of treatment to prevent long-term consequences, e.g., neuronal injury or death. Refractory status epilepticus (RSE) is dened as intractable seizures unresponsive to a rst-line anti-seizure medication (ASM), i.e., initial benzodiazepine (BZP), and an adequate second-line ASM, e.g., a full loading dose of an intravenous (IV) ASM.Super­refractory SE (SRSE) is dened as RSE that continues or recurs 24h or longer despite the initiation of IV anesthetic agents [4, 5]. Even more recently, consensus denitions to standardize terminology to facilitate communication for clinical care and research include (1) new-onset RSE (NORSE), which is a clinical presentation in a patient without known epilepsy or preexisting relevant neurological disorder or clear struc­tural, toxic, or metabolic etiology; (2) febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES) as a subcategory of NORSE that requires a prior febrile infection between 24h and 2weeks prior to the onset of RSE; (3) prolonged RSE (PRSE), which is RSE that lasts for at least 7days despite appropriate management, but without the use of anesthetics; and (4) prolonged SRSE (PSRSE), which is SRSE that persists for at least 7days including the ongoing need for anesthetics [6] (Table18.1).