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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5586_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
Introduction to Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Volume 2 (Second Edition)
its free-living relatives. The metal desorption rate in the presence of a 0.1 M
hydrochloric acid solution was shown to be 100%. Furthermore, the immobilized
system, once desorbed, exhibited comparable efficiency throughout the subsequent
cycle, indicating its potential for reusability. Microalga-luffasponge-immobilizeddisks (MLIDs) have shown a remarkable ability to maintain around 93% of their
original binding capacity for Ni throughout five consecutive reuse cycles [131].
Therefore, due to their notable efficiency, affordability, ease of preparation, and
ability to be reused multiple times, MLIDs exhibit potential as a compelling
biosorption technology for removing heavy metals. Nevertheless, the researchers
employed a novel biosorbent material from the marine brown alga, Ascophyllum
nodosum, within a packed-bed flow-through column. The study observed that
removing Cd from an effluent with an initial concentration of 10 mg Cd/l achieved
a 99.98% reduction. The metal removal efficacy of the bloom-forming cyanobacterium Microcystis was investigated. Microcystis, a cyanobacterium, is commonly
found in eutrophic ponds and reservoirs in India and other tropical regions [132]. It
is considered a nuisance due to its prolific presence. The immobilized state of this
cyanobacterium results from a capsule or slime layer surrounding the cell in its
natural habitat. The biosorption process was observed to be affected by variations in
pH and temperature. It is worth noting that heat-killed, formaldehyde-treated, and
metabolically inactive (DCMU-treated) Microcystis cells exhibited equivalent biosorption capability to metabolically active cells. This implies that deceased biomass
may also possess comparable efficacy in the metal removal process. The present
research team is actively investigating the viability of utilizing dried biomass for the
widespread implementation of Microcystis as a ‘AlgaSORB’ for the purpose of
removing metal build-up [133].
4.13.5 Biosensor development
The current scholarly attention in biotechnology is mostly directed toward using
immobilized microalgae to develop biosensors that can effectively detect and identify
potentially harmful substances, such as heavy metal and insecticides, within the
natural environment [134]. This microalga was immobilized on a detachable membrane and positioned close to the point of an optical fibre bundle within a microcell
constructed in-house. The identification of herbicides was predicated upon the assess-
ment of chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics. A permanent culture system was established
to generate algal cells under consistent circumstances for optimizing measurements. In
heavy metal detection, a biosensor is developed utilizing the enzymatic activity of
alkaline phosphatase (AP) located on the outer membrane of Chlorella vulgaris.The
conductometric biosensors exhibited greater sensitivity compared to bioassays for
detecting low concentrations of cadmium ions, with a detection limit of 1 ppb for Cd.
One notable benefit of utilizing AP-based biosensors is their notable stability, which
stems from their utilization of intact algal cells with APs on their cell walls, in contrast
to enzymatic biosensors. The enzyme persists within its native habitat, which promotes
prolonged stability and aligns with the mechanism of harmful inhibition, thereby
rendering it of ecological significance (figure 4.15)[135].
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Introduction to Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Volume 2 (Second Edition)
Figure 4.15. Applications of biosensors in healthcare: advancements from disease detection to diagnostic
imaging and environmental monitoring.
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IOP Publishing
Introduction to Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Volume 2
(Second Edition)
Enzymes, proteins and bioinformatics
Ahmed Al-Harrasi, Saurabh Bhatia and Ajmal Khan
Chapter 5
Biosensors
5.1 Introduction
The field of biosensors has developed hugely from the initial demonstration of the
concept of biosensors by Leland C Clark Jr in 1962. Currently, the biosensor market
is dominated by glucose biosensors, mass-produced enzyme electrodes for the quick
self-diagnosis of blood-glucose levels by diabetes patients [1–3]. A biosensor is an
analytical device containing an immobilized biological material (enzyme, antibody,
nucleic acid, hormone, organelle or whole cell) which can specifically interact with
an analyte and produce physical, chemical or electrical signals that can be measured.
An analyte is a compound (e.g. glucose, urea, drug, pesticide) whose concentration
needs to be measured [1–3]. Biosensors mainly consist of the quantitative analysis of
different substances by altering their biological actions into quantifiable signals. The
majority of biosensors have immobilized enzymes. The efficiency of biosensors is
typically dependent on two important factors, the specificity and sensitivity of the
biological reaction, in addition to the stability of the enzyme. The category of
biosensors that utilizes enzymes as the recognition element is known as enzymebased chemical biosensors. Their mechanism is based on biological recognition.
Typically it is based on a mixture of a biocatalyst and a supporting material to
transduce the biological signal, thus enzymes are allowed to participate in the
biochemical reaction. During their participation and after completion of biochemical reaction, the enzyme should be stable under the normal functional conditions of
the biosensor. Information about the target analyte always determines the structure
of biosensors along with the type of matrix in which the analyte has to be introduced
[1–3].
The two different components of a biosensor are (see figure 5.1):
• the biological component (enzyme, cell, etc); and
• the physical component (transducer, amplifier, etc).
doi:10.1088/978-0-7503-5387-8ch5 5-1 ª IOP Publishing Ltd 2024. All rights,
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Introduction to Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Volume 2 (Second Edition)
Figure 5.1. A schematic representation of a biosensor.
Figure 5.2. Principles of a biosensor.
The biological component identifies and interacts with the analyte to produce a
physical change (a signal) that can be easily examined by the transducer. In practice,
the biological material is properly immobilized on the transducer and the so
prepared biosensors can be used several times (maybe about 10 000 times) for an
extensive period (e.g. several months).
5.2 Principles of a biosensor
Biosensors are valuable analytical devices that can be assimilated with on-line
process monitoring schemes [4]. The basic principle of a biosensor is dependent on
the affinity between the biological material and analyte (figure 5.2)[4]. The selected
biological material (usually a specific enzyme) is immobilized by conventional
procedures (physical or membrane entrapment, non-covalent or covalent bonding).
This immobilized biological material is in close interaction with the transducer.
5-2