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AmalKumarDhara
SubhashC.Mandal
Editors
Role ofHerbal
Medicines
Management ofLifestyle Diseases
123

Role of Herbal Medicines

Amal Kumar Dhara • Subhash C. Mandal
Editors
Role of Herbal Medicines
Management ofLifestyle Diseases

Editors
Amal Kumar Dhara
Department of Pharmacy
Contai Polytechnic, Government of West Bengal
Kolkatta, West Bengal, India
Subhash C. Mandal
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology
Jadavpur University
Kolkata, West Bengal, India
ISBN 978-981-99-7702-4 ISBN 978-981-99-7703-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-7703-1
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or
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Paper in this product is recyclable

Preface
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Modern drifts towards the utilization of herbal medicines in different healthcare aspects necessitate the replacement of synthetic molecules with phytoconstituents because of their biocompatibility, biodegradability, economic extraction process, and ready availability from natural
sources. The emergence of lifestyle diseases, e.g. type II diabetes, cancers, obesity, cardiovascular disorders, and liver cirrhosis, is exponentially increasing day by day. The major causes of
modern lifestyle diseases are a lack of physical activity, consumption of imbalanced diet and
junk foods, unhealthy habits like alcoholic beverages consumption, tobacco smoking, latenight sleep, and so on.
Despite signicant developments in the eld of science and technology, the majority of the
population relies on phytomedicines in both Third World and developed countries for their
healthcare. Considering the valuable ancient approaches for the utilization of herbal constituents and the application of modern scientic knowledge for evaluating (both therapeutic and
toxicological) and standardizing phytoconstituents can help to nd a better way for the management of lifestyle diseases.
The book Role of Herbal Medicines: Management of Lifestyle Diseases provides a systematic insight into the inclusive herbal medicines’ chemistry, extraction, purication, toxicity
studies, characterization, standardization, bioactivity, and applications in the management of
lifestyle diseases. This volume is a collection of four different sections (namely introduction;
extraction and chemical characterization; bioactivity and applications; pharmacovigilance,
clinical trial, and regulatory) containing 31 chapters contributed by academicians and researchers from across the globe. A concise overview of the contents of each chapter has been provided to give readers a glimpse of the book’s contents.
Chapter ‘Introduction to Lifestyle Diseases and Role of Herbal Medicines’ describes different types of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, obesity, COPD, and liver cirrhosis and the role
of herbal medicines in the management of these diseases.
Chapter ‘The Importance and Scope of Medicinal Plants Suggested in Traditional Medicine
in the Holistic Care of Occupational Lifestyle Disorders with Special Mention to Insulin
Resistance Associated Clinical Syndromes’ focuses on lifestyle disorders (LsD), the pathology
of insulin resistance in LsD, and a few medicinal plants extensively used in traditional medicine practices to treat lifestyle diseases and the associated IR states.
Chapter ‘Extraction of Phytoconstituents for Lifestyle Diseases’ provides an overview of
traditional and modern extraction techniques that are used for the extraction of herbal drugs.
Chapter ‘Chemical Characterization of Phytoconstituents for Lifestyle Diseases’ provides
an overview of different phytoconstituents frequently involved in the management of lifestyle
diseases and the various chemical techniques used for their characterization, namely mass
spectrometry, UV-visible spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance
spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, and so forth.
Chapter ‘Role of Medicinal Plants in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus’ describes the
signicance of bioactive phytoconstituents from various plant sources in exhibiting antidiabetic activity and also explains how herbal medicines act through different pathways and their
multifaceted mechanisms of action.
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Chapter ‘Herbal Medicines for the Management of Obesity’ addresses how lifestyle causes
obesity and its potential role in generating various diseases and disorders, such as atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular problems, metabolic syndrome, lung diseases, neurological disorders, arthritis, osteoarthritis, kidney disease, sleep disorders, obstructive sleep
apnoea, asthma, blood lipid disorders, insulin resistance, depression, anxiety, infertility, urinary incontinence, stroke, and cancer. This chapter also covers some recent studies on plants,
plant products, and plant-originated compounds having anti-obesity activity with a focus on
their anti-obesity-related activities.
Chapter ‘Herbal Medicines for the Management of Diseases in the Heart, Circulation, and
Blood’ gives an insight into the cardio-protective potential of various medicinal plants such as
Emblica ofcinalis, Rauwola serpentina, Terminalia arjuna, and Ziziphus oxyphylla. It also
encompasses the therapeutic potential of many phytomolecules such as taxifolin, caffeic acid,
quercetin, rosmarinic acid, arjunolic acid, andrographolide, and others against cardiovascular
disorders.
Chapter ‘Role of Lifestyle Modication and Diet in the Prevention of Cancer’ describes
different natural mechanisms that can lower the risk of developing different types of cancer
and how lifestyle modications as well as changes in nutritional diet can modulate different
regulatory players associated with cancer signalling axes. This chapter also highlights the mitigating roles of low bre, omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, red meat, ax seeds, fruits, and
vegetables in protecting different cancer types ranging from breast to lung to prostrate
carcinoma.
Chapter ‘Herbal Medicine for the Treatment of COPD’ presents a brief review on molecular
mechanisms involved in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the natural history of
herbal medicine, novel and marketed herbal medicine available for the treatment of COPD,
and secondary metabolites involved in the inhibition of COPD.
Chapter ‘Herbal Medicines for the Treatment of Liver Cirrhosis’ focuses on several natural
compounds implicated in reversing the development of liver cirrhosis via numerous molecular
pathways. In-depth descriptions of various phytochemicals in preclinical stages are provided.
The successful therapeutic regimens of herbal compounds imparting to multiple cell lines, and
well-established animal models are discussed in detail.
Chapter ‘Plants Affecting Serotonergic Neurotransmission’ provides a general overview of
the serotonergic system, associated disorders, and natural compounds involved in the modulation of the serotonergic system with potential therapeutic applications.
Chapter ‘Herbal Medicines for Management of Alzheimer’s Disease’ reviews some of the
important and widely studied plants and their constituents against Alzheimer’s disease.
Chapter ‘Herbal Medicine for the Management of Anxiety, Depression, and Insomnia’
intends to provide a comprehensive view of mechanisms of herbs used in the management of
anxiety, depression, and insomnia.
Chapter ‘Role of Herbal Medicines for the Treatment of Arthritis’ gives an insight into the
promising anti-arthritis effects of varieties of phytoconstituents, different animal models and
clinical studies of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and the important mechanisms
responsible for the anti-arthritis properties of these herbal medicines.
Chapter ‘Role of Herbal Medicines for the Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease’ focuses
on the promising anti-chronic kidney disease effects of different herbal medicines.
Chapter ‘Herbal Medicines for the Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome and
Constipation Problem’ addresses the aetiopathogenesis of IBS and constipation, gut microbiota dysbiosis in IBS and related disorders, diet-microbiota interaction in IBS and related disorders, and efcacy of herbal medicines in the management of irritable bowel syndrome,
constipation, and related disorders.
Chapter ‘Herbal Medicines for the Management of Diseases on Vitamin Deciency’
describes the dietary sources of vitamins, deciency disorders of vitamins and their herbal
remedies, the qualitative and quantitative procedures of vitamin analysis as well as different
analytical approaches for the analysis.
Preface

Preface
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vii
Chapter ‘Herbs for Autoimmune Diseases’ focuses on providing an update on herbs reported
in the management and treatment of autoimmune diseases, with detailed, in-depth understanding of their molecular level mechanism of action and modulation of various cell signalling
pathways.
Chapter ‘Role of Herbal Medicine in Boosting Immune System’ reviews the use of herbal
medicines in boosting the immune system. The chapter covers why people prefer herbal medicines, role of some herbal plants in enhancing the immune system, and role of some individual
natural products in boosting the immune system.
Chapter ‘Medicinal Plants, Antioxidant Potential, and Applications to Aging’ highlights
some important plant material and isolated compounds that are reported to have the ability to
slow down the rate of ageing and are used worldwide. Majority of them exhibited anti-ageing
effects through their antioxidant potential.
Chapter ‘Role of Natural Polysaccharides in the Management of Lifestyle Diseases’ outlines numerous attributes and cellular mechanisms of several plant polysaccharides (PPS) in
metabolic disorders and also elucidates the interaction of PPS with various genes and proteins
involved in molecular signalling pathways.
Chapter ‘Role of Antioxidant Vitamins and Minerals from Herbal Source in the Management
of Lifestyle Diseases’ highlights the oxidative stress, its generation in different pathological
condition of diseases, and their mechanism in promoting lifestyle diseases. It also describes
remedies and lists antioxidant vitamins and minerals, along with their modes of antioxidant
action, which are essential to alleviate lifestyle diseases and lead a disease-free life.
Chapter ‘Role of Nutraceuticals in the Management of Lifestyle Diseases’ discusses different types of nutraceuticals and their signicance in the management of various lifestyle
disorders.
Chapter ‘Eating and Healing: Traditional Food as Medicine’ highlights the traditional systems of medicines, food, spices, condiments, and herbs with medicinal value and probiotics
and prebiotics.
Chapter ‘Nanotechnology in Delivery and Targeting of Phytochemicals for Lifestyle
Diseases’ provides an overview of main problems connected with the delivery of phytopharmaceuticals, main properties of different types of plant drugs, and properties and limitations
connected to the application of numerous lipid, polymer, and inorganic nanoparticles as phytodrug carriers. It also provides information about up-to-date investigated combinations of phytopharmaceuticals and nanocarriers.
Chapter ‘Pharmacovigilance of Herbal Medicines for Lifestyle Diseases’ reviews basic
knowledge of pharmacovigilance and adverse drug reactions, along with the safe dosage range
of phytochemicals in lifestyle diseases, viz. obesity, diabetes, and atherosclerosis.
Chapter ‘Standardization of Herbal Medicines for Lifestyle Diseases’ highlights the signicance of herbal medicine standardization in ensuring consistent quality, safety, and efcacy of
herbal products. Also it describes qualitative and quantitative methods, along with ngerprint
proling for the characterization of herbal samples and bioactive compounds.
Chapter ‘Intellectual Property Rights, Naturally Derived Bioactive Compounds, and
Resource Conservation’ describes recent scientic advancements and comprehends the interrelationship between IPR, bioactivity of natural origin, and conservation of resources in order
to establish a smooth avenue for traditional drugs and medicine thereof.
Chapter ‘Clinical Trial on and Regulatory Considerations for Herbal Medicines for Lifestyle
Diseases’ highlights regulations by the FDA and its mechanisms and also describes several
ongoing clinical trials aimed at generating precise evidence for their acceptance and greater
acceptability.
Chapter ‘Market Overview of Herbal Medicines for Lifestyle Diseases’ focuses on the market analysis of herbal medicines used in lifestyle diseases, which demonstrates a rising trend
in the adoption of herbal medicines, with signicant potential for continued growth in the
foreseeable future.

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Chapter ‘Future Prospective of Herbal Medicines for Lifestyle Diseases’ addresses the role
of some herbal medicines in the treatment of major non-communicable diseases (NCDs), current challenges, and some future perspectives for herbal medicines.
At the end, we the editors convey our sincere thanks to all the distinguished authors for
contributing signicant chapters in a timely manner, which facilitated to bring out this volume
on time. We specially thank the entire team at Springer Nature for the invaluable support in
organizing the intelligent editing of the book. We also would put on record our special thanks
to Dr. Naren Aggarwal (Editorial Director—Books, Asia, Medicine and Life Sciences), Dr.
Emmy Lee (Editor, Biomedicine & Life Science Books), Dr. Sudha Ramachandran (Project
coordinator—Books), and Dr. Chaitra Jawalkoti (Editorial Advisor) for their priceless support
right from the beginning to the completion of this book. We gratefully acknowledge all the
permissions we received for reproducing the copyright materials from different sources.
Finally, we cannot overlook the sacrices and support from our family members during the
preparation of the book. All our friends, colleagues, and students who have helped in the process of editing of this book deserve our great appreciations. Contributing authors, the publishers, and we the editors will be extremely pleased if our endeavour fulls the needs of
academicians, researchers, students, pharmaceutical experts, biomedicine experts, and herbal
drug formulators.
Kolkata, West Bengal, India AmalKumarDhara
Kolkata, West Bengal, India SubhashC.Mandal
Preface

Contents
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Introduction to Lifestyle Diseases and Role of Herbal Medicines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Amal Kumar Dhara and Amit Kumar Nayak
The Importance and Scope of Medicinal Plants Suggested in Traditional
Medicine in the Holistic Care of Occupational Lifestyle Disorders with
Special Mention to Insulin Resistance Associated Clinical Syndromes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Parvathy G. Nair, Pratibha P. Nair, and Amit Kumar Dixit
Extraction of Phytoconstituents for Lifestyle Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Joseph Tchamgoue, Yvan Anderson T. Ngandjui, Rostan M. Talla,
Bruno Dupon A. Ambamba, Jean Claude Tchouankeu, and Simeon F. Kouam
Chemical Characterization of Phytoconstituents for Lifestyle Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Yvan Anderson T. Ngandjui, Joseph Tchamgoue, Donald Ulrich K. Kagho,
Titus Alfred M. Msagati, Bathelemy Ngameni, and Simeon F. Kouam
Role of Medicinal Plants in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Saroj Singhmura, Souvik Basak, and Nilanjan Ghosh
Herbal Medicines for the Management of Obesity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Ceyda Sibel Kılıç
Herbal Medicines for the Management of Diseases in the Heart, Circulation,
and Blood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Jagdish S. Bankar, Kajal N. Bondre, Pratiksha P. Wagh, Surbhi S. Bhope,
Jayesh S. Pande, Prakash R. Itankar, Satyendra K. Prasad, and Shailendra S. Gurav
Role of Lifestyle Modification and Diet in the Prevention of Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Moumita Chatterjee, Sharmistha Ganguly, and Subhajit Dutta
Herbal Medicines for the Treatment of COPD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Samir Ranjan Panda, Siddhi Jain, N. P. Syamprasad, Priyanka Adhikari,
Meenakshi Singh, Alok Ranjan, A. Parthiban, and V. G. M. Naidu
Herbal Medicines for the Treatment of Liver Cirrhosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Tanmoy Banerjee, Shuvam Sar, Saptapadi Saha, Arun Baidya, Arnab Sarkar,
Sanmoy Karmakar, Amit Kumar Halder, and Nilanjan Ghosh
Plants Affecting Serotonergic Neurotransmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Keya Mallick and Sugato Banerjee
Herbal Medicines for Management of Alzheimer’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Jai Malik, Subhash C. Mandal, Sunayna Choudhary, Shweta Parihar, and Mohamed
Rahamathulla
Herbal Medicine for the Management of Anxiety, Depression, and Insomnia . . . . . . . 251
Sunday Oritsetimenyin Otimenyin
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Role of Herbal Medicines for the Treatment of Arthritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Vafa Baradaran Rahimi and Vahid Reza Askari
Role of Herbal Medicines for the Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Vafa Baradaran Rahimi and Vahid Reza Askari
Herbal Medicines for the Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome
and Constipation Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Eswara Rao Puppala, Neethu Prasad, Meenakshi Singh, Arun N. Prakash,
Md Abubakar, Priyanka Adhikari, and V. G. M. Naidu
Herbal Medicines for the Management of Diseases on Vitamin Deficiency . . . . . . . . . 343
Sathi Sarkar, Anish Kumar Das, and Satheesh Kumar Nanjappan
Herbs for Autoimmune Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
A. Mukne, S. Dangat, P. Shirodkar, and K. Sawate
Role of Herbal Medicine in Boosting Immune System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Anchal Dabas, Parul Yadav, Geetanjali, and Ram Singh
Medicinal Plants, Antioxidant Potential, and Applications to Aging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
Aabir Pramanik, Sonali Maheshwari, and Niyati Acharya
Role of Natural Polysaccharides in the Management of Lifestyle Diseases. . . . . . . . . . 415
Shuvam Sar, Tanmoy Banerjee, Ankit Kumar, Arun Baidya, Saptapadi Saha,
Jayashree Mondal, Rituparna Chaki, Amit Kumar Halder, and Nilanjan Ghosh
Contents
Role of Antioxidant Vitamins and Minerals from Herbal Source
in the Management of Lifestyle Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
S. Ganguly and J. Kumar
Role of Nutraceuticals in the Management of Lifestyle Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
Vimalavathini Ramesh, Kayalvizhie Subbarayan, Sittarthan Viswanathan,
and Kavimani Subramanian
Eating and Healing: Traditional Food as Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
Sparsha Suresh Bandekar and Ajay Gajanan Namdeo
Nanotechnology in Delivery and Targeting of Phytochemicals
for Lifestyle Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
Milan Milivojević, Ivana Pajic-Lijaković, Zora Dajić, Amal Kumar Dhara,
Amit Kumar Nayak, and Md Saquib Hasnain
Pharmacovigilance of Herbal Medicines for Lifestyle Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
Shuvam Sar, Tanmoy Banerjee, Arun Baidya, Saptapadi Saha, Ankit Kumar,
Amit Kumar Halder, Madhurima Ghosh, Vilas D. Nasare, and Nilanjan Ghosh
Standardization of Herbal Medicines for Lifestyle Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .545
Tiyasa Paul and K. Jayaram Kumar
Intellectual Property Rights, Naturally Derived Bioactive Compounds,
and Resource Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
Raju Wadekar, Subhash C. Mandal, and Kalpana Patil
Clinical Trial on and Regulatory Considerations for Herbal Medicines
for Lifestyle Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
Samir Bhargava, Amal Kumar Dhara, Manmohan Singhal, Neeraj Kr. Sethiya,
Bhavna, Satish Shilpi, Vijay Singh Rana, Amit Kr. Dubey, Ashok Behera,
and Anuj Nautiyal
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