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Index
337
Condensation (gutta-percha filling techniques)
lateral, 65 – 66, 65f, 66b
warm vertical, 66 – 67, 67b, 67f
Condylar cartilages, 223
Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT),
175, 259
orthodontic assessment, 235
Confidentiality and disclosure, 321
Congenital cardiac disease, 198, 209 – 210
Conical teeth, 255
Connective tissue, gingival, 2
Conscious sedation, defined, 324
Consent, 335Q
Consent to treatment
age of patient, 322
implied consent, 322
incapacity, 322
life-saving procedures, 323
religious beliefs and ethnic customs, 323
verbal consent, 322
written consent, 322
Consumer Protection Act 1987, 331 – 332
Continuing Education, 319 – 320
Continuing Professional Education, 312 – 313,
320
Contraction porosity, complete dentures, 123
Contraindications
flumazenil, 157
implants, 144 – 145
intravenous sedation, 167Q
nitrous oxide, inhalation sedation with, 154
overdentures, 131
sedation see Sedation
Contributory negligence, 326
Control of Mercury (enforcement) Regulations
2017, 330
Control of Substances Hazardous to Health
Regulations 2002 (COSHH), 330
Coronal access, root canal therapy, 57
Coronal dentine dysplasia, 208
Coronal interferences, root canal preparation,
60, 60f
Coronal pre-enlargement, 79Q
Coronal root surface preparation, 132
Coronal seal, root canal obturation, 68
Coronal third root fractures, 202
Corticosteroids, 213t
Cough reflex, cerebral palsy, 215
Council for the Regulation of Healthcare
Excellence (CHRE), 313
Council for the Regulation of Healthcare
Professionals (CHRP), 313
Cracked tooth syndrome (CTS), 52
Cranial base, 222 – 223, 236
Craniofacial growth
facial growth, control, 222
pattern, 221 – 222
prediction, 222
rotations, 223 – 224
skeleton, 222 – 223
soft tissue, 224
Crohn’s disease, 26
Crossbite
aetiology, 269
anterior, 234 – 235, 270
bilateral buccal, 234f, 270
buccal, 277
crowding, 269
incisors in, 258
lingual, 270 – 271
local causes, 269
posterior, 234 – 235
posterior with mandibular
displacement, 256
skeletal pattern, 269
soft tissues, 269
treatment, 269 – 271
unilateral buccal, 235f, 256f, 270
unilateral, with displacement, 229
Crowding, 229
crossbite, 269
degree of, 244
dental arches, assessment, 234
environmental influence, 229
extractions, 244
lower incisors, 225t
malocclusion, 229
class I, 261 – 262
class II (Division 1), 262
class II (Division 2), 264 – 265
class III, 267
mild, 267 – 268
moderate, 267 – 268
severe, 266
site of, 234, 244
Crown-down approach, 64
Crown lengthening procedures, 35 – 36
Crown preparations
axial reduction, 101
marginal configuration, 101 – 102
margin location
adjacent teeth, 103
gingival margins, 102 – 103
restorations, 103
occlusal reduction, 101
onlay preparations, 103
Crowns
caries management, in children, 179
defective margins, 18
fractures
complicated, 199, 202
complicated crown root, 199, 202
crown root, 199
uncomplicated, 199
uncomplicated crown root, 202
preformed, 179
Curettes, 33
Cyanotic defects, 209
Cystic fibrosis, 212
Cytokines, 17
D
Damon (self-ligating appliance), 294
Data Protection Act, 321
Deafness, 215
Deciduous teeth, 173t
Deep margin elevation, 103
Delusional states, 153 – 154
Demineralisation, 176, 191t
Dens evaginatus, 206
Dens invaginatus, 206
Dental arches
bucco-lingual discrepancy, arch relationship,
234 – 235
canines, inclination of, 234
crowding, 234
development, 224t
expansion, lateral or anteroposterior, 245
Frankfort plane, angulation of upper
incisors relative to, 232
lower
crowding, 267
orthodontic assessment, 234
treatment plan, 241 – 242
mandibular plane, angulation of lower labial
segment to, 234
partially edentulous, 133f
spacing, 234
surplus or deficit, quantifying, 234
Dental arches (Continued)Crossbite (Continued)Concussion, 199, 203
symmetry and alignment, 234
upper
crowding, 267
orthodontic assessment, 234
treatment plan, 242
Dental biofilm-induced gingivitis, 8
Dental Board, UK, 310
Dental care professionals (DCPs), 314 – 316
Dental Complaints Service, 325
Dental Core Training (DCT), 319
Dental dam, 58, 98
Dental Defence Union, 319
Dental development, 245Q
Dental fear and anxiety (DFA), 174
Dental floss, 31
Dental Foundation Training (DFT), 319
Dental history, 4
dentures, 120t
endodontics, 51
orthodontic assessment, 231
paediatric dentistry, 174
previous, 197 – 198
sedation, 155
traumatic injuries in children, 197 – 198
see also History taking
Dental hygienists, 315
Dental lamina, 172
Dental nurses, 166, 315
Dental panoramic tomograph (DPT), 235
Dental Protection, 319
Dental technicians, 315
Dental therapists, 315 – 316
Dentinal tubules, 86
Dentine
anatomy, 86
bonding, 91 – 92, 91f
enamel-dentine fractures, 201
formation, 172
reactionary, 49
secondary, 49
tertiary, 49
Dentine defects, 207 – 208
dentine dysplasia type I, 208
dentine dysplasia type II, 208
dentinogenesis imperfecta type I, with
osteogenesis imperfecta, 208
dentinogenesis imperfecta type II, 207 – 208
environmentally determined, 208
management of, 208
Dentine dysplasia type I (radicular dentine
dysplasia), 208
Dentine dysplasia type II (coronal dentine
dysplasia), 208
Dentinogenesis imperfecta type I, with
osteogenesis imperfecta, 208
Dentinogenesis imperfecta type II, 207 – 208
Dentist-patient relationship, 173 – 174
rapport with patient, establishing, 155
Dentists, 313 – 314
Code of Ethics for, 318
complaints against see Complaints procedure
conduct, 316 – 317
disciplinary procedure, 310
fitness to practise investigations, 313
inhalation sedation, trained to
administer, 160
negligence see Negligence
role, 315
Dentists’ Act 1878, 310
Dentists’ Act 1921, 310
Dentists’ Act 1957, 310
Dentists’ Act 1983, 310
Dentists’ Act 1984, 310
Dentists’ Act 1984 (Amendment) Order
2005, 310
338
Index
Dentists’ Register, 310
Dentition, normal maturational changes, 245Q
Dento-alveolar injuries
classification, 198t
fractures, 202
Denture-induced gingival enlargement, 26 – 27
Dentures
common complaints, 125, 126 – 127t
complete see Dentures, complete
copy see Dentures, copy
evidence base
complete dentures, 124
overdentures, 132
partial dentures, 136 – 137
free-end saddles, 135
immediate replacement see Dentures,
immediate replacement
maintenance, 124 – 125
neutral zone technique, 120 – 124, 137Q
overdentures see Overdentures
partial see Dentures, partial; Dentures,
removable partial
review appointments
immediate replacement dentures, 131
removable partial dentures, 136 – 137
trial
complete dentures, 123 – 124
removable partial dentures, 135 – 136
Dentures, complete
advice to patients, 124 – 125
check record, 124
clinical techniques, 120 – 124
critical review of certain dogmas, 124
edentulous patient, common complaints,
125
evidence base, 124
final (fifth visit), 124
impressions
master (second visit), 121 – 122
preliminary (first visit), 120 – 121
jaw relationship, recording (third visit),
122 – 123, 137Q
occlusion, 120
patient assessment, 119 – 120, 120t, 137Q
porosity, 123 – 124
relines/rebases, 125
retention, 120
simple techniques, 124
stability, 120
trial (fourth visit), 123 – 124
Dentures, copy, 125 – 129, 137Q
alginate copy box technique, 127 – 129,
128b, 128f
clinical advantages, 127
common problems, 129
indications for, 127
technical advantages, 127
Dentures, immediate replacement, 129 – 131,
137Q
advantages, 129 – 130
clinical stages, 130
diagnosis, 130
disadvantages, 130 – 131
flanged, 130
laboratory stage, 130 – 131
review appointments, 131
socket-fit, 130
surgery, 131
treatment planning, 130
types, 130
Dentures, partial
classification, 133, 133f
construction, 137 – 138Q
design, 134 – 135
evidence-based approach, 136 – 137
plaque accumulation, 18
Dentures, removable partial, 132 – 137
advice to patients, 136
altered cast technique, 135, 137Q
design, 133, 134 – 135
final insertion, 136 – 137
financial and educational issues, 137
impressions
master, 135
preliminary, 133
intercuspal position, 134
jaw relationship, recording, 134, 134b
laboratory prescription, 133 – 134
metal framework, 135
occlusal contact, 134
plaque accumulation, 18
review appointments, 136 – 137
second clinical visit, 134
trial, 135. see also Dentures, partial
Desquamative gingivitis, 9
Developmental disability, 215 – 216Q
Developmental lateral periodontal cysts, 27
Developmental problems
anomalies, 255 – 256
dilaceration, 258
ectopic maxillary canines, 259
first permanent molars, poor long-term
prognosis, 255 – 256
habits, 258
incisors in crossbite, 258
increased overjet, 258 – 259
infraoccluded primary, 256
maxillary first permanent teeth,
impacted, 256
primary teeth, early loss, 257
second premolars, aberrant position, 256
serial extractions, 256 – 257
upper median diastema, 257 – 258
Diabetes mellitus
in children, 212
medical history, 5, 230
periodontal disease, 17 – 18, 212
poorly controlled, 18
type 1, 212
Diagnosis
caries, children, 175
cephalometric analysis see Cephalometric
analysis
conservative dentistry, 86
dentures, immediate replacement, 130
endodontic examination, 52
malocclusion classification, 226
periodontal disease, 40Q
provisional, 51
Diastema, upper median, 257 – 258
Diet
caries, 176, 177
malnutrition, 10
nutritional deficiencies, 5
Dietary sugars, 178b
Diffusion hypoxia, 160
DiGeorge syndrome, 211
Dilaceration, 258
Directed cusp loading test, 52
Direct pulp capping, 54 – 55, 55f
Disclosure and Barring Service (DBS), 330 – 331
Discolouration of teeth
aetiology, 180, 180t
direct composite restoration, 183
full coverage restoration, 180
microabrasion, 180 – 181
non-vital tooth bleaching, 181 – 183
resin infiltration, 183
tooth whitening, 181
treatments, 180 – 184
veneer, 183 – 184
Discrimination, employment law, 328
Distraction, 174
Distraction osteogenesis, 274
Doomed organ, 53 – 54
Double retraction cord technique, 105, 105f
Double teeth, 206, 260 – 261
Down syndrome, 29
Drifting of teeth, 290
Drug-influenced gingival enlargement, 25 – 26
Drug interactions, renal disease, 214
Drugs
antagonist, 157
antibiotic therapy, 209 – 210
gingival overgrowth, drug-associated, 39Q
side-effects, 156 – 157
sugar-free, 178
Dry mouth, 88
Duplicate dentures see Dentures, copy
Dynamic occlusion, 99 – 100
E
Edentulous patient
classification system, 121f
common complaints, 125
overdentures, 132
Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, 29 – 30
Elastics
fixed appliances, 293
removable appliances, 290
Elastomeric modules/chain/thread, fixed
appliances, 293
Electric pulp test, 51 – 52
Electric toothbrushes, 40Q
Electromechanical monitoring, 164 – 165
Electronic apex locator (EAL), 62
Employment law
acronyms, 332 – 335
agreements and employment contracts, 332
awareness, 332
Care Quality Commission, 330
Consumer Protection Act 1987, 331 – 332
Control of Mercury (enforcement)
Regulations 2017, 330
Control of Substances Hazardous to Health
Regulations 2002 (COSHH), 330
Disclosure and Barring Service (DBS),
330 – 331
discrimination, 328
employers’ liabilities, 328
Freedom of Information Act, 330
friends and family tests, 331
general liability, 331
Health and Safety at Work legislation, 329
Ionising Radiation Regulations (IRR),
329 – 330
Never Events, 331
premises and working environment,
329 – 332
safeguarding, 331
Social Security Acts, 332
termination, 328
whistleblowing, 331
Enamel
anatomy, 86
bonding, 91
fracture to, 201
infraction, 200
Enamel defects, 207
amelogenesis imperfecta (AI), 207
chronological disturbances, 207
decalcification, 207
fluorosis, 207
Enamel-dentine fractures, 201
Enamel fracture, 217Q
Enamel hypoplasia, 191t
Enamel pearls, 20
Index
339
Endocarditis, 209 – 210
Endodontic access openings, 57 – 58
Endodontic lesions
primary, 23
secondary periodontal involvement, 23 – 24
see also Periodontal–endodontic lesions
Endodontics, 48 – 1
Gutta-percha filling techniques see Gutta-
percha filling techniques
pathology, pulpal and periradicular, 48 – 50
patient assessment, 50 – 53
pulpal anatomy, 56 – 57
restoration of endodontically treated teeth,
68 – 70
root canal see Root canal; Root canal
preparation; Root canal therapy
surgical see Surgical endodontics
vital pulp therapy, 53 – 56
EndoVac system, 61
End-stage renal failure, 214
Enhanced Continuing Professional
Development (eCPD), 312
Epilepsy, 215, 230
Epithelial components, 2
Epulides, 26
Erosion, 94, 184
Eruption, 172, 173t
Eruption disorders, 253 – 255
delayed eruption, 209, 254t
natal and neonatal teeth, 208
natal teeth, 253
premature eruption, 208
Ethnic customs, consent, 323
Ethoxybenzoic acid (EBA), 78
Ethyl chloride, 51
Ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA), 60, 73
European Dental Diploma, 311
European Economic Association (EEA), 311
Evaginated teeth, and accessory cusps, 261
Examination
children, 174 – 175
clinical
children, 174 – 175
endodontics, 51
orthodontic assessment, 231 – 235
conservative dentistry, 86
dental, 155
extraoral see Extraoral examination
intraoral see Intraoral examination
physical, 155
radiographic see Radiography
Exarticulation see Avulsion
Exfoliation disorders, 253 – 255
delayed, 209
infraoccusion, incidence and treatment, 209
premature, 209
External bleaching, 182
Extractions
anchorage, 243
appliance to be employed, 243
in buccal segment, 244
canines, 244
condition of teeth, 244
contraindications, 243
crowding, 244
general factors, 243
incisors, 243
individual teeth, position, 244
in labial segment, 244
local factors, 244
lower right first primary molar, 276Q
profile considerations, 241
serial, anomalies, 256 – 257
surgical endodontics, 79
tooth movement, creating space for,
242 – 245
Extraoral examination
children, 175, 198
endodontics, 51
orthodontic assessment, 231 – 233
Extravascular injection, intravenous sedation,
161
Extrinsic acids, 94
F
Facial growth
control, 222
malocclusion class III, 266, 300
pattern, 264
potential direction and extent, 266
retention, 300
Facial height assessment, 231 – 232
Factitious gingivitis, 27
Fast-track timetable, negligence claims,
327 – 328
Febrile convulsions, 215
Fentanyl, 157
Fibroblasts, 13 – 14
Fibromatosis, gingival, 25
Fibrous epulis, 26
Finger rest, 33
Finger spreader, 66
First permanent molars (FPM), 190, 244,
256, 256b
Fissures, sealants, 178, 191
Fitness to Practise (FtP)
complaints regarding, 325
General Dental Council, 317
initial assessment of complaints or received
information, 317
investigations, 317 – 318
initial assessment of complaints or
received information, 317
interim orders committee, 317
Investigating Committee, 317
Practices Committees, 317
Fixed bonded retainers, 300
Fixed bridge, 107
Fixed–fixed resin-bonded bridge design, 108
Fixed–moveable bridge, 108f
Flanged dentures, 130
Flap surgery, periodontal
apically positioned flap technique, 34b
apically repositioned flap, no bone removed,
35
design, elevation and retraction, 76 – 78, 76f
full-thickness mucoperiosteal flap, 22
furcation lesions, 21
indications for, 39Q
replaced flap, no bone removal, 34 – 35
Flumazenil, 157, 167Q
Fluoride
caries prevention, 177
caries risk assessment, 176
supplemental, 177
varnish frequency, 177
Fluoride toothpaste, 111Q
Fluoride varnish, 182Q
Fluorosis, 191t, 207
Formal operations, 173
Fractures
apical and middle third root, 202
coronal third root, 202
crown
complicated, 199, 202
uncomplicated, 199
crown root, 199
dento-alveolar, 202
enamel, 201
enamel-dentine, 201
root see Root fractures
Frankel Appliance, 297
Frankfort-mandibular planes angle (FMPA)
assessment, 232
removable appliances, 290
space closure, 254 – 255
space opening, 254
Freedom of Information Act, 330
Free-end saddles, dentures, 133f
Free gingiva, 2
graft, 37, 37b
Full pulpotomy, 54
Fully customised appliances, 294
Functional matrix theory, 222
Furcation lesions, 19 – 23
anatomy, 19 – 20, 19f
bone regeneration techniques, 21
chronic periodontitis, 11
classification, 20 – 23
diagnosis, 20 – 23
distribution, 20
examination, 7
extractions, 22 – 23
flap surgery, 21
furcoplasty, 21
oral hygiene, 21
prevention, 21
prognosis, 23
root amputation, 21 – 22, 22f
root surface instrumentation, 21
treatment, 21, 21t
tunnel preparation, 21
Furcoplasty, 21
Fusobacterium spp., 13
G
Gag reflex, 215
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), 156
Gaseous porosity, complete dentures, 123
Gastric hyperacidity and reflux, 5
Gastric regurgitation, tooth surface
loss (Wear), 185
Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD),
185
Gates–Glidden burs, 61
General anaesthesia
referring dentist, 323, 335Q
treatment, 323
General Data Protection Regulation
(GDPR), 321
General Dental Council (GDC)
guidance booklets, 309
membership, 310 – 311
reconstitution (2003), 310 – 311
registration with, 311 – 313
continuing professional development
(CPD), 312 – 313
documentary evidence, 311
International Qualifying Examination,
311 – 313
Licence in Dental Surgery (LDS)
examination, 312
Overseas Registration Examination,
311 – 312
Personal Development Planning
(PDP), 313
Professional Standards Authority, 313
Reflective Practice, 313
temporary, 311
regulation by
advertising, 318
concerns raised, 317
conduct, 316 – 317
education, 316
Fitness to Practise Investigations,
317 – 318
340
Index
General Dental Council (GDC) (Continued)
and sedation, 166
specialist lists, 314
Website, 318
General Dental Practice, 320
Genioplasty, 274
Gigantism, 213
Gingiva
attached, 2
in children, 2
clinical features, 2
epithelial and connective tissue
attachments, 2f
free, 2
Gingival bleeding
acute leukaemia, 26
Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, 29
history taking, 3
Gingival connective tissue, 2
Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF),
periodontium, 3
Gingival cysts, 27
Gingival enlargement
acute leukaemia, 26
chronic hyperplastic gingivitis, 25
Crohn’s disease, 26
cystic lesions, 27
denture-induced, 26 – 27
drug-associated gingival overgrowth, 39Q
drug-influenced, 25 – 26
epulides, 26
fibromatosis, 25
iatrogenic, 26 – 27
orofacial granulomatosis, 26
orthodontically induced, 27
sarcoidosis, 26
Wegener’s granulomatosis, 26
Gingival fibromatosis, 25
Gingival margin, 2
Gingival overgrowth, drug-
associated, 39Q
Gingival recession
aetiology, 24
clinical features, 24
generalised, 11
localised, 11
pain, 4
predisposing factors, 25
treatment, 25
Gingival retraction cord (GRC), 105
Gingival sulcus, 2, 3
Gingivectomy, 36, 36b, 36f
Gingivitis
in children, 8
chronic, 13
classification, 8
dental biofilm-induced, 8
desquamative, 9
factitious, 27
histopathology, 14 – 15
HIV infection, 214
inflammation, 8, 38 – 39Q
initiation, 15
intraoral examination, 5
local risk factors, 8
non-dental-plaque-induced, 9
pathogenesis, 13 – 15
plaque-induced, 13
plasma cell, 9
pre-existing, 10
in pregnancy, 8
prevalence, 1, 8f
primary herpetic gingivostomatitis, 9
primary periodontal lesions, 23
sex steroid hormones, 8
systemic risk factors, 8
Glass ionomer cements (GIC), 94, 192
caries treatment, children, 179
placement of sealant, 178b
resin-modified, 179
Glass ionomer fissure sealants, 178, 178b
Glickman, Irving, 27
Glickman’s hypothesis, 27 – 28
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
deficiency, 211
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), 214
Granular porosity, complete dentures,
123 – 124
Growth modification, malocclusion, 263 – 264,
267 – 268
Growth rotation
anterior mandibular, 245Q
craniofacial, 223 – 224, 224f
Guided imagery, 174
Guided tissue regeneration (GTR), 36 – 37, 37b,
37f, 39Q
Gum pads, 225
Gutta-percha filling techniques
carrier-based systems, 67 – 68
condensation
lateral, 65 – 66, 65f, 66b
warm vertical, 66 – 67, 67b
removal, 73
single cone technique, 65
thermomechanical compaction, 66
thermoplasticised, 66
H
Habits
developmental problems, 258
malocclusion class II (Division 1), 262
open bite, 268
orthodontic assessment, 233
see also Thumb-sucking
Haematoma, intravenous sedation, 163
Haemophilias, 210
Haemostasis, 77
Hairy leukoplakia, 214
Hard tissues
immediate replacement denture, 130
injury to, 200 – 202
Hawley retainer, 300
Hay fever, orthodontic assessment, 230
Headache, 197
Headgear, safety factors, 290
Health and Social Care (Quality and Safety)
Act, 310
Health care provider (HCP), 327
Health Committee, 310
Health Service Commissioner (Ombudsman),
325
Hearing loss, in children, 215
Heart
congenital cardiac disease, 198, 209 – 210
transplantation, 213, 217, 217f
Heat, pulp sensitivity test, 51
Hepatic disease, 214 – 215, 217Q
in children, 214 – 215
insufficiency, midazolam contraindication,
154
Hepatitis A, B, C, 215
Herbst appliance, 295
Hereditary opalescent dentine (dentinogenesis
imperfecta type II), 207 – 208
Herpes labialis, 9
Herpes simplex infections, 214
Histamine, 16
Histology/histopathology
gingivitis, 14 – 15
periodontitis, 16, 16f
periodontium, 2
History taking
aims, 3
bad taste, 4
dental history see Dental history
drifting of teeth, 3
gingival bleeding, 3
halitosis, 4
implants, 145
loose teeth, 4
medical history see Medical history
pain, 4, 50 – 51
presenting complaint, 3 – 4, 50
provisional diagnosis, 51
social history see Social history
traumatic injuries in children, 197 – 198
HIV infection
necrotising periodontitis (NP), 10
oral disease associated with (in children), 214
Holdaway line, soft tissue analysis, 238
Home bleaching technique, 181
Hybrid prosthesis, 146
Hydrocephalus, 215
Hyperparathyroidism, 213
Hyperpituitarism (gigantism), 213
Hyperplastic pulpitis, 49
Hypertension, 155
Hyperthyroidism, 154, 213
Hypocalcified amelogenesis imperfecta, 207
Hypodontia (congenital absence of some
teeth), 205 – 206, 254 – 255, 276Q
lower central incisors, 255
second premolars, 255
third molars, 254
upper lateral incisors, 254 – 255
Hypomaturation amelogenesis imperfecta, 207
Hypomineralised second primary molar
(HSPM), 190
Hypoparathyroidism, 213
Hypophosphatasia, 30
Hypopituitarism, 213
Hypoplastic amelogenesis imperfecta, 207
Hypothyroidism, 213
I
Iatrogenic effects
gingival enlargement, 26 – 27
trauma, 27
ICCMS see International Caries Classification
and Management System (ICCMS)
Immune cells, periodontitis, 15
Immunodeficiency, 211, 217Q
B cells, 211
dental management, 211
dental problems, 211
neutrophils, 211
parathyroid disorders, 213
primary, 211
T cell defects, 211
Immunosuppression, 198
Impaction, tooth, 240, 256
Implants, 143 – 1
abutments, 144, 147 – 148
and bridgework, 146
care pathway, 148f
case selection, 145
complications, 149 – 150
contraindications, 144 – 145
delayed restoration, 148 – 149
follow-up, 149
immediate restoration, 148
indications for, 144
long-term follow-up, 149
maintenance phase, 149 – 150
mandibular two-implant supported
overdentures, edentulous patients, 132
Index
341
Implants (Continued)
osseointegrated, 143 – 144
placement, 147
pre-implant placement, 147
prostheses, 146
prosthodontically driven planning, 145
radiography, 145
restorations
abutment connection, 147 – 148
delayed, 148 – 149
immediate, 148
implant-supported, 144
types of, 146
site evaluation and preparation, 147
special investigations, 145
stability, 143 – 144
surgery, 147 – 148
terminology, 143 – 144
timing of procedures, 146 – 147
Implied consent, 322
Impressions
complete dentures
master (second visit), 121 – 122
preliminary (first visit), 120 – 121
compound, 137Q
conventional materials, 105
gingival retraction cord (GRC), 105
heavier bodied materials, 105 – 106
indirect restoration preparations, 105
light bodied materials, 105 – 106
materials, 137Q
optical impressions, 106
polyethers, 105
putty materials, 105 – 106
techniques, 105 – 106
trays, 120 – 121
viscosities, 105 – 106
Inactive enamel lesions, 88 – 89
Incapacity, 322
Incisors
absent lower central, 255
absent upper lateral, 254 – 255
angulation of upper, relative to Frankfort
plane, 234
and canine teeth, 57f
cephalometric analysis, 238
class III malocclusion, 266 – 267
crossbite, 258
early development, 225
edge-to-edge incisor relationship, achieving,
267
endodontic access openings, 57 – 58
extractions, 243
lower
angle to A-pogonion line, 238
angle to mandibular plane, 238
crowding, 225t
horizontal overlap of upper over, 234
malocclusion class III, 266 – 267
orthodontic assessment, 234
overbite (vertical overlap of upper over
lower), 234
overjet (horizontal overlap of upper over
lower), 234, 258 – 259
position, 238
primary, early loss, 257
trauma, 240
upper
angle to maxillary plane, 238
extractions, 244
horizontal overlap over lower, 234
inclination, 234, 265
malocclusion class II (Division 2), 265
upper permanent, traumatic loss, 258
Independent Safeguarding Authority,
330 – 331
Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need
(IOTN), 263
aesthetic component, 227 – 228
grading process, 227
malocclusion, 226 – 228
MOCDO acronym, 227f
ruler, 227
Indirect pulp capping, 54, 110Q
Indirect pulp treatment, 187
Infective endocarditis, orthodontic
assessment, 230
Inflammation
detection of, 2
gingivitis, 38 – 39Q
periodontitis, 16 – 17
periradicular disease, 51
Informed consent see Consent to treatment
Infrabony periodontal pockets, 39Q
Infraction, enamel, 200
Infraocclusion
incidence, 209
primary teeth, 256
treatment, 209
Inhalation sedation
addictive qualities, 159
advantages, 158
dental professional trained to administer,
160
disadvantages, 158 – 159
equipment, 158
metabolism, absence of, 158
nitrous oxide see Nitrous oxide
nosepiece, intrusion into operating field,
158 – 159, 159f
oversedation, signs and symptoms, 160
rapid onset, 158
recovery, 158, 160
staff, chronic exposures, 159
symptoms, 159 – 160
techniques, 159b
see also Intravenous sedation; Sedation
Initial assessment decision group (IADG), 317
Initial Assessment Test (IAT), 317
Injuries
to hard tissues, 200 – 202
intrusion, 216Q
lateral luxation, 216Q
non-accidental (children), 205t
periodontitis, 16 – 17
INR see International normalised ratio (INR)
Inside–outside non-vital bleaching
techniques, 182
Instruments
fractured, removal, 73 – 74, 74f, 79Q
root canal preparation, 60
rotary nickel-titanium instrumentation
techniques, 63 – 64
rotary nickel-titanium techniques, 79
Insulin-dependent diabetes, 212
Intercuspal position, removable partial
dentures, 134
Interdental brushes, 32
Interdental papillae, 2
Interdental wiring, splints, 203
Interim Orders Committee, 317
Intermediate furcation ridges, 20
Intermediate restorative material (IRM), 78
Internal bleaching, 182
International Caries Classification and
Management System (ICCMS), 88
International normalised ratio (INR), 210
International Principles of Ethics for the
Dental Profession, 309
International Qualifying Examination,
311 – 313
Interocclusal space, 110
Interproximal reduction (IPR), 244 – 245
Interproximal stripping, 18
Interspace brushes, 31 – 32
Intertubular dentine, 86
Intraoral examination
children, 175, 198 – 199
endodontics, 51
orthodontic assessment, 233 – 235
Intravenous sedation
administration, 160
advantages, 160
adverse reactions, 160
benzodiazepines
allergy to, 154
side-effects, 156 – 157
cannulation, 161, 162f
complications, 161 – 163
contraindications, 167Q
dental treatment under, 161
disadvantages, 160
drug combinations, 164
emergency equipment, 160
equipment required, 160
establishment, 160
extravascular injection, 161
haematoma formation, 163
hyper-response, 163
hypo-response, 163
intra-arterial injection, 161
midazolam, 154
monitoring, 160
oversedation, 163
paradoxical reaction, 163
preparation of drugs, 161
preparation of patient, 161
recovery, 161
reversal, 163
sexual fantasy, 163
signs of adequate sedation, 161
special dental equipment, 160
speed of onset, 160
technique, 160
venospasm in, 161
see also Inhalation sedation; Sedation
Intrinsic acids, 94
Intrusion injuries, 216Q
Investigating Committee (IC), 317
Ionising Radiation Regulations (IRR),
329 – 330
Ionising Radiations (Medical Exposure)
Regulations (2000) (IRMER), 329
IOO see Open inside–outside bleaching
technique
IOTN see Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need
(IOTN)
IPR see Interproximal reduction (IPR)
IRM see Intermediate restorative material (IRM)
IRMER Practitioner, 329
Iron deficiency, 211
Irreversible pulpitis, 49
Irrigation, root canal preparation, 60 – 61, 79Q
Isoflurane, 164
Isolation, 90
J
Jaw relationship, recording
complete dentures, 123, 137Q
removable partial dentures, 134
Junctional epithelium (JE) cells, 2
K
Kaposi’s sarcoma, 214
Ketamine, 158
342
Index
transplantation, 213
see also Renal disease
Kinins, 16
L
Labial frenum, 7
Labial segment
crowding, 267
extractions in, 244
lower
adjustment of proclination, 265
alignment, repositioning of canines,
241 – 242
inclination of mandibular plane, 234
proclination, 265, 268
Laboratories
complete dentures, prescriptions for
impressions, 120
jaw relationship, recording, 123
trial, 123
copy/duplicate dentures, alginate copy box
technique, 128
removable partial dentures, prescriptions for,
133 – 134
stages
copy/duplicate dentures, 128
immediate replacement dentures,
130 – 131
Lactation, sedation contraindication, 154
Lamina dura, loss, 52
Langerhans cell histiocytosis, 30
Language development, 173
Lateral cephalometric radiograph, 246Q
Lateral condensation, gutta-percha filling
techniques, 65 – 66, 65f, 66b
Lateral luxation injuries, 216Q
Latex allergies, orthodontic assessment, 231
Laws and regulations
Consumer Protection Act 1987, 331 – 332
data protection, 321
dental treatment, 331
National Health Service Acts and
regulations, 331
Social Security Acts, 332
Learning difficulties (severe), sedation
contraindication, 153
Le Fort I osteotomy, 273
Le Fort II osteotomy, 273
Le Fort III osteotomy, 273
Legal aid/contingency fees, negligence
claims, 327
Legal matters, 309 – 1
chaperones, 323
complaint see Complaints procedure
confidentiality and disclosure, 321
consent see Consent
employment law see Employment law
Fitness to practise investigations, 317 – 318
General Dental Council (GDC), 310 – 313
laws and regulations, 328 – 335
negligence see Negligence
principles, 309 – 310
in practice of dentistry, 310
records, 320 – 321
records and documentation, 320 – 323
titles and descriptions, 313 – 316
Legal person, 329
Lesions
cystic, 27
furcation, 19 – 23
periodontal–endodontic see Periodontal–
endodontic lesions
Leukaemia, 211 – 212
Leukocyte adhesion-deficiency syndrome, 30
Leukotoxin, 47
Licence in Dental Surgery (LDS) examination,
312
Lichen planus, 46 – 47
Life-saving procedures, consent, 323
Light bodied materials, 105 – 106
Liners, 90
Lingual appliance, 294
Lingual crossbite, 270 – 271
Lips
malocclusion
class II (Division 1), 262
class III, 266
occlusal radiographs, 199
soft tissues, orthodontic assessment,
232 – 233
see also Cleft lip and palate
Listerine, 32
Lithium disilicates-based restoration, 96
Lithium disilicate wings, 109
Liver transplantation, 213
Localised composite resin restorations,
183, 183b
Long-handled spreaders, 66
Long labial bow, 290
Lower incisor angulation (LIA), 238
Luxation
extrusive
permanent teeth, 203
primary teeth, 199
intrusive
permanent teeth, 203
primary teeth, 199 – 200
lateral
permanent teeth, 203
primary teeth, 199
Lymph nodes, palpation, 51
Lymphocytes, 15
Lymphoid growth, 221
M
MAC1 Inhalation Sedation Machine,
159, 159f
Macrodontia, 206
Macrophages, 15
Malnutrition, 10
Malocclusion
aetiology, 229
Angle’s classification, 226, 226f
British Standards Institute (BSI)
classification, 226, 226f
class I, 261 – 262
aetiology, 261
bimaxillary proclination, 262
dental factors, 261
occlusal features, 261
skeletal factors, 261
soft tissues factors, 261
spacing, 262
treatment, 261 – 262
classification, 226 – 229
class II (Division 1)
aetiology, 262
crowding, 262
growth modification, 263 – 264
lips, tongue and habits, 262
occlusal features, 263
orthodontic camouflage, 264
orthognathic surgery, 264
post-treatment stability, 264
prevalence, 262
retention, 264
skeletal relationship, 262
treatment, 263 – 264
class II (Division 2), 246Q, 264 – 266
Malocclusion (Continued)Kidney
acceptance of incisor relationship, 265
aetiology, 264
correction of incisor relationship, 265
dental factors, 264
growth modification, 265
occlusal features, 264 – 266
orthognathic surgery, 265
overbite reduction, 265
post-treatment stability, 265 – 266
skeletal relationships, 264
soft tissues, 264
treatment, 264 – 265
upper incisors, inclination, 265
class III
aetiology, 266
anteroposterior and vertical discrepancy,
degree of, 266
dental factors, 266
facial growth, 266
growth modification, 267 – 268
incisor inclinations, 266 – 267
mild-to-moderate class III skeletal pattern,
267 – 268
occlusal features, 266
orthodontic camouflage, 268
orthognathic surgery, 268
skeletal pattern, 266
soft tissues, 266
treatment, 266 – 268
complexity of treatment, assessing, 229
crowding, 229
dental factors, 261, 264, 266
diagnosis, classification for, 226
genetic factors, 229
growth modification, 265, 267 – 268
and skeleton, 229
class I, 261
class II (Division 1), 262
class II (Division 2), 264
class III, 266
soft tissue
class I, 261
class II (Division 2), 264
class III, 266
treatment need and outcome, assessment,
226 – 229
Mandible, 245Q
cephalometric analysis, 236, 238
craniofacial skeleton, 223
growth, 223
surgical-orthodontic treatment, 273 – 274
Mandibular molars, 58
endodontic access openings, 58
furcation lesions, 20
root amputation, 22
Mandibular path of closure, orthodontic
assessment, 233
Mandibular plane
angle of lower incisor to, 238
angulation of lower labial segment, 234
Masserann kit, root canal retreatment, 72 – 73
Mast cells, 16
Mastication, orthodontic treatment, 240
Matrices, 91
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), 17
Maxilla, 245Q
cephalometric analysis, 236, 238
growth, 221
surgical-orthodontic treatment, 273
Maxillary canines
ectopic, 259
estimating maxillary canine position, 259
management of canine displacement,
259, 260t
transposition, 259
Index
343
Maxillary complex, craniofacial skeleton, 223
Maxillary/mandibular planes angle (MMPA),
238, 239f, 246Q
Maxillary molars
endodontic access openings, 58, 58f
furcation lesions, 20
root amputation, 22
Maxillary plane, angle of upper incisor to, 238
McCall’s festoon, 24, 25f
McGill Consensus Statement, overdentures, 132
Mechanical retention, 97
Meckel’s cartilage, 223
Medical and Dental Defence Union of Scotland,
319
Medical history, 4 – 5
arthritis, 231
behavioural/learning difficulties, 231
bleeding diatheses, 231
caries, 176
diabetes, 230
endodontics, 51
hay fever/asthma, 230
infective endocarditis risk, 230
latex allergy, 231
nickel allergies, 231
osteoporosis, 231
paediatric dentistry, 174, 198
records, 321
recurrent oral ulceration, 230
sedation, 155
see also History taking
Medicated pastes, 65
Medications see Drugs
Medium opening activator, 295 – 297
Megadontia, 259
Mental Capacity Act of 2005, 322
Metabolic/endocrine disorders
adrenal insufficiency, 212
children, 212 – 213
diabetes mellitus, 212
hyperpituitarism (gigantism), 213
hypopituitarism, 213
parathyroid disorders, 213
thyroid disorders, 213
Metabolism
absence, 158
drugs, 214
first-pass, 163
midazolam, 157
Metal restorations, 96
Metal rim lock trays, 106
Metronidazole, 10
Microabrasion, 180 – 181, 181b
effectiveness, 181
indications, 181
technique, 180, 181b
Micro-apical placement (MAP) systems, 78
Microdontia, 206, 259 – 260
Micro-organisms
periodontitis, 13
plaque, 176
Midazolam, 157, 167Q
Midazolam, intravenous sedation with
metabolism, 157
pharmacokinetic properties, 157
MIH see Molar-incisor hypomineralisation
(MIH)
Millard technique, 275 – 276
Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), 54, 78, 187
‘Mixing’, 325
MMPA see Maxillary/mandibular planes angle
(MMPA)
Mobility, 51
Mobility, teeth see Tooth mobility
Modified Child Dental Anxiety Scal, 174
Molar-incisor distribution periodontitis, 39 – 40Q
Molar-incisor hypomineralisation (MIH)
definition, 190
diagnosis, 191 – 192, 191b
management, 191
severity, 191
Molar incisor hypoplasia (MIH), 255 – 256
Molars
first
permanent teeth, 225, 244, 255 – 256, 256b
primary teeth, 225, 257
mandibular see Mandibular molars
maxillary see Maxillary molars
orthodontic assessment, 234
permanent teeth
first, 244, 255 – 256
second, 244
third, 244
poor long-term prognosis of first, 255 – 256
restoration of endodontically treated teeth, 70
second
permanent teeth, 244
primary teeth, 244
third, 244
absent, 254
Monitoring of sedated patients
Bispectral Index (BIS), 165
capnography, 165
clinical, 164
electromechanical, 164 – 165
pulse oximetry, 165
reservoir bag, relative analgesia machine, 165
respiration pattern and depth, 164
skin colour, 164
Monocytes, 15
Monolithic zirconia restorations, 101 – 102
Motor development, 173
Mouth breathing, 268
Mouthrinses
chlorhexidine, 39Q, 203
listerine, 32
oxygenating, 10
Movement difficulties (severe), sedation
contraindication, 153
Movement of teeth
accelerated, 299
arch expansion (lateral or anteroposterior),
245
assessment of space, 242 – 243
bodily, effect, 298f
buccal segments, distal movement, 245
creating space for, 242 – 243
excessive force, 301Q
extractions, 242 – 243
fixed appliances, 294
force
magnitude and duration, 298 – 299
undesirable sequelae, 299
interproximal stripping, 244 – 245
mechanisms, 298
pressure zones, 297 – 298
removable appliances, 297 – 300
tension zones, 298
tipping, effect, 242, 298f
types, 298 – 299
Mucogingival lesions, 25f
Mucogingival line, 2
Mucogingival surgery, 37
Multiple-teeth immediate denture, 130
Multitrack timetable, negligence claims, 327
Myasthenia gravis, 154
N
Naloxone, 157
Natal teeth, eruption/exfoliation disorders,
208, 253
National Health Service Acts and regulations,
331
National Recognition Information Centre for
the United Kingdom (UKNARIC), 311
National Reporting and Learning System
(NRLS), 331
Necrosis, pulp, 49
primary teeth, 200
Necrositing periodontitis, 214
Necrotising gingivitis (NG), 10, 40Q, 214
Necrotising periodontal diseases, 10, 214
Necrotising periodontitis (NP), 10
Negligence, 325 – 328, 335Q
Bolam principle test, 326
claim for compensation, 335 – 336Q
contributory, 326
fast-track timetable, 327 – 328
legal aid/contingency fees, 327
multitrack timetable, 328
time limits, 327 – 328
unsuitable treatment, 326
vicarious liability, 326
Woolf report (1996), 327
Neonatal teeth, premature eruption, 208
Neoplasia, 217Q
Neoplastic disease, 213
Neural growth, 221
Neurological disease, 215
Neutral zone technique, dentures, 120 – 124,
137Q
Neutrophils
immunodeficiency, 211
periodontitis, 15, 39Q
Nickel allergies, orthodontic assessment, 231
Nickel-titanium (NiTi) instruments, root canal
preparation
apical preparation, 62 – 63
rotary, 63 – 64
Nightguard vital bleaching, 182, 183b
Nitrous oxide, 167Q
anaesthetic and analgesic properties, 156
chronic exposure, 156
contraindications, 154
cylinders, 155 – 156, 167Q
effects of chronic exposure, 156
overdose, 167Q
physical properties, 155 – 156
and pregnancy, 154
signs and symptoms of adequate sedation,
159 – 160
using any agent other than nitrous oxide/
oxygen alone, 164
Non-bonded amalgam restorations, 90
Non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs), 94 – 95
Non-dental-plaque-induced gingivitis, 9
Non-milk extrinsic sugars (NME), 177
Non-vital inside–outside bleach technique,
183b
Non-vital walking bleach technique, 182b
Normal periradicular tissues, 50
Notice of Allocation, fast-track timetable,
327 – 328
O
Obturation, root canal, 64 – 68, 79Q
coronal seal, 68
gutta-percha filling techniques, 65 – 68
overfills, 68, 69f
requirements before filling of root canal, 64
root filling materials, 65
wide and open apex, 68
Occlusal caries
diagnosis, 175
permanent teeth, 180
344
Index
Occlusal development
maturational changes, 225 – 226
permanent teeth, 225
primary teeth, 225
see also Malocclusion
Occlusal features
cleft lip and palate, 275
malocclusion
class I, 261
class II (Division 1), 263
class II (Division 2), 264 – 266
class III, 266
retention, 300
Occlusal problems
adult and surgical–orthodontic treatment,
271 – 274
anomalies, dental, 253 – 255
anomalies of development, 255 – 256
case history questions, 278Q
cleft lip and palate, 274 – 276
crossbite, 269 – 271
eruption disorders, 253 – 255
exfoliation disorders, 253 – 255
extended matching items questions,
277 – 278Q
malocclusion see Malocclusion
open bite, 268 – 269
picture questions, 278 – 280Q
Occlusal radiographs, 199
Occlusal reduction, 101
Occlusal rims, complete dentures, 134
Occlusal trauma, 39Q
Occlusal vertical dimension (OVD), 134
Occlusion
analysis, 51
assessments with teeth in, 234 – 235
children, 175
complete dentures, 120
defined, 120
vertical dimension, 134
Ombudsman (Health Service Commissioner),
325
One-tooth immediate denture, 130
Onlay preparations, 103
Onlays, 96
Opaque resin cements, 109
Open bite
aetiology, 268
anterior, 268 – 269
habits, 268
localised failure of alveolar development, 268
monitoring and/or accepting, 268
open mouth breathing, 268
orthodontic and surgical management, 269
posterior, 269
skeletal pattern, 268
soft tissues, 268
Open inside–outside bleaching technique
(IOO), 182
Operator, 329
Opioids, 157
Optical impressions, 106
Oral candidosis, 214
Oral epithelium, 2
Oral hygiene
fixed appliances, 294
poor, 166
Oral hygiene instruction, 46
desquamative gingivitis, 9
gingivitis, 8
necrotising periodontal diseases, 10
periodontal abscess, 19
Oral sedation, 167Q
Organ transplantation, 213 – 214
Orofacial granulomatosis, 26
Orthodontically induced gingival
enlargement, 27
Orthodontic appliances
case history questions, 302
extended matching item questions,
301 – 302
fixed, 18, 291 – 294
accessories, 293
anchorage control, 294
appliance types, 294
components, 292 – 293, 301Q
indications for, 294, 301Q
management of, 294
problems, 293t
types, 292 – 293
functional, 295 – 297
dental effects, 297
effects, 297
headgear addition to, 297
indications for, 295
management technique, 296b
mechanism of action, 295
practical management of patients with,
295 – 297
skeletal effects, 297
types, 295 – 297, 301Q
lateral luxation, 203
movement of teeth, 297 – 300
picture questions, 302 – 303
plaque accumulation, 18
removable, 18, 289 – 291, 301Q
active components, 289 – 290, 301Q
anchorage, 290
anterior bite plane, 291
base plate, 290 – 291
clear aligner therapy, 291
common tooth movements required,
291, 292b
designing, 289 – 291, 301Q
fitting, 292b
headgear assembly, 290
indications, 289
posterior bite planes, 291
problem management during treatment,
291, 293t
retention component, 290, 301Q
upper, 245f
Orthodontic assessment
anteroposterior plane, 231
bucco-lingual discrepancy, arch relationship,
234 – 235, 234f
canines, 234
centrelines, 234
cephalometric analysis, 235 – 238
clinical examination, 231 – 235
crossbite, anterior or posterior, 234 – 235
demand for treatment, 230
dental arches
lower, 234
upper, 234
dental panoramic tomograph (DPT), 235
diagnostic records, 235
extraoral examination, 231 – 233
Frankfort-mandibular planes angle, 232
habits, 233
history, 230
dental, 231
medical, 230 – 231
social, 231
incisors, 234
intraoral examination, 233 – 235
lower facial height, 231 – 232
mandibular path of closure, 233
molars, 234
occlusion, teeth in, 234 – 235
radiography, 235
Orthodontic assessment (Continued)Occlusal contact, partial dentures, 134
sensibility tests, 235
soft tissues, 232 – 233
special tests, 235
speech, 233
temporomandibular joints, 233
timing, 229 – 230
transverse plane, 232
vertical plane, 231 – 232
Orthodontic camouflage, 264, 268
Orthodontics, defined, 221
Orthodontic therapists, 315
Orthodontic treatment
adjunctive, in adults, 271 – 272
adults, 271 – 272
aims, 241
anchorage demands, 242
canines, 242
caries, 239 – 240
dental health and function, 239 – 241
expansion of arch, lateral or anteroposterior,
245
final buccal segment relationship, planning, 242
final presentation, 242
incisor trauma, 240
interproximal stripping, 244 – 245
limitations, 241
lower arch, 242
masticatory function, 240
open bite, 268 – 269
periodontal disease, 240
potential benefits and limitations, 239 – 241
problem list and treatment need, 238 – 241
residual spaces, need for closure, 242
retention, 242
risks, 243t
social/psychological wellbeing, 240 – 241
speech, 240
temporomandibular joint dysfunction
syndrome (TMJDS), 240
timing, 242
tooth impaction, 240
treatment plan, 241 – 242
upper arch, 242
Orthognathic surgery, malocclusion, 264, 268
Orthopantomography (OPT)
caries diagnosis, 175
paediatric dentistry, 175, 199
Osteitis, condensing, 50
Osteoclasts, 15
Osteogenesis imperfecta, dentinogenesis
imperfecta type I with, 208
Osteoporosis, orthodontic assessment, 231
Osteotomy
body, 274
Le Fort I osteotomy, 273
Le Fort II osteotomy, 273
Le Fort III osteotomy, 273
sagittal split, 273
vertical subsigmoid, 273 – 274
Ovate pontics, 109
OVD see Occlusal vertical dimension (OVD)
Overbite (vertical overlap of upper incisors
over lower), 234, 265, 266
class II division 2 malocclusion, 277
Overdentures
abutment, 131
advantages, 131
contraindications, 131
coronal root surface, 132, 132t
indications, 131
mandibular two-implant supported,
endentulous patients, 132
McGill Consensus Statement, 132
periodontal disease, 132
York Consensus Statement, 132
Index
345
Overhanging restorations, plaque
accumulation, 18
Overjet, 234, 277Q
Overjet (horizontal overlap of upper over
lower), 234
increased, 258 – 259
Overseas Registration Examination, 311 – 312,
335Q
Oversedation, inhalation sedation, 160
Oxygen free radicals, 16 – 17
Oxygen–haemoglobin dissociation curve, 165f
Oxygen, inhalation sedation, 165
P
Pacemaker, 4 – 5
Paediatric dentistry see Children
Pain
endodontics, 50 – 51
history taking, 50 – 51
intravenous sedation, 163
tooth movement force, 299
Pancreas, transplantation, 213
Papillon–Lefevre syndrome, 29
Parathyroid disorders, 213
Partial crowns, 96
Partial pulpotomy, 54, 55f
Passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), 61
Pastes, 65
removal in root canal retreatment, 73
Patency file, 79Q
Patient
advice to
complete dentures, 124 – 125
removable partial dentures, 136
child, management, 172 – 174
dentist–patient relationship, 155, 173 – 174
edentulous
classification system, 121f
common complaints, 125
overdentures, 132
preparation for intravenous sedation, 161
unaccompanied, sedation contraindication,
153
Pedicle sliding graft, 37, 38b, 38f
Peer Assessment Rating (PAR), 228 – 229
Perceptual development, 173
Percussion endodontic test, 51, 149
Periapical radiographs, paediatric dentistry,
199
Peri-implantitis, 149
Peri-implant mucositis, 149
Periodontal connective tissues, 2
Periodontal disease, 39Q
calculus, 13
diabetes mellitus, 17 – 18, 212
diagnosis, 40Q
inflammation, 16 – 17
necrotising, 10
orthodontic treatment, 240
overdentures, 132
pathogenesis, 13 – 17
periodontitis, 10 – 11
plaque control
chemical, 32
mechanical, 30 – 32
random burst model, 17, 40Q
risk factors, 17
treatment, 30 – 37
see also Gingivitis; Periodontitis
Periodontal–endodontic lesions, 24f
classification, 23
combined, 24
endodontic, with secondary periodontal
involvement, 23
periodontal, with secondary endodontic
involvement, 23 – 24
primary endodontic, 23
primary periodontal, 23
Periodontal explorers, 33
Periodontal flap surgery, 39Q
Periodontal hoes, 33
Periodontal instruments, 33
Periodontal ligament
and concussion, 203
injuries, splinting technique, 203 – 204
root canal morphology, 56
and subluxation, 203
Periodontal membrane space, 2
Periodontal pocket, 50
Periodontal probing, 52
Periodontal tissues, in children, 2
injuries to, 203 – 204
Periodontitis
clinical features, 10 – 11
histopathology, 16, 16f
HIV infection, 214
immune cells, 15
inflammation, injury via, 16 – 17
neutrophils, 15, 39Q
pathogenesis, 15
plaque bacteria, direct injury by, 16
predisposing (plaque-retentive) factors,
18 – 19
progression patterns, 17
specific pathogenic mechanism, 16 – 17
subgingival dental plaque, 14f
Periodontium
children, periodontal tissues in, 2
clinical features, 2
healthy, 1 – 3
radiographic features, 2
in children, 2
Periodontology see Examination; Furcation
lesions; History taking; Periodontal
disease; Periodontitis; Periodontium
Periradicular disease
bacteria, 48
chemical irritants, 48
classification, 49 – 50
inflammation, pain on percussion, 51
mechanical irritants, 48
patient assessment, 50 – 53
Periradicular surgery
assessment, 75
bone removal, 77
debridement and closure, 78
flap design, 76 – 78, 76f
haemostasis, 77
indications for, 79Q
procedure, 76 – 79
root end preparation, 77 – 78, 78f
root end resection, 77, 77f
Peritubular dentine, 86
Permanent teeth
approximal caries, 180
caries management, 179 – 180
developing, traumatic injury to, 200
direct pulp cap, 188
hard tissues and pulp, injuries to, 200 – 202
immature roots
non-vital permanent teeth, 188
vital pulp therapy, 188
incisors
endodontic complications, 188 – 190
with immature apices, 188 – 190
non-vital incisors, 188, 189b, 189f
pulpotomy, 189b, 189f
root-end closure, 188, 189b, 189f
root fractures, 188 – 190
Permanent teeth (Continued)Periodontal–endodontic lesions (Continued)Over-etching, 92
root resorption, 190
trauma, 216Q
vital, 189b
indirect pulp cap, 188
maxillary first, impacted, 256
molars
first, 244, 255 – 256, 256b
poor long-term prognosis of first,
255 – 256
second, 244
third, 244
occlusal caries, 180
occlusal development, 225
replantation, 204
traumatic injuries
aims and principles of treatment, 200
emergency, intermediate and permanent
actions, 200
hard tissues and pulp, 200 – 202
periodontal tissues, 203 – 204
root fracture, 202
splints, 202 – 203
typical times for calcification and eruption,
173t
vital pulp therapy, 188
Personal Development Planning (PDP), 313
Phagocyte disorders, 211
Pharmacokinetics
benzodiazepines, 156
flumazenil, 157
midazolam, 157
Phenols, 32
Photography, 199
Photophobia, 215
Physiological stress, necrotising gingivitis
(NG), 10
Plaque
caries risk assessment, 176
colonisation, 13
composition and formation, 12 – 13
maturation, 13
micro-organisms, 176
pellicle formation, 12
predisposing factors, 18 – 19
prevention, 18 – 19
Plaque accumulation
bridge pontics, 18
crown margins, defective, 18
orthodontic appliances, 18 – 19
overhanging restorations, 18
partial dentures, 18
Plaque-induced gingivitis, 13
Plasma cell gingivitis, 9
Platelet count, 210
Polishing instruments, 33
Polyacid-modified composite resin (compomer),
179
Polyethers, 105
Pontic design, 108 – 109, 109f
Porcelain veneers, 104, 184
Porosity, trial dentures, 123 – 124
Porphyria, midazolam contraindication, 154
Porphyromonas gingivalis, 13Q, 16, 38Q
Portals of exit, root canal system, 56
Posterior bite planes, 291
Posterior dentition management, 192
Post, root canal therapy, 72 – 73
choice, 70
diameter, 70
Post-transplantation management, 213
Powered toothbrushes, 31, 40Q
Pracrestal tissue attachment, 35 – 36
Practice Committees, 317 – 318
Preadjusted appliances, 294
Pre-enlargement radicular access, 61 – 62, 61f, 79Q
346
Index
Preformed crowns, 179
Preformed metal crowns, 192
Pregnancy
gingivitis, 8
sedation contraindication, 154
Premature eruption, 208, 254t
Premaxilla, supernumerary teeth in, 255
Premolar and molar agenesis, 254
Premolars
endodontic access openings, 57 – 58, 58f
first, 244
second, 244
aberrant position, 256
absent, 255
Preoperational development, 173
Pressure zones, 297 – 298
Pretransplant planning, 213
Prevotella intermedia, 10
Primary herpetic gingivostomatitis, 9
Primary teeth
anterior, 191
caries, 179
early loss, 257
endodontics, 186 – 188
extractions, 186
indirect pulp treatment, 187
infraoccusion, 256
non-vital pulp therapy, 188
occlusal development, 225
pulpal necrosis, 200
pulpal treatment options, 186 – 188, 187b
pulpectomy, 188
pulpotomy, 187, 187b, 187f
trauma, 216Q
traumatic injuries, 199. see also Children;
Permanent teeth
sequelae of, 200
Professional Conduct Committee, 318
Professional indemnity, 318 – 319
Professional Organisations and Societies, 320
Professional performance committee (ppc), 318
Professional Standards Authority (PSA), 313
Profile considerations
extractions, 241
malocclusion
class II (Division 1), 263
class II (Division 2), 264
Propofol
clinical effects, 157 – 158
distribution and elimination, 158
side-effects, 158
Prostaglandin inhibitors, 231
Prostaglandins, 16
Prostheses, implants, 146
Prosthodontics, 119 – 1
critical review of dogmas, 124, 137
see also Dentures
ProTaper instrument design, 63
Protecting Vulnerable Groups (PVG) Scheme,
331
Prothrombin time, 210
Provisional restorations, 106
Psychological aspects
ability to tolerate dental treatment,
154 – 155
anxious and uncooperative children, 174
children, 173 – 174
cognitive development, 173
dentist–patient relationship, 173 – 174
language development, 173
motor development, 173
parental influence and dental treatment,
173
perceptual development, 173
sedation, 153 – 154
severe psychological/psychiatric problems,
153 – 154
social development, 173
Public Interest Disclosure Act [1998]
(PDIA), 331
Pulp
damage to, tooth movement force, 299
injury to, 200 – 202
sensitivity tests, 50
Pulpal anatomy
apical changes, 57
pulp chamber, 56, 56f
root anatomy, 56
root canal orifices, 56
Pulpal necrosis, 200
Pulpal obliteration, traumatic injuries in
children, 200
Pulpal resorption, 200
Pulp calcification, 49
Pulp chamber, 56, 56f, 59b
Pulp disease
bacteria, 48
calcification, 49
dentine-pulp complex, 48 – 49, 49f
hyperplastic pulpitis, 49
internal resorption, 49, 49f
irreversible pulpitis, 49
normal pulp, 49
patient assessment, 50 – 53
pulp necrosis, 49
reversible pulpitis, 49
Pulpectomy, 54, 55
Pulpitis
hyperplastic, 49
irreversible, 49, 79Q
orthodontic force, 299
reversible, 49, 79Q
Pulp necrosis, 49
Pulpotomy, 187, 187b, 187f
full, 54, 55, 55f
partial, 54, 55f
Pulp polyp, 49
Pulp testing, 51 – 52
Putty materials, 105 – 106
Pyrexia, 9
Q
Qualitative neutrophil disorders, 211
Quaternary ammonium compounds, 32
R
Radiation Protection Adviser (RPA), 329
Radicular access, root canal therapy, 57,
61 – 62
Radicular dentine dysplasia (rootless teeth),
208
Radiography
bitewing radiograph, 235
bitewing radiographs, 175, 192Q
caries, 88
checklist, 52
children, 175
conventional/digital, 235
endodontic examination, 52
implants, 145, 149
lateral cephalometric, 235, 246Q
maxillary canine position, estimating, 259
occlusal radiographs, 199
orthodontic assessment, 235
orthopantomography (OPT), 199
periapical radiographs, 199, 235
periodontium, radiographic features, 2
photography, 199
Radiography (Continued)Psychological aspects (Continued)Pre-existing gingivitis, 10
root canal morphology, 56
traumatic injuries in children, 199
Radiolucencies, 50
Radiotherapy, microdontia resulting from, 206
Random burst model, 17, 40Q
Rapport, establishing, 155
Reactionary dentine, 49
Red and white blood cell disorders
anaemia, 211
immunodeficiency, 211
leukaemia, 211 – 212
Red cell disorders, 211
Referrals, 320
Referrer, 329
Reflective Practice, 313
Registration with General Dental Council
(GDC), 311 – 313
continuing professional development (CPD),
312 – 313
documentary evidence, 311
International Qualifying Examination,
311 – 313
Licence in Dental Surgery (LDS)
examination, 312
Overseas Registration Examination,
311 – 312
Personal Development Planning (PDP), 313
Professional Standards Authority, 313
Reflective Practice, 313
temporary, 311
Reimplantation, 216Q
Relative dentine abrasivity (RDA), 94 – 95
Religious beliefs, consent, 323
Remifentanil, 157
Remimiazolam, 157
Remineralisation, paediatric dentistry, 176
Renal disease, 217Q
in children, 213
see also Renal disease
Reorganisational approaches, 100
Replaced flap procedure, 34, 34b
Replantation
dry storage time of greater than one hour,
204
permanent teeth, 204
surgical endodontics, 79
Reservoir bag, relative analgesia machine, 165
Resilon, 65
Resin
composite see Composite resin
glass ionomer cements, resin-modified, 179
placement of sealant, 178b
Resin-based composite, 179
Resin-bonded bridges, 108, 109
Resin bonding, 91 – 92
Resin composite, 192
Resin infiltration, 183
Resin-modified glass ionomer cements
(RMGICs), 94, 179
Resin sealant, 178b
Res ipsa loquitur, plea of, 326
Resistance, 97
Resorption
internal, pulp disease, 49, 49f
root see Root resorption
Respiration, sedated patients, 164
Respiratory depression
benzodiazepines, 156
propofol, 158
Respiratory disease, 212
Restorations
aesthetic changes, 99
biomechanical considerations, 98 – 107
cementation process, 106
compromised anterior teeth, 104