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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5786_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
✩✩✩✩✩✩✩✩✩✩✩ ✩
M
macrosomia, 153–4
definition, 152
risk factors, 153
Majewski syndrome, 196
malignant tumours
adnexal, 314
childhood, 27
endometrial, 309–10
ovarian, 53, 313–15
maternal age, chromosomal defects risk,
202, 203
maternal diabetes, effect on fetal movements,
280
maternal emotions
effect on fetal movements, 281
and fetal behavioural states, 277
maternal serum human chorionic gonadotropin
(MShCG), 125–6
mean abdominal diameter (MAD), 65, 65
mechanical index (MI), 22, 29
meconium ileus, 188, 189
meconium peritonitis, 189
median cleft syndrome, 168
medical litigation see medico-legal implications
of ultrasound
medication, effect on fetal movements, 281–2
medico-legal implications of ultrasound, 333–8
defending a claim, 337
documentation, 337–8
legal process, 334
recording images, 337
reducing the risk of litigation, 335–6
trial process, 335
mega cisterna magna, 164
megacystis, 193, 194, 239
megacystis-microcolon-intestinal hypoperistalsis
syndrome (MMIHS), 193
megapascals (MPa), 22
meningocele, 162
menopausal transition, uterus and ovaries in,
290–1
menstrual cycle
endometrial polyps during, 308
ovarian changes during, 288, 289
uterine and ovarian vascularization, 291
uterus during, 286–7, 287
mesencephalon, 60
mesenchymal tumours, placental, 124, 124–5
mesenteric cysts, 190
mesoblastic nephroma, 198
microcephaly, 154, 165
microphthalmia, 168–9
micturition, fetal, 277
middle abdominal diameter (MAD), 147–8
middle cerebral artery, 217
middle cerebral artery Doppler, 217–19, 219,
220, 222
fetal anaemia, 217, 218–19
fetal growth restriction, 217, 218
twin pregnancies, 224
miscarriage, 69–75
after amniocentesis, 235
after chorion villus sampling, 234
after fetal blood sampling, 237
after fetal shunts, 241
early anomalies, 74–5
early pregnancy loss, 69–71, 71, 71–3, 72
ectopic pregnancy, 73–4, 74
evaluation of early, 69–75
multiple pregnancies, 253
rates, 57
risk, 230, 230
uterine anomalies, 300–1
mitral valve, normal fetal anatomy at 18–22
weeks, 90
M-mode, 9, 11
ectopic heartbeats, 180
fetal heart beat, 66, 66
spatial-peak temporal-average intensity, 23
moles, 71–3
monoamniotic (MA) twins, 68, 247, 250, 256
monochorionic (MC) twins, 68, 248
diagnosis, 250
fetal monitoring, 252
twin–twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS), 253
morality, 340
Morrison pouch, fluid in, 51
mucinous ovarian tumours, 320–1, 322
multicystic kidneys, 191
multiplanar mode, 3D/4D imaging, 261–4, 262
multiple pregnancy, 247–56
amniocentesis in, 235
chorion villus sampling in, 233–4
determination of chorionicity and
amnionicity, 68, 69
diamniotic (DA) twins, 68, 248
dichorionic (DC) twins, 68, 248
Doppler ultrasound, 223–4
first-trimester ultrasound, 248–52
chorionicity and amnionicity, 249, 250, 250–1
invasive diagnostic procedures, 251–2
nuchal translucency, 251
number of fetuses, 248–9, 249
pregnancy dating, 248
growth discrepancy and fetal monitoring, 252
higher order multiple pregnancies, 256
malformations and fetal demise, 253
monoamniotic (MA) twins, 68, 247, 250, 256
monochorionic (MC) twins see
monochorionic (MC) twins
mortality and morbidity, 247–8
reduction, 243–4
selective fetocide for fetal abnormality, 244
twin reversed arterial perfusion, 224, 248,
255, 255
twin–twin transfusion syndrome see twin–twin
transfusion syndrome (TTTS)
myelomeningocele, 162, 162
myoma, submucosal, 49
myometrium
calcified blood vessels, 289, 289
normal ultrasound morphology, 286
scanning routine, 46, 46–7
N
Nabothian (inclusion) cysts, 45
nasal bone
absent or hypoplastic, 203
ossification, 75
Index
379
✩ ✩✩✩✩✩✩✩✩✩✩✩
380
Naumoff syndrome, 196
neck
cervical teratomas, 197
normal fetal anatomy at 18–22 weeks, 81,
Index
85–7, 85–7
nephroblastoma, fetal, 198
neural tube defects, 161–3
fetal karyotyping, 202
see also specific defect
neuroblastoma, fetal, 198
Noonan syndrome, 173
Norwood repair, 175
nuchal cord complications, 131
nuchal fold, 87, 203
nuchal oedema, 203
nuchal translucency (NT), 74, 87, 233–4, 251
O
obstetrics, invasive procedures in see invasive
procedures in obstetrics; specific procedure
obstetric scanning
biophysical profile, 44–5
orientation, 39
routine, 43–5
occipitofrontal diameter (OFD), 64, 147
see also head width, embryo/fetus
ocular defects, 168–9
OEIS complex, 186–7
oesophageal atresia, 187
oligohydramnios, 109, 112–13
intrauterine growth retardation, 153
renal agenesis, 190
omental cysts, 190
omphalocele, 185
orbital diameter (OD), 86, 86
orbits
defects, 168–9
normal fetal anatomy at 18–22 weeks, 86, 86
organ-oriented scanning, 41, 42
orientation, 39–42, 40–3
ossification
embryo/fetus, 61, 66–7
nasal bone, 75
osteogenesis imperfecta, 195
outer orbital diameter (OOD), 86
ovarian cysts
complex, 315
cyst wall and septal wall thickness, 315–16
dermoid, 323
dysfunctional, 318
echo-dense foci and acoustic shadowing, 316
endometrioma, 316, 317
fetal, 190
general considerations, 313–15
postmenopausal women, 289, 290
simple, 315
size, 315
structure, 315
ovarian follicles see follicles
ovarian tumours, 313–17, 317–23
benign and malignant cysts, 313–15
cyst wall and septal wall thickness, 315–16
echo-dense foci and acoustic shadowing, 316
echogenicity, 316
epithelial, 319–21
fibromas, 321–2, 322
fibrothecomas, 321–2
germ cell, 323
malignant, 53, 314
morphology scoring systems, 316–17
mucinous, 320–1, 322
screening, 53, 314
serous, 319, 320, 321
teratomas, 323
tumour size, 315
tumour structure, 315
see also ovarian cysts; specific tumour
ovarian volume, 286
ovaries
anatomy, 49–50
dominant, 288, 291
mass, 50
normal ultrasound morphology
in menopausal transition, 290–1
postmenopausal women, 288–9, 290
women of fertile age, 288, 289
vascularization as assessed by Doppler
ultrasonography, 291, 291–2
ovulation
endometrium during, 48
gestational age estimation/prediction, 145
P
paternalism, 341
patient information, 35–6, 339–49
peak systolic velocities (PSV), middle cerebral
artery, 217, 218–19, 219
peak velocity index for veins (PVIV), 211,
212, 220
pedicle sign, 308–9, 309
pelvic fluid, 51, 51
pelvic inflammatory disease, 326, 326, 330
pelvic scanning, orientation, 39, 40
penis, normal fetal anatomy at 18–22 weeks,
101, 102
pentalogy of Cantrell, 185
peritoneal fluid, scanning routine, 51, 51
peritonitis, meconium, 189
persistent common atrioventricular canal, 171
physics and instrumentation, 1–19, 14–16
artifacts, 17–19, 18–19
history of ultrasound, 2–3
measurement, 16
resolution, 14–16, 15
sound, 2
sound waves and propagation, 3–9, 4, 6–9, 11
time gain compensation, 16–17, 17
transducers, 9–11, 10, 11
ultrasound beam, 11–14, 12–13
piezoelectric material, 5–6
placenta
assessment, 121–7
congenital abnormalities, 122–6
cysts, 118
development evaluation, 115
functional anatomy, 115
grading, 119
haematoma, 127, 128
✩✩✩✩✩✩✩✩✩✩✩ ✩
infarcts, 121, 126–7
localization, 109, 114–19, 122
embryology, 114, 114–15
indications, 115–18, 116–18
placental morphology, 118–19, 119
major structural abnormalities, 122–7
morphology, 118–19
secondary abnormalities, 126–7
thrombosis, 121, 126–7
tumours see placental tumours
various locations of, 116–17, 116–18
vascular abnormalities, 121, 126–7
placenta accreta, 121, 123
placenta extrachorialis, 122–3
placental abruption, uterine artery flow, 212
placental lakes, 118, 119
placental tumours, 124–6
gestational trophoblastic, 125–6
mesenchymal, 124, 124–5
placenta percreta, 123
placenta praevia, 118
placenta velamentosa, 128
pleural effusions, 183
polydactyly, 196
polyhydramnios, 113
chorioangiomas, 124
diaphragmatic hernia, 184
epignathus, 197
fetal akinesia deformation sequence, 196
intestinal obstruction, 188–9
oesophageal atresia, 187
pleural effusions, 183
sacrococcygeal teratoma, 198
polyploidy, maternal age risk, 202
polyps
bladder, 52
endometrial, 49, 308–9, 309, 310, 310
fibroid, 305, 308
polysplenia, 95, 171–2
porencephaly, 165, 166
posterior urethral valves, 193
postmenopausal women
normal ultrasound morphology
ovaries, 288–9, 290
uterus, 288–9, 290
ovarian cysts, 289, 290
pouch of Douglas, 285, 292, 292
pre-eclampsia
prediction in twin pregnancies, 224
uterine artery flow, 212, 214
pregnancy
cervical see cervical pregnancy
Doppler ultrasound indications, 210
ectopic see ectopic pregnancy
first trimester see first trimester
interstitial see interstitial pregnancy
loss see miscarriage; specific reason/issue
multiple see multiple pregnancy
reduction in multifetal pregnancies,
243–4
routine screening in, 347–8
second trimester see second trimester
third trimester see third trimester
premature rupture of the membranes (PROM),
134
effect on fetal movements, 280, 280
intrauterine haematoma, 121
oligohydramnios, 113
prenatal informed consent for sonogram
(PICS), 348
preterm birth (PTB)
categories, 133–4
causes of, 134
morbidity and mortality, 133
preterm contractions, effect on fetal movements,
280, 280
preterm delivery (PTD), 133–4
after fetal shunts, 241
prediction by transvaginal ultrasound of the
cervix, 134–6, 135
preterm labour (PTL)
definition, 133
judgement using transvaginal ultrasound of
the cervix, 136–7
preterm prelabour rupture of membranes
(PPROM), 133, 137
primum atrial septal defect, 170, 171
probes, cleaning, 38
pseudocysts, 130
pseudogestational sac, 324
pulmonary artery, 93, 93, 94
pulmonary atresia, 175, 177–8, 178
pulmonary hypoplasia, 183, 184
pulmonary stenosis, 175, 177, 178
pulmonary valve, absent, 178
pulsatility index for veins (PIV), 211, 212, 220
pulsatility index (PI), 52, 211, 211, 330
pulsed Doppler
ectopic heartbeats, 180
tetralogy of Fallot, 178
uterine artery, 212
pyelectasia, 192
pyeloureteral junction obstruction, 239
pyometra, 49
pyosalpinx, 326, 326
Q
quartz crystal, 5–6, 10
R
radar, 3
radiation pressure, 21, 27
radius
gestational age estimation/prediction, 148–9
normal fetal anatomy at 18–22 weeks, 105
recessive autosomal mutations, 159
recording images, 38
referral, 347
renal agenesis, 190, 190–1
bilateral, 191
unilateral, 191
renal arteries, 100
renal medullae, normal fetal anatomy at 18–22
weeks, 100
renal pelvis, normal fetal anatomy at 18–22
weeks, 101
resistance index (RI), 52, 211, 211
adnexal masses, 330
uterine sarcoma, 306
Index
381
✩ ✩✩✩✩✩✩✩✩✩✩✩
382
resolution, 14–16, 15
respiratory tree obstruction, 182
retained products of conception, 49
reverberation, 19, 19
reversed end–diastolic flow (REDF), umbilical
Index
artery, 215–17, 216
right isomerism, 171–2
risks see biological effects and safety aspects
S
sacrococcygeal teratoma, 198
sacrum, gestational age estimation/prediction,
150
safety aspects see biological effects and safety
aspects
Saldino–Noonan syndrome, 196
saline infusion sonography, 285, 293, 294
endometrial hyperplasia and malignancy,
309–10
endometrial polyps, 308
uterine fibroids, 305–6
salpingitis
acute, 50, 326
chronic, 50
sarcoma, uterine, 306–7
scanning techniques, 33–54
bimanual pelvic examination, 36–7
colour Doppler studies see colour Doppler
empty or full bladder, 34, 34–5
equipment, 37–9
examination table, 36, 37
general aspects, 34
orientation, 39–42, 40–3
patient information, 35–6
scanning routine, 42–52
adnexal masses, 49–50
gynaecological scanning, 45–9, 46–8
obstetric scanning, 43–5
peritoneal fluid, 51, 51
urinary bladder, 51–2, 52
screening for ovarian masses, 53
transperineal and transrectal, 53–4
ultrasound-guided puncture procedures, 54
scapula
gestational age estimation/prediction, 150
normal fetal anatomy at 18–22 weeks, 104
scattergrams, 143
schizencephaly, 165, 166
screening
fetal growth evaluation, 153
ovarian masses, 53, 314
routine, in pregnancy, 347–8
scrotum, normal fetal anatomy at 18–22 weeks,
101, 102
S/D (systolic/diastolic) ratio, 211, 211
second trimester
diagnostic ultrasound during, 30
normal fetal anatomy, 79–105, 81
abdomen, 81, 95–7, 95–7
anterior abdominal wall, 97–8, 98–9
brain/calvarium, 80–5, 81, 82–3
face and neck, 81, 85–7, 85–7
genitalia, 81, 101, 102
heart, 88–94, 90–4
lungs and thorax, 81, 94–5
scan guidelines, 80
skeleton and extremities, 81, 102–4, 102–5
spine, 81, 87–8, 88, 89
urinary tract, 81, 98–101, 99–100
placental location, 116–17, 116–17
risk assessment of chromosomal aberrations,
201–4
uterine artery Doppler, 214, 214
seizures, fetal, 278
septum secundum, 170
serial ultrasonography, leiomyomata, 46–7
serous ovarian tumours, 319, 320, 321
sex chromosome abnormalities, 199, 200, 202
short limb polydactyly syndromes, 196
shunts see fetal shunts
single umbilical artery (SUA) syndrome, 128–9, 129
situs inversus, 95
skeletal dysplasia, 194–6, 202
skeleton
fetal anomalies, 194–6
normal fetal anatomy at 18–22 weeks, 81,
102–4, 102–5
sleep, fetal, 281
sliding organs sign, 45
small bowel
normal fetal anatomy at 18–22 weeks, 97
obstruction, 188
small for gestational age (SGA)
definition, 152
multiple pregnancies, 252
umbilical artery Doppler, 215
snow-storm appearance, 72, 72, 125
soft markers, chromosomal defects, 202, 203,
205–6
sonar, 3
sonohysterography, uterine changes in patients
taking tamoxifen, 48
sonoporation, 26
sound, 2
sound waves, 3–9, 4
propagation, 3–9
pulse, 6, 7
wavelength, 5, 5
spatial and temporal image correlation (STIC),
260–1, 266
spatial-peak temporal-average intensity, 22, 23
spectral Doppler, spatial-peak temporal-average
intensity, 23, 23
spina bifida, 161, 161
closed, 162
diagnosis, 162, 162
incidence, 161
prognosis, 163
spine, embryo/fetus
first trimester, 60, 61
second trimester, 81, 87–8, 88, 89
spleen, normal fetal anatomy at 18–22 weeks, 97
spontaneous abortion, 69
startle movements, fetal, 273–4
stenopia, 168
steroids, atrioventricular block, 182
stomach, embryo/fetus
first trimester, 60
second trimester, 95–6
✩✩✩✩✩✩✩✩✩✩✩ ✩
stones, bladder, 52
stress, effect on fetal movements, 281–2
stuck twin phenomenon, 253, 254
subseptate uterus, 300, 302, 302
sucking movements, fetal, 273
superior vena cava, 92–3, 93
supraventricular tachycardia, 180, 181
swallowing movements, fetal, 273
Swiss cheese appearance, 125
systolic/diastolic ratio, 211, 211
T
tachyarrhythmias, 180–1, 222
tamoxifen, uterine changes, 48
Taussig–Bing anomaly, 177
techniques see scanning techniques; specific
techniques
teratology, thermal, 25
teratomas
cervical, fetal, 197
fetal, 197
intracranial, fetal, 197
ovarian, 323
sacrococcygeal, fetal, 198
umbilical cord, 130
tetralogy of Fallot, 177–8
thalami, normal fetal anatomy at 18–22
weeks, 82
thanatophoric dysplasia, 194–5
theca-lutein cysts, 125, 318
thecomas, ovarian, 321–2
thermal index (TI), 22, 28–9
bone at depth (TIB), 28–9
bone at the surface (TIC), 28–9
soft tissue (TIS), 28–9
thermal teratology, 25
third trimester
diagnostic ultrasound during, 30
fetal growth restriction, 217, 218
thoracoamniotic shunts, 183
thorax
fetal anomalies, 182–4 (see also specific
anomaly)
normal fetal anatomy at 18–22 weeks, 81,
94–5
threatened abortion, 69
three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound, 259–69
endometrium, 48, 48
glass body mode rendering, 268, 269
in gynaecology, 329
inversion mode rendering, 267, 267–8
maximum mode rendering, 265, 266
minimum mode rendering, 266, 267
orientation, 41–2, 43
real-time, 260
single plane of choice, multiplanar orthogonal
planes or multiple tomographic parallel
slices, 261–4, 262–4
spatial and temporal image correlation, 260–1
static, 260
surface mode rendering, 264–5, 265
uterine abnormalities, 300, 301, 310
uterine fibroids, 306
uterus, 48, 48
volume acquisition, 260–1
volume calculation, 268–9
volume data display, 261–9
thrombosis
placenta, 121, 126–7
umbilical cord, 130–1
tibia
gestational age estimation/prediction, 148
normal fetal anatomy at 18–22 weeks, 103–4
time gain compensation (TGC), 16–17, 17
tissue warming, 23–6, 25
tomographic ultrasound imaging (TUI), 261,
263–4
tracheal obstruction, 184
tracheo-oesophageal fistula, 187
training, invasive obstetric procedures,
230–2, 231
transabdominal puncture procedures, 54
transabdominal sonography (TAS)
full or empty bladder, 34, 34–5
gynaecological examination, 285
orientation, 39
patient information, 35
standardization of imaging in gynaecology,
75–7, 76
transducers, 9–11, 11
fetal movement observation, 272
self-heating, 24
translabial scanning, 53–4
transperineal scanning, 53–4
transposition of the great arteries, 176
transrectal scanning, 36, 53–4
transvaginal puncture procedures, 54
transvaginal sonography (TVS)
adenomyosis, 308
bimanual pelvic examination preceding, 36–7
cervix examination see cervix, transvaginal
ultrasound examination
contraindications, 36
endometriosis, 319
full or empty bladder, 34–5
gynaecological examination, 285
indications, 314
orientation, 39, 40, 41
ovarian cancer, 53
patient information, 35
standardization of imaging in gynaecology,
75–7, 76
uterine abnormalities, 310
transversal waves, 3
transverse cerebellar diameter (TCD), 149, 149
tricuspid valve
atresia, 172
dysplasia, 179–80
normal fetal anatomy at 18–22 weeks, 90
regurgitation, 216
triploidy, 199, 200, 200–1
trisomy 13, 199, 200, 200–1
fetal karyotyping, 202
maternal age risk, 202, 203
single umbilical artery (SUA) syndrome, 129
trisomy 18, 199, 200–1
fetal karyotyping, 202
maternal age risk, 202, 203
single umbilical artery (SUA) syndrome, 129
soft markers, 204
Index
383
✩ ✩✩✩✩✩✩✩✩✩✩✩
384
trisomy 21, 199, 200–1
echogenic foci, 180
maternal age risk, 202, 203
nasal bone ossification, 75
nuchal fold, 87
Index
soft markers, 203–4
trophoblast, placental development, 114
trophoblastic disease, gestational, 71–3, 124,
125, 125–6
see also choriocarcinoma; hydatidiform
mole; placental tumours, gestational
trophoblastic
truncus arteriosus, 178–9
truncus arteriosus communis, 170
tubal pregnancy, 324–5
tubes see fallopian tubes
tubo-ovarian abscess, 326
tubular hypoplasia of the aortic arch, 173–4
tumours
fallopian tube, 325
fetal, 197–8
ovarian see ovarian tumours
placental see placental tumours
umbilical cord, 129–30, 130
Turner syndrome, 173, 199, 200, 200–1, 202
twin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP)
sequence, 224, 248, 255, 255
twins
diamniotic (DA) twins, 68, 248
dichorionic (DC) twins, 68, 248
Doppler imaging in, 223–4
monoamniotic (MA) twins, 68, 247, 250, 256
monochorionic (MC) twins see
monochorionic (MC) twins
see also multiple pregnancy
twin–twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS), 248,
253–5, 254
causes, 253
diagnosis, 253
Doppler imaging, 223–4
embryo-fetoscopy complications, 242
nuchal translucency, 251
therapy, 254–5
U
ulna
gestational age estimation/prediction, 148–9
normal fetal anatomy at 18–22 weeks, 105
ultrasound beam, 11–14
focusing, 12–14, 13
near field and far field, 11–12, 12
tissue warming, 24
ultrasound-guided fetal blood sampling see fetal
blood sampling (FBS)
ultrasound-guided puncture procedures, 54
umbilical arteries, 98
Doppler, 214–17, 216, 222, 224
single umbilical artery (SUA) syndrome, 121,
128–9, 129
umbilical cord
abnormal position, 131
congenital abnormalities, 128–30
haematoma, 130–1
looping, 131
major structural abnormalities, 127–31
secondary abnormalities, 130–1
thrombosis, 130–1
tumours, 129–30, 130
vascular abnormalities, 130–1
umbilical cord insertion
abnormal, 121, 128
fetal blood sampling, 236, 236–7
site, 97–8, 98
umbilical vein, 96–7, 97, 223
univentricular heart, 172–3
ureteropelvic junction obstruction, 192
ureters, fetal
enlarged, 193
patency, 52, 52
urethra, 51
urethral obstruction, 193–4, 239
urethral valves, posterior, 193
urethrovesical junction, 52
urinary production, fetal, 110
urinary tract
3D/4D imaging, 267, 268
fetal anomalies, 101, 192–4
fetal enlargement, 192–4
normal fetal anatomy at 18–22 weeks, 81,
98–101, 99–100
uterine artery Doppler, 209–10, 212–14, 213,
214
uterine contractions
fetal behavioural states, 277
preterm, effect on fetal movements, 280, 280
uterine fibroids, 46, 46–7, 303, 303–6, 305
classification, 305
clinical presentation, 303
degeneration, 304
diagnosis, 304
intramural, 303, 304, 306
location, 304
pedunculated, 304
submucosal, 46, 46, 304–5, 305, 306
subserous, 304
ultrasound appearance, 303, 303–4
uteroplacental blood flow evaluation, 209–24
uterus
anomalies, 49
arcuate, 300, 301, 302
bicornuate, 300, 302
congenital anomalies, 299–303, 301, 302, 302
diameter measurement, 285
length measurement, 286
menstrual cycle changes, 286–7, 287
normal ultrasound morphology
in menopausal transition, 290–1
postmenopausal women, 288–9, 290
women of fertile age, 286–8
sarcoma, 306–7
scanning routine, 45
size in nulliparous women, 287
subseptate, 300, 302, 302
three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound, 48, 48
vascularization as assessed by Doppler
ultrasonography, 291, 291–2
width measurement, 285–6
see also endometrium; myometrium
✩✩✩✩✩✩✩✩✩✩✩ ✩
V
vaginal bleeding
first trimester, 69
partial hydatidiform mole, 126
vascular anastomosis, 224
twin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP)
sequence, 255
twin–twin transfusion syndrome, 253
vascular chorioangiomas, 121, 124, 124–5
VATER association, 187
ventricles, embryo/fetus
cerebral, 60, 61, 83, 84
heart, 90, 92
ventricular septal defect, 170, 170–1
ventricular septum, normal fetal anatomy at
18–22 weeks, 90–1, 91, 94
ventricular tachycardias, 181
ventriculomegaly, 160, 163
vesicoureteric reflux, 192
vestigial cysts, 130
VOCAL software, 269
W
wavelength, 5, 5
Wilms tumour, fetal, 198
X
X-linked disorder, 159
Y
yolk sac
alteration, 61
appearance, 58, 59
diameter, 57, 67, 67, 68
early pregnancy evaluation, 70
Index
385