Arterio-Enteric Fistula Bleeding–II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
5.7.1 Aetiology and Clinical Presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
5.7.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
5.7.3 Endovascular Intervention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
5.7.4 Outcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
6 Peripheral Artery Vascular Emergency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
6.1 Carotid Artery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
6.1.1 Aetiology and Clinical Presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
6.1.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
6.1.3 Endovascular Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
6.1.4 Outcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

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6.2 Subclavian Artery-I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
6.2.1 Aetiology and Clinical Presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
6.2.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
6.2.3 Endovascular Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
6.2.4 Outcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
6.3 Subclavian Artery-II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
6.3.1 Aetiology and Clinical Presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
6.3.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
6.3.3 Endovascular Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
6.3.4 Outcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
6.4 Femoral Artery-I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
6.4.1 Aetiology and Clinical Presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
6.4.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
6.4.3 Endovascular Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
6.4.4 Outcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
6.5 Femoral Artery-II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
6.5.1 Aetiology and Clinical Presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
6.5.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
6.5.3 Endovascular Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
6.5.4 Outcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
6.6 Popliteal Artery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
6.6.1 Aetiology and Clinical Presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
6.6.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
6.6.3 Endovascular Intervention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
6.6.4 Outcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
6.7 Crural Arteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
6.7.1 Aetiology and Clinical Presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
6.7.2 Pre-interventional Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
6.7.3 Endovascular Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
6.7.4 Outcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Contents
Соседние файлы в папке Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана
