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Table 6.2. Recent in vivo studies on medicinal plants mentioned in Canon of Medicine for treatment of CVD.
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Plant Part/extract Active constituent Method Animal Effect Reference
Anchusa azurea
Mill.
Zingiber
zerumbet (L.)
Sm.
Crocus sativus L. Stigmas/aqueous
Whole herb/60%
aqueous ethanol
Whole plant/
aqueous extract
Rhizome/aqueous
extract
extract
Stigmas/aqueous
extract
– Crocetin Norepinephrine-induced cardiac
Stigmas/aqueous
extract
– Crocin Diet-induced hyperlipidemia Rat Hypolipidemic Sheng etal. (2006)
– Crocetin Rabbit Anti-atherosclerosis Zheng etal. (2005)
Stigmas/aqueous
extracts
– Crocin Normal and voluntary exercised Rat Cardioprotective effect;
– Crocin CaCl -induced arrhythmia
– Crocin STZ-induced diabetic
– Crocin MI-induced injury Rat Cardiotonic; antioxidant Wang etal. (2018)
Total flavonoids Chronic MI injury Mouse Protective effect against
chronic MI injury
– Arteriovenous shunt thrombosis
model
– Normoglycemic and STZ-
induced hyperglycemic
– ISO-induced myocardial damage Rat Antioxidant;
– ISO-induced MI Rat Antioxidant;
hypertrophy
Safranal and crocin Normotensive and
desoxycorticosterone
acetate-induced hypertensive
HLD-induced
h
ypercholesterolemia and
aorta atherosclerosis
– Heart reperfusion-induced lethal
ventricular arrhythmia
2
cardiomyopathy
Rat Anticoagulant Umar etal. (2015)
Rat Antihyperglycemic Husen etal. (2004)
cardioprotective
cardioprotective
Rat Antioxidant;
cardioprotective
Rat Hypotensive Imenshahidi etal.
Rat Antiarrhythmic Joukar etal. (2013)
↑ heart angiogenesis;
↑ Akt and ERK1/2,
miR-126, miR-210
expression and CD31
Rat Antioxidant; antiarrhythmic Radmanesh etal.
Rat Cardiotonic Feidantsis etal.
Wang etal. (2020)
Sachdeva etal.
(2012)
Mehdizadeh etal.
(2013)
Alijaniha etal. (2015)
(2010)
Ghorbanzadeh etal.
(2017)
(2017)
(2018)
236 Zahra Taghipour and Mamak Hashemi Habib Abadi

Stigmas/
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hydroalcoholic
extract
– AngII-induced hypertension Rat Hypertension preventive
induced by RAS (↓ MAP,
SBP, and HR)
Plangar etal. (2019)
Curcuma
z edoaria
(Christm.)
Roscoe
Melissa
officinalis L.
Ocimum
basilicum L.
– Crocin Chlorpyrifos-induced
Stamen/
hydroalcoholic
– AngII, L-NAME, and BRS-
cardiotoxicity
induced hypertension
Rat Cardioprotective Khalaf and El-Mansy
(2019)
Rat Hypotensive effects Mohebbati etal.
(2021)
extract
– Crocetin Cardiomyocytes induced by
L-type Ca2+ current,
contractility, and Ca
2+
Rat Calcium channel
antagonist
Zhao etal. (2020)
transients
– Crocin Silk ligatures-induced
Rhizome/aqueous
periodontitis
– Spontaneously hypertensive Rat Antioxidant; vasodilator Goto etal. (2005)
Rat Antioxidant Kocaman etal.
(2021)
and methanol
extract
Leaves/aqueous
extract
Aerial parts/
aqueous extract
Leaves/ethanolic
extract
Leaves/ethanolic
extract
Leaves/methanolic
extract
Aerial parts/
aqueous extract
– Lipogenic diet-induced
hyperlipidemia
– Ligation-induced heart ischemia/
reperfusion
– HFD-induced insulin resistance
and dyslipidemia
– Ischemia-induced arrhythmia
and heart injury
– Methimazole-induced
hypothyroidism
– Triton WR-1339-induced
hyperlipidemia
Rat Antihyperlipidemic Bolkent etal. (2005)
Rat Anti-ventricular arrhythmia Joukar etal. (2014)
Mouse Antihypergly cemic;
Weidner etal. (2014)
antihyperlipidemic
Rat Antio xidant;
Sedighi etal. (2019)
cardioprotective
Rat ↑ Post-ischemic
dysfunction by ↑ mPTP
2+
and Ca
Ragone etal. (2019)
Rat Hypolipidemic Amrani etal. (2006)
Leaves and stalks – Turpentine-induced inflammation Rat Anti-inflammatory Originale etal. (2007)
Leaves/ethanolic
extract
Leaves/aqueous
extract
– ISO-induced MI Rat Cardioprotective Fathiazad etal.
(2012)
– Phenylhydrazine-induced
hematotoxicity
Rat Anti-anemia and
antioxidant
Zangeneh etal.
(2019)
Continued
Herb ne for Cardiovascular Disease 237
al Medici

Plant Part/extract Active constituent Method Animal Effect Reference
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Citrus medica L. Seeds/petroleum
ether extract
Fruits/96%
ethanolic extract
Pterocarpus
santalinus L.f.
Bambusa
bambos (L.)
Voss
Malus domestica
Borkh.
Coriandrum
sativum L.
Bark/ethanolic
extract
Wood/methanolic
extract
Leaves/methanolic
extract
Fruits – Cholesterol diet Rat Antioxidant,
Fruits – Cholesterol-enriched diet Rat Antihyperlipidemic Serra etal. (2012)
Vinegars – HFD Male
Fruits/70%
aqueous
methanolic
extract
Seeds/aqueous
extract
Seed oil – Carrageenan-induced paw
Seeds/aqueous
extract
– STZ-induced diabetic Rat Antidiabetic;
hypocholester olemic;
hypolipidemic
– ISO-induced cardiomyopathy Rat Cardioprotective Al-Yahya etal. (2013)
– STZ-induced diabetic Rat Antidiabetic Kondeti etal. (2010)
– Carrageenan-induced paw
edema
– Poloxamer-407-induced
hyperlipidemia
– Voltage-dependent calcium
channels blockage
– Hypercaloric diet-induced
obesity–hyperglycemia–
hyperlipidemia
edema
– ISO-induced heart failure Rat Cardioprotectiv e;
Rat Anti-inflammator y;
antioxidant; COX
inhibition
Rat Antihyperlipidemic Kaikini etal. (2015)
antihyperlipidemic
Anti-inflammator y;
Wistar
rat
Rat Diuretic; hypotensive Jabeen etal. (2009)
Rat Cardiovascular protectiv e;
Rat Anti-inflammatory Ibrahim etal. (2017)
anti-adiposity
hypoglycemic
antio xidant;
improvement of lipid
profile and endothelial
dysfunction
Sah etal. (2011)
Kumar (2011)
Aprikian etal. (2001)
Bounihi etal. (2017)
Aissaoui etal. (2011)
Siddiqi etal. (2018)
238 Zahra Taghipour and Mamak Hashemi Habib Abadi

Pyrus
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communis L.
Punica
granatum L.
Seeds/aqueous
extract
Fruits/ethyl acetate
and ethanolic
extract
Flowers/
methanolic
extract
Seeds juice – ISO-induced MI Rat Cardioprotective Mohan etal. (2010)
Whole fruit/
aqueous extract
Fruit/
hydroalcoholic
extract
Pomegranate juice – Lead-induced oxidative stress Rat Antioxidant Aksu etal. (2017)
Vinegars – HFD Male
Pomegranate juice – Deoxycorticosterone acetate–
Leaves/ethanolic
extract
Peel/methanolic
extract–
Seeds powder – – Rat Antioxidant Singh and Gujar
Seed/oil Sterol compounds Diet-induced
Peels/ethyl acetate
extract
– ISO-induced heart failure Rat Cardioprotectiv e;
improvement of lipid
prof ile; ↓ LPO and
endothelin receptors
expression
– Dexamethasone-induced
diabetes
– Hyperglycemia and
hyperlipidemia
– Doxorubicin-induced toxicity Rat Cardioprotective Hassanpour Fard
– Spontaneously hypertensive Female
salt model of hypertension
– HFD-induced obesity Rat Antioxidant Rao and
– STZ-induced diabetic Rat Cardiotonic; antioxidativ e;
hypercholesterolemia
– Fludrocortisones-induced
hypertension
Rat Antidiabetic;
antihyperlipidemia
ZDF rat Diminishes cardiac fibrosis Huang etal. (2005)
Hypolipidemic Delgado etal. (2017)
rat
Anti-inflammator y;
Wistar
rat
Rat Antihypertensive Chaudhari Pankaj
Rabbit Improved lipid profile Bayati and Asadi-
Rat Antihypertensive Monir etal. (2020)
anti-adiposity
anti-inflammator y;
antiapoptotic
Dhyani etal. (2018)
Velmurugan and
Bhargava (2013)
etal. (2011)
Bounihi etal. (2017)
etal. (2018)
Krishnamurthy
(2019)
El-Mansi and
Al-Kahtani (2019)
(2019)
Gharneh (2020)
Continued
erbal Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease 239 H

Plant Part/extract Active constituent Method Animal Effect Reference
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Terminalia
chebula Willd.
ex Flem.
Paeonia
officinalis L.
Myrtus
communis L.
Syzygium
ar omaticum
(L.) Merr. &
L.M. Perry
Piper cubeba L. Fruits/80%
Fruits/ethanol
extract
Fruits/ethanol
extract
Seeds/chloroform
extract
Fruits/aqueous
extract
Mature fruits – Atherogenic diet-induced
Root/alcoholic
extract
Fruits/
hydroalcoholic
extract
Leaves/methanolic
extract
– – Ozone-induced oxidative stress Mouse Antioxidant Feng etal. (2001)
– – – Rat Antioxidant Bafna and Balaraman
– – ISO-induced MI Rat Cardioprotectiv e;
Flower buds/oil Oleanolic acid NaCl-induced hypertension Rat Antihypertensiv e;
–/oil – Carrageenan-induced paw
methanolic
extract
– ISO-induced myocardial injury Rat Cardioprotective Suchalatha and Devi
– ISO-induced myocardial
oxidative stress
– STZ-induced diabetic Rat Antidiabetic Rao and Nammi
– STZ-induced diabetic Rat Antidiabetic Murali etal. (2007)
hyperlipidemia
– – Rat Antihypertensiv e;
– Normoglycemic and STZ-
induced diabetic
– Hypoxia-induced lethality Mouse Antihypoxic Kaveh etal. (2019)
edema
– – Rat Antio xidant; ↓ MD A; ↑ HDL Choi and Hwang
Rat Antioxidant Suchalatha and Devi
Rat Hypolipidemic Maruthappan and
digitalis-like action
Rat Hypogly cemic;
h ypolipidemic;
antioxidant
antioxidant
antioxidant
Rat Anti-inflammatory Ibrahim etal. (2017)
(2004)
(2005)
(2006)
Shree (2010)
Wenzel and Haskell
(1952)
Tas etal. (2018)
(2005)
Bafna and Balaraman
(2005)
Madlala etal. (2015)
(2005)
240 Zahra Taghipour a k Hashemi Habib Abadi
nd Mama

Raphanus
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sativus L.
Citrullus
coloc ynthis
(L.) Schrad.
Cydonia oblong a
Mill.
Seeds/96%
ethanolic extract
Seeds/aqueous
extract
– – – Rat Antihypertensive Hindo etal. (2007)
Leaves/70%
ethanolic extract
Root – Fattening diet-induced fatiness Rabbit Antiglycemic; antioxidant Corbi etal. (2018)
Fresh juice – Sucrose-induced postprandial
Pulp/70%
ethanolic extract
Pulp and
seeds/70%
methanolic
extract
Roots/aqueous
extract
Leaves/
hydroalcoholic
extract
Seeds Total alkaloids HFD-induced metabolic disorder Rat Improved metabolite
Pulpy flesh with
seeds/70%
ethanol extract
Leaves/ethanolic
extracts
Leaves/60%
ethanolic extract
Leaves/ethanolic
extracts
Cubebin Phenylephrine-induced
contraction
– Saline-induced hypertension Rat Antihypertensive Ghayur and Gilani
– ISO-induced myocardial injury Rat Cardiotoxic Shah etal. (2014)
glycemia
– Atherogenic diet + cholesterol
feeding-induced
hyperlipidemia
– Cholesterol feeding-induced
hyperlipidemia
– Alloxan monohydrate-induced
diabetic
– STZ-induced diabetic Rat Antihypergly cemic;
– STZ-induced diabetic Rat Hypogly cemic; ↓ TG and
– Normal and STZ-induced
diabetic
– HFD-induced hyperlipidemia Rat Hypolipidemic; antio xidant;
– Kidney one-clip Goldblatt model Rat Antihypertensive Zhou etal. (2014c)
Rat Vasorelaxation Carvalho etal. (2013)
(2006)
Rat Antihypertensive Srujana etal. (2019)
Rabbit Hypolipidemic Daradka etal. (2007)
Rabbit Antihyperlipidemic Zamani etal. (2007)
Rat Antidiabetic Agarwal etal. (2012)
Ebrahimi etal. (2016)
antihyperlipidemic
Birem etal. (2017)
disorder
Ghauri etal. (2020)
TC
Rat Hypoglycemic; antioxidant Aslan etal. (2010)
Abliz etal. (2014)
↑ lipoprotein
metabolism;
↓ lipogenesis
Continued
Herbal Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease 241

Plant Part/extract Active constituent Method Animal Effect Reference
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Origanum
majorana L.
Moringa oleifer a
Lam.
Fruit and leaf/
aqueous or
ethanolic
extracts
Leaves/aqueous
extracts
– Total flavonoids Spontaneously hypertensive
Fruit/aqueous
extracts
Leaves/aqueous
extract
– – ISO-induced cardiotoxicity Rat Antioxidant; anti-
Ethanolic extract Niazinin A, niazinin
Fruits – Diet-induced
Seed powder – Arsenic-induced oxidative stress Rat Antioxidant Gupta etal. (2005)
Leaves/aqueous
extract
Leaves/
hydroalcohol
extract
Leaves – Arsenic-induced oxidative stress Rat Antio xidant; ↓ LPO and
– Kidney one-clip Goldblatt model Rat Antihypertensive Zhou etal. (2014b)
– – Mouse
and
rat
Rat Inhibition of myocardial
model
– Doxorubicin-induced
cardiotoxicity
– ISO-induced MI Rat Cardioprotective Ramadan etal.
Atropine-induced hypertension Rat Cardiodepressant Gilani etal. (1994)
B, niazimicin
hypercholesterolemia
– Diet-induced
hypercholesterolemia
– ISO-induced MI Rat Cardioprotective Nandave etal. (2009)
Rat Cardioprotectiv e; ↓ cardiac
Rabbit Hypolipidemic Mehta etal. (2003)
Rabbit Hypolipidemic; anti-
Improvement of
hemostasis and
thrombosis
hypertrophy; inhibition
of RAAS
mitochondrial
dysfunction
inflammatory
atheroscler otic;
cardioprotective
↑ SOD
Zhou etal. (2014a)
Zhou etal. (2015)
Gholami etal. (2017)
(2013)
Rababa’h and
Alzoubi (2021)
Chumark etal. (2008)
Latha etal. (2010)
242 Zahra Taghipour and Mamak Hashemi Habib Abadi

Leaves/
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hydroalcoholic
extract
Leaves N,α-
Aerial parts/
alcoholic extract
Leaves – Arsenic-induced toxicity Rat Hypocholesterolemic Sheikh etal. (2014)
Leaves/aqueous
extract
Leaves/aqueous
extract
Leaves/butanolic
extract
Seeds – Spontaneous hypertensive Rat Cardioprotectiv e; ↓ HR Randriamboavonjy
Leaves/methanolic
extract
Leaves – HFD-induced glucose
Seed – Spontaneously hypertensive Rat Antihypertensiv e;
– – ISO-induced MI Rat Cardioprotective Ishwarya etal. (2017)
Seed – Diet-induced
Leaves/aqueous
extract
Leaves – STZ-induced diabetic Rat Antio xidant; ↓ TG, TC,
Leaves/methanolic
extract
– Diet-induced hyperlipidemia Rat Hypolipidemic; anti-
inflammator y;
antio xidant;
anticoagulant; platelet
antiaggregator y; ↓ TG,
TC , and LDL; ↑ HDL
L-
rhamnopyranosyl
vincosamide
– High-cholesterol diet-induced
– γ-Radiation-induced oxidative
– High-salt diet-induced blood
– ISO-induced cardiac necrosis Rat Antioxidant; protection of
– Atherogenic diet-induced
– α-Cypermethrin-induced
– Diet- and carbimazole-induced
ISO-induced cardiotoxicity Rat Cardioprotective Panda etal. (2013)
Rat Anti-obesity Ahmed etal. (2014)
obesity
Rat Antioxidant Mansour etal. (2014)
stress
Rat Antihypertension Ofem etal. (2015)
parameters change
myocardium
Rat Hypolipidemic; ↓ TG, TC,
dyslipidemia
Rat Anti-inflammator y;
intolerance
Rat Improved heart enzyme El Rabey etal. (2017)
hypercholesterolemia
Rat Antioxidant Mansour etal. (2018)
oxidative stress
Rat Antihyper lipidemic;
hyperlipidemia
antioxidant
anti-inflammator y;
antioxidant
cardioprotective
Rajanandh etal.
(2012)
Panda (2015)
etal. (2016)
Saleem etal. (2016)
Joung etal. (2017)
Randriamboavonjy
etal. (2017)
Onyenibe etal.
(2018)
Bitrus etal. (2018)
Continued
Herbal Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease 243

Plant Part/extract Active constituent Method Animal Effect Reference
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vulgare L.
– – Aluminum phosphide-induced
acute cardiac toxicity
Leaves/methanolic
extract
Seed powder – – Rat Vascular protective Randriamboavonjy
Leaves//ethanolic
extract
Leaves/aqueous
extract
Leaves/methanolic
extract
Seed oil – Dichlorvos-induced cardiac
Leaves/methanolic
extract
Seed powder – MI-induced myocardial damage Mouse Anti-apoptosis; antio xidant;
Leaves/ethanolic
extract
Seed Water-soluble lectin HFD- and STZ-induced diabetic Mouse Hypoglycemic Vera-Nuñez etal.
Barley-based diet – – Chicken Hypocholesterolemic Qureshi etal. (1980)
Barley diet – – Rat Hypotensiv e; ↓ SBP; ↓ TG,
Barley bran – Diet-induced
– STZ-induced diabetic Rat Antioxidant Aju etal. (2019)
– Potassium dichromate-induced
toxicity and oxidative stress
– L-NAME-induced hypertension Rat Antihypertensiv e;
– HFD-induced dyslipidemia and
vascular endothelium
dysfunction
injury
– HFD-induced obesity Rat Anti-obesity; antioxidant Mabrouki etal. (2020)
– Tilmicosin-induced cardiac injury Rat Antio xidant;
hypocholesterolemia
Rat Cardioprotectiv e;
antioxidant
Rat Antioxidant Kazeem etal. (2019)
antio xidant; ↓ vascular
dysfunction
Rat Improvement in lipid profile
and vascular
endothelium protection
Rat Antioxidant Saka etal. (2020)
cardioprotective
cardioprotective
TC, and LDL
Rat Hypolipidemic; ↓ lipids,
liver enzymes, LDH, and
CK-MB
Gouda etal. (2018)
etal. (2019)
Aekthammarat etal.
(2019)
Madkhali etal. (2019)
Li etal. (2020)
Khalil etal. (2020)
(2021)
Li etal. (2004)
Abulnaja and El
Rabey (2015)
244 Zahra Taghipour and Mamak Hashemi Habib Abadi

Leaves/70%
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ethanolic extract
Citrus limon (L.)
Burm.f.
palmatum L.
Medik.
Lactuca sativa L. Red-pigmented
intybus L.
oleracea L.
Fruit juice – HFD-induced dyslipidemia Rat A CE inhibition;
– Emodin HFD-induced obesity Mouse Anti-obesity via regulating
– Chrysophanol Doxorubicin-induced
– Protein extraction
leafy lettuce
Seed Caffeoylquinic acid High-fructose diet-induced
Seeds/aqueous
methanolic
extracts
Seed – STZ-induced diabetic Rat Cardioprotectiv e;
Hydroalcoholic
extract
Leaves/ethanolic
extract
Leaves – Vitamin A-
Seeds – High-cholesterol diet-induced
– HFD-induced
hypercholesterolemia
cardiotoxicity
– Rat Hypotriglyceridemic;
process
– High-fat high-cholesterol diet Mouse Antio xidant;
metabolic disorder
– NaCl-induced hypertension Rat Hypotensive via inhibition
– Model of ischemic reperfusion Rat Cardioprotectiv e;
– – Rat Antihypert ension;
deficient
hyperchlosterolemia
Rabbit Antioxidant Amel Zabihi etal.
hypocholesterolemic
Rat Cardioprotective by
Rat Improved glycemia;
Rat Antioxidant Arruda etal.
Rat Anti-ather ogenic;
SREBP pathway
suppressing cellular
PARylation
↓ VLDL and adipose-
tissue LPL
cardioprotectiv e;
improvement of plasma
cholesterol and lipid
levels; prevention of
LPO
↓ atherogenic inde x;
antioxidant
2+
of Ca
influx and via
α-adrenergic receptor
antioxidant; antiinflammatory
antioxidant;
↑ chemokine receptor
type 4
antioxidant
hypolipidemic
(2018)
Oboh etal. (2015)
Li etal. (2016)
Lu etal. (2019)
Boualga etal. (2009)
Lee etal. (2009)
Jurgonski etal.
(2012)
Malik etal. (2017)
Sharma etal. (2019)
Sedighi etal. (2021b)
Sedighi etal. (2021a)
(2004)
Barakat and
Mahmoud (2011)
Continued
Herbal Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease 245
Соседние файлы в папке Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана
