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Plant Part/extract Active constituent Method Animal Effect Reference

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Operculina

turpethum (L.)

Silva Manso

Commiphora

mukul (Hook.

ex Stocks) Engl.

Leaves/ethanolic

extract Stem and leaves/

aqueous extract Seeds/

hydroalcoholic

extract Seeds/

hydroalcoholic

extract Seeds/

hydroalcoholic

extract Leaves/ethanolic

extract Leaves and

stems/80%

ethanolic extract

Roots/ethanolic

extract

Latex – ISO-induced MI Rat Cardioprotectiv e;

70% methanolic

extracts

– – Doxorubicin-induced toxicity Rat Cardioprotective Jagetia etal. (2005)

Whole plant/

hydroalcoholic

extract

– – HFD-induced hyperlipidemia Rat Hypolipidemic Gajbhiye etal. (2008)

– Dexamethasone-induced

hyperlipidemia

– Radiation-induced damage Rat Antioxidant El-Azime etal. (2014)

– Levothyroxine-induced

thyrotoxicosis

– Levothyroxine-induced

hyperthyroidism

– Levothyroxine-induced oxidative

stress and hemodynamic changes

– Triton-X-100-induced

hyperlipidemia

– – Rat Antihyperglycemic via

– N-Nitrosodimethylamine-induced

toxicity

– Carrageenan-induced paw

edema

– ISO-induced MI Rat Cardioprotectiv e;

Rat Antihyperlipidemic Pragda etal. (2012)

Rat Cardioprotectiv e; ↓ LVSP

and HR

Rat Cardioprotective Khodadadi etal.

Rat Antioxidant Pakdel etal. (2019)

Rat Hypolipidemic Tarish etal. (2019)

improving insulin resistance through the PI3K/Akt and AMPK pathways

Mouse ↑ HDL; ↓LDL, TC, and TG Sharma and Singh

prevention of lactate accumulation

Rat Anti-inflammatory Mary etal. (2003)

antioxidant; maintaining integrity of myocardial cell membrane

Pakdel etal. (2018)

(2018)

Lee etal. (2020)

(2012)

Seth etal. (1998)

Ojha etal. (2008)

246 Zahra Taghipour and Mamak Hashemi Habib Abadi

Cicer

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arietinum L.

Nardostachys

jatamansi (D.

Don) DC.

Pistacia

lentiscus L.

Commiphora

myrrha (Nees)

Engl.

Hydroalcoholic

extract Gum resin/

ethanolic extract Gum resin/

ethanolic extract

– Protein extraction

Seedcoat fiber – N-Nitrosodiethylamine-induced

Seeds and sprouts – Starch-induced postprandial

Leaves/aqueous

extract Whole plant/

ethanolic extract

Rhizomes – Doxorubicin-induced cardiac

Rhizomes/

ethanolic extract Rhizomes/

aqueous

methanolic

extraction Mastic gum – STZ-induced diabetic Mouse Hypocholester olemic;

Chios mastic gum – Diet-induced

Volatile essential

oil

– ISO-induced cardiotoxicity Rat Cardioprotectiv e;

antioxidant

– STZ-induced diabetic Rat Antioxidant Ramesh etal. (2012)

– STZ-induced diabetic Rat Antidiabetic; ↑ insulin

secretion; improvement of glucose and lipid

– Rat Hypotriglyceridemic;

process

Rat Antioxidant Mittal etal. (2009)

toxicity

Rat Antioxidant; hypogly cemic;

glycemic spikes

– Alloxan-induced diabetic Rat Cardioprotective Das etal. (2017)

– Triton-induced hyperlipidemic Rat Hypolipidemic effects;

Rat Antioxidant Subashini etal.

damage

– Doxorubicin-induced myocardial

injury

– Doxorubicin-induced oxidative

stress

hypercholesterolemia

– Ischemia-induced myocardial

injury

Rat Hypolipidemic;

Rat Cardioprotectiv e;

Rabbit Anti-ather omatic;

Rat Inhibition of

metabolisms

↓ VLDL and adipose-

tissue LPL

↓ postprandial glycemic excursion and 2 h postprandial glycemic burden

↑ HDL/TC ratio

cardioprotective

antioxidant; antiinflammatory

hypoglycemic

hypolipidemic

cardiomyocytes apoptosis

Ojha etal. (2011)

Ramesh etal. (2013)

Boualga etal. (2009)

Herbal Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease 247

Tiwari etal. (2013)

Dixit etal. (1988)

(2006)

Subashini etal.

(2006)

Singh etal. (2020)

Georgiadis etal.

(2014)

Andreadou etal.

(2016)

Han etal. (2015)

Continued

Plant Part/extract Active constituent Method Animal Effect Reference

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Olea

europaea L.

Leaf/aqueous

ethanolic extract Leaf/ethanolic

extract

– Spontaneously hypertensive Rat Antihypertensive De A. Ribeiro etal.

(1986)

– High-carbohydrate-, high-fat-diet

induced metabolic disorder

Rat Antioxidant; anti-

inflammator y;

Poudyal etal. (2010)

cardioprotective

Aerial parts

– Doxorubicin-induced toxicity Rat Cardioprotective Ashour etal. (2012) (vegetative)/ methanol extract

Leaf/ethanolic

extract

Leaves/70%

– Thromboplastin-induced

thrombosis

Rabbit Antithr ombotic;

prolongation of PT

Dub and Dugani

(2013)

– Age-induced oxidative stress Rat Antioxidant Çoban etal. (2014) ethanolic extract

Fruit pulp/80%

ethanol extract

Leaf/70% ethanol

extract

Leaf/

hydroalcoholic

– HFD-induced

hypercholesterolemia

– Doxorubicin-induced cardiac

toxicity

–

L-NAME-induced hypertension Rat Antihypertensive Abdel-Rahman etal.

Rat Hypocholesterolemic Kim etal. (2014)

Rat Antio xidant;

Kumral etal. (2015)

cardioprotective

(2017)

extract

– Oleuropein Porcine cardiac myosin-induced

autoimmune myocarditis

Leaf/80% ethanol

– Spontaneously hypertensive Rat Antioxidativ e; extract

Leaf/70% ethanol

– STZ-induced diabetes mellitus Rat Antio xidant; extract

Oil – Doxorubicin-induced

cardiomyopathy

Rat Cardioprotectiv e;

anti-inflammatory

cardioprotective

antihypercholesterolemia

Rat Cardioprotectiv e;

antihypertensive

Zhang etal. (2017)

Ivanov etal. (2018)

Gürbüz etal. (2020)

AlMalki and Shahid

(2020)

248 Zahra Taghipour and Mamak Hashemi Habib Abadi

ACE, angiotensin-1-converting enzyme; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; AngII, angiotensin II; BRS, baroreflex sensitivity; BS, blood sugar; CK-MB; creatine kinase MB; COX, cyclooxygenase; dichlorvos, 2,3-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HFD, high-fat diet; HLD, high-lipid diet; HR, heart rate; ISO, isoproterenol; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LPL, lipoprotein lipase; LPO, lipid peroxidation; LVSP, left ventricular systolic pressure; MAP, mean aterial blood pressure; MDA, malondialdehyde; MI, myocardial infarction; miR, microRNA; mPTP, mitochondrial permeability transition pore; phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase; PT, prothrombin time; RAS, renin–angiotensin system; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SOD, superoxide dismutase; SREBP, sterol regulatory element binding protein; STZ, streptozotocin; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

L-NAME, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester; PI3K,

Plant Part/extract Active constituent Assay Effect Reference

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Anchusa azurea Mill. Flowers/aqueous and

methanolic extracts

Zingiber zerumbet

(L.) Sm.

Crocus sativus L. Stigma/aqueous ethanol

Curcuma zedoaria

(Christm.) Roscoe

Melissa officinalis L. Aerial parts/methanolic

Centaurea behen L. Roots/ethanolic extract – DPPH assay Antioxidant Chougule etal. (2012)

Ocimum basilicum L. Aerial parts/ethyl acetate,

Roxb.

Whole plant/aqueous extract – Radioimmunoassay Anticoagulant Umar etal. (2015) Rhizome/methanol extracts – Receptor-binding inhibitory

Rhizome – TAC, TPP, and TAT assays Antioxidant Lako etal. (2007)

extract

Stigma/aqueous extract – – Aortic relaxation via nitric

Petals/methanolic extract Kaempferol and

– Crocin, crocetin,

Rhizome/methanolic extract – Nitrite assay Anti-inflammatory Jang etal. (2004)

– Curcumin and

extract

Aerial parts/methanolic

extract

n-butanol, and aqueous extracts

Leaves/methanolic extract Total phenolics and

Seed/methanol extract – DPPH assay Antioxidant; anti-

Fruits/70% aqueous acetone

extract

Total phenolic

content

– – Calcium antagonist Boskabady etal.

crocin

picrocrocin, and safranal

curcumol

– TBARS and DPPH assays Antioxidant Pereira etal. (2009)

Luteoline DPPH assay Antioxidant Esmaeili etal. (2013)

– DPPH and TBA assays Antioxidant Kaurinovic etal. (2011)

flavonoid

– DPPH assay Antioxidant Kikuzaki etal. (2001)

TEAC assay Antioxidant Alali etal. (2007)

Antiplatelet aggregation Jantan etal. (2005)

assay (bioassay)

(2008)

Razavi etal. (2018)

oxide synthase pathway

DCFH-DA and MTT

assays

Perforated patch recording

technique

MTS and caspase-3

apoptosis assays

ABTS assay Antioxidant Omoba etal. (2019)

Spasmolytic; antioxidant

(↓ ROS)

↑ Risk of arrhythmia by

inhibiting hERG K currents

Anti-inflammatory Li etal. (2019)

inflammatory; antidiabetic

Zeka etal. (2020)

Jin etal. (2020)

Shaikh etal. (2020)

Continued

Herbal Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease 249

Table 6.3. Continued.

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Plant Part/extract Active constituent Assay Effect Reference

Seeds Cardamonin – Hypertensive eff ect;

Je and Jeong (2016) inhibition of rho-kinase and MEK activity

Citrus medica L. Fruits/96% ethanolic extract – DPPH assay Antioxidant Al-Yahya etal. (2013) Cinnamomum

camphora (L.) J .

Presl.

Leaves/80% methanol

extract

– MTT assay Anti-inflammator y;

antio xidant; ↓ PGE

, NO

Lee, J .H. etal. (2006)

Santalum album L. Wood/methanolic extract – DPPH assay Antioxidant Owen and Johns

(2002)

Rosa × damascena

Mill.

Malus domestic a

Borkh.

Aqueous extract – Lipid uptake and

cholesterol assay

Flower methanolic extract – Phosphormolybdenum

complex methods

Flowers/aqueous ethanolic

extract

Flowers/aqueous ethanolic

extract

– Heart rate and contractility

determination

– Heart rate and contractility

determination

Peels Flavonoids Biochemical assay of ACE

inhibition and HUVEC

Anti-atheroscler otic; ↓ CD36

Park etal. (2018) and PPAR-γ

Antioxidant Özkan etal. (2004)

Inotropic and chronotropic Boskabady etal.

(2011)

Inotropic and chronotropic Boskabady etal.

(2013)

ACE inhibitor Balasuriya and

Rupasinghe (2012)

model

Flesh and peel/methanolic

extract

Fruits/70% aqueous

methanolic extract

Leaves/70% ethanolic

extract

Seeds/methanolic extract – DPPH and DNA protection

Arabinofuranoside

and 2-oxopomolic acid

– Bioassay Cholinergic, Ca

– DPPH assay Antioxidant Harsha and

sEH assay Inhibiting sEH Cho etal. (2020)

antagonist Jabeen etal. (2009)

Anilakumar (2014)

Antioxidants Afsheen etal. (2018)

assays

Pyrus communis L. Fruits Polyphenols TBARS and TQ assays Antioxidant Ergamo etal. (2002) Punica granatum L. Fruit/aqueous, ethanolic,

– DPPH and OH assays Antioxidant Sharma etal. (2018) and aqueous ethanolic extracts

250 Zahra Taghipour and Mamak Hashemi Habib Abadi

Pomegranate juice – Ransod assay Cardioprotectiv e; ↓ CK-MB,

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LDH, and troponin-I

Seeds – DPPH assay Antioxidant Singh and Gujar

Seeds/oil/peel/70%

ethanolic extract

Peel/acetone extract – NO assay Antio xidant; α-amylase

Flowers/ethyl acetate extract – DPPH and FRAP assays Antioxidant; anti-

Pomegranate juice – – Cardioprotectiv e;

Aquilaria agallocha

Roxb.

Terminalia chebula

Willd. ex Flem.

Lilium candidum L. Bulb/aqueous extracts Polysaccharides MTT assay Antidiabetic Li etal. (2012) Syzygium

aromaticum (L.)

Merr. & L.M. Perry

Piper cubeba L. Fruits/aqueous extract – DPPH assay and RBC

Raphanus sativus L. Seeds/aqueous extract – – Cardiovascular inhibitor y;

Citrullus colocynthis

(L.) Schrad.

Origanum

majorana L.

Heartwood/methanolic

extract

Fruits/aqueous, ethanolic,

aqueous ethanolic extracts

Leaves/hexane, ethyl

acetate, and methanol extracts

Flower buds/methanolic

extracts

– Eugenyl acetate – Cardiodepressant Marques etal. (2020)

Pulp/10% ethanol extract Coloside A – Cardiodepressant The etal. (1967) Pulpy flesh with seeds/70%

ethanolic extract

Aerial sections/methanolic

extract

Leaves/ethanolic extract – cGMP assay Vasorelaxation Badran etal. (2019)

– Flow cytometry, MTS and

LDH assays

– – Cardiotonic Mahmood etal. (2013)

– OH and DPPH assays Antioxidant Sharma etal. (2018)

– DPPH assay Antioxidant Ramadhania etal.

– DPPH assay Cardioprotectiv e;

method

– DPPH assay Antioxidant; inhibition of

– Platelet adhesion assay Anti-thrombol ytic; ↓ platelet

Antioxidant Dit escu etal. (2019)

inhibitor y; ↓ GSH depletion

inflammatory

antiarrhythmic

antioxidant

Antioxidant; anti-

inflammatory

cholinergic effect

α-glucosidase

adhesion, aggregation, and protein secretion induced by thrombin

Kazemirad and

Kazerani (2018)

(2019)



Chukwuma etal.

(2020)

Mehrabani etal.

(2020)

Rahimi and Kazerani

(2021)

(2017)

Owen and Johns

(2002)

Karthiga etal. (2016)

Ghayur and Gilani

(2006)

Ghauri etal. (2020)

Yazdanparast and

Shahriyary (2008)

Continued

Herbal Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease 251

Table 6.3. Continued.

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Plant Part/extract Active constituent Assay Effect Reference

Moringa oleifera Lam. Bark/aqueous extract – – Dose-dependent

Limaye etal. (1995)

hypotensive Leaves/aqueous extract Alkaloids – Cardiodepressant Dangi etal. (2002) Leaves/aqueous extract – DPPH assay Antioxidant Chumark etal. (2008) Pod coat and pod seed/ – NO assay Antioxidant Singh etal. (2012) Leaves N,α-

L-

– Antioxidant Panda etal. (2013) rhamnopyranosyl vincosamide

Flowers/ethanolic extract – DPPH assay Antioxidant Alhakmani etal.

(2013)

Leaves/80% ethanolic

extract

Total flavonoids DCFH-DA assay Antioxidant; maintaining

lipid homeostasis by

Sangkitikomol etal.

(2014) suppression of gene expression

Flowers/methanolic extract – DPPH assay Antioxidant Bhuvaneswari etal.

(2014)

Leaves – AutoZyme creatinine assay

↓ Serum creatinine Sahoo etal. (2014)

kit

Leaves N,α-

L-

rhamnopyranosyl

MDA, GSH, and SOD

assays

Antioxidant Cheraghi etal. (2017)

vincosamide Leaves/aqueous extract – DPPH assay Antioxidant; ACE inhibitory Oboh etal. (2018) Leaves/methanol extract – DPPH assay Antioxidant; anti-

Shaikh etal. (2020)

inflammatory; antidiabetic

Seeds Niazirin FRAP and DPPH assays Antioxidant; attenuating

Wang etal. (2021) high glucose-induced oxidative stress by regulating PKCζ/Nox4/ ROS signaling pathway

Hordeum vulgare L. Bark/extraction with water,

methanol, n-hexane, and

– GPx and SOD activity Anti-inflammator y;

cardioprotective

Gul etal. (2014)

chloroform

Salix sp. Leaves/ethanolic extracts – DPPH assay Antioxidant Lee , M.-H. etal.

(2006)

252 Zahra Taghipour and Mamak Hashemi Habib Abadi

Leaves/70% ethanolic

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extract

Citrus limon (L.)

Burm.f.

Rheum palmatum L. – Emodin – Anti-inflammatory via

Lens culinaris Medik. Aerial part/methanolic and

Cichorium intybus L. Aerial parts/aqueous extract – DPPH assay Antioxidant Alvatore etal. (2005)

Portulaca oleracea L. Aerial part/fresh juice – Isolated frog heart Cardiotonic Bidkar etal. (2011)

Commiphor a mukul

(Hook. ex Stocks) Engl.

Leaves/methanolic extracts – DPPH assay Antioxidant Prakash Udaya etal.

Fruit juices – DPPH assay ACE inhibition; antioxidant Oboh etal. (2015) Fruit juices – DPPH assay Antioxidant Oikeh etal. (2016) Fruit juices – ROS assay Antioxidant Dahima etal. (2016) Peel/methanolic extract – ACE inhibition assay ACE inhibition Ademosun etal.

Fruits/olive oil extract – DPPH assay Antioxidant Flori etal. (2020)

– Aloe emodin – Antihypertensive via

aqueous extracts

Seeds/ethanolic extract – DPPH and β-carotene

Seed/hydromethanolic

extract

Leaves/methanolic extract – DPPH and SOD assays Antioxidant Malik etal. (2014) Leaves/70% methanolic

extract

Aerial parts/organic extract – Pancreatic lipase inhibition

Germplasm/aqueous extract – FRAP assay Antioxidant Melilli etal. (2020) 70% methanolic extract – Superoxide assay Anti-atherogenic effect Mary etal. (2003)

– DPPH assay Antioxidant Amel Zabihi etal.

(2018)

(2013)

(2019)

Yang etal. (2019) deactivation of JNK signaling pathway through downregulation of miR-223

Zhang etal. (2020) promoting ubiquitinationmediated NLRP3 inflammasome inactivation

– DPPH assay Antioxidant Spanou etal. (2007)

Antioxidant Talukdar (2012)

bleaching assays

– – Hypotensive via blocking

Ca2+ channels

– FRAP and DPPH assays Antioxidant Epure etal. (2020)

Anti-lipase Jaradat etal. (2017)

assay

Khan etal. (2014)

Continued

Herbal Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease 253

Table 6.3. Continued.

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Plant Part/extract Active constituent Assay Effect Reference

Cicer arietinum L. Seeds/methanolic extract – COX-2 assay Antithrombotic; anti-

inflammatory

Cucumis sativus L. Aerial parts/aqueous extract – Radioimmunoprecipitation

assay

Fruit/aqueous ethanolic

extract

Boswellia sacra

Flueck.

Nardostachys

jatamansi (D. Don)

DC.

Commiphora myrrha

(Nees) Engl.

Olea europaea L. Leaves/hexane, ethyl

Oleogum resin/methanol

extract Ethanolic extract – Bioassay Cardiodepressant Sajid etal. (1996) Root and rhizome/aqueous

extract Root and rhizome/volatile oil – MTT assay Antioxidant Maiwulanjiang etal.

Root and rhizome/volatile oil – NO assay Vascular dilation Maiwulanjiang etal.

– – ABTS and TBARS assays Antioxidant Huerta etal. (2010)

acetate, methanol, and

80% aqueous methanolic

extracts Leaves – – Blocking calcium channels Scheffler etal. (2008)

-– Hydroxytyrosol NO assay Apoptosis of vascular

– Hydroxytyrosol ROS assay Antioxidant via

Aerial parts (vegetative)/

methanolic extract

Olibanum NO and ABTS assays Cardioprotectiv e;

Oleanolic acid,

– Capillary-like tube

formation assay

– ROS assay Antioxidant Maiwulanjiang etal.

– Vasodepressor; cardiot onic; ursolic acid, methyl maslinate, and uvaol

– DPPH assay Antioxidant Ashour etal. (2012)

Antioxidant; anti-

inflammatory

Anti-inflammatory Bernardini etal. (2018)

antioxidant

anti-dysrhythmic

smooth muscle cells via NO production and PP2A activation

phosphorylation of AMPK

Zia-Ul-Haq etal.

(2012)

Trejo-Moreno etal.

(2018)

Zaki etal. (2014)

(2013)

(2014)

(2015)

Somova etal. (2004)

Zrelli etal. (2011a)

Zrelli etal. (2011b)

254 Zahra Taghipour and Mamak Hashemi Habib Abadi

– Oleacein and

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oleuropein

SA-β-gal assay Protecting endothelial

progenitor cells via

Parzonko etal. (2013)

induction of Nrf2 and increasing HO-1 expression

Leaves/seeds oil/70%

ethanolic extract

Powdered leaves – Biological assay Vasorelax ant;

– DPPH assay Antioxidant Abd El-Hady and

El-Shahid (2014)

Micucci etal. (2016)

cardiodeppresant

Juice – LDH assay Antioxidant; anti-

Recinella etal. (2019)

inflammatory

Leaves/70% ethanolic

extract

– MTT and

dichlorofluorescein

Antioxidant Torul etal. (2020)

assays

– Oleuropein – Antihypertensive Ilic etal. (2021)

Prunus amy gdalus

Stokes

ABTS, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid); ACE, angiotensin-1-converting enzyme; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; CK-MB, creatine kinase MB; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; DCFH-DA, 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate; DPPH, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; FRAP, ferric-reducing antioxidant power; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; GSH, glutathione; hERG, human ether-a-go-go-related gene; HO-1, heme oxygenase-1; HUVEC, human umbilical vein endothelial cell; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; MDA, malondialdehyde; MEK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; miR, microRNA; MTS, (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium); MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide; NLRP3, NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing-3; NO, nitric oxide; Nox 4, NADPH oxidase 4; Nrf2, NF-E2-related factor 2; OH, hydroxyl; PGE activated receptor γ; RBC, red blood cell; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SA-β-gal, senescence-associated β-galactosidase; sEH, soluble epoxide hydrolase; SOD, superoxide dismutase; TAC, total antioxidant capacity; TAT, total anthocyanin; TBA, thiobarbituric acid; TBARS, thiobarburic acid-reactive substances; TPP, total polyphenol; TEAC, Trolox-equivalent antioxidant capacity; TQ, tocopherolquinone.

Dried pericarp/aqueous

extract

– α-Amylase inhibition assay Antidiabetic Jyoti (2020)

, prostaglandin E2; PKCζ, protein kinase Cζ; PP2A, protein phosphatase 2A; PPAR-γ, peroxisome proliferator-

Herbal Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease 255

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30.08.202648 Мб0Книга_5573_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
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30.08.202647 Мб0Книга_5574_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
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29.08.202680 Мб0Книга_558_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
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31.08.202641 Мб0Книга_5582_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf