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Chidrawar etal. [81]
reduces BW, decreases food intake, decreases absorption of
dietary fats, inhibits pancreatic lipase
Azman etal. [186]
increases HDL
Dongmo etal. [191]
Anti-lipase Wiyono etal. [189]
LDL-C levels
[192]
Hifnawy etal. [130]
Inhibits α-glucosidase and lipase
Goel etal. [195]
Lee etal. [197]
levels, improves glycemic and lipid prole
Wu etal. [198]
Zagayko etal. [199]
energy expenditure and thermogenesis
attenuates epididymal adipocytes
acids, TC, LDL-C
Wang etal. [200]
gain, food intake, serum TG, and cholesterol levels
Sonchus oleraceus L. Asteraceae Whole plant Antidiabetic Teugwa etal. [159]
Plant name Family name Used part Contribution to anti-obesity activity/mechanism of action References
Table 1 (continued)
Fabaceae Seeds Reduction in BW, specic weight gain, and BMI Ejere etal. [181]
Sonneratia caseolaris Engl. Lythraceae Fruit juice Prevents increase in BW Thuoc etal. [180]
Sphenostylis stenocarpa (Hochst. ex
A.Rich) Harms
Fruits Decrease in BMI, waist circumference, Asgary etal. [187]
Leaves Antihyperlipidemic Valaparla etal. [188]
Bignoniaceae Roots Reduces BW gain, food intake, serum TG, TC, LDL, VLDL Kaveripakam etal. [182]
Stellaria media (L.) Vill. Caryophyllaceae Whole plant Reduced circulating lipid levels, adipocyte diameter,
Stereospermum suaveolens DC. (syn. for
Stereospermum chelonoides DC.)
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni Asteraceae Leaves Antihyperlipidemic Shaheen etal. [183]
Myrtaceae Flower buds Decreases BW, white adipocyte tissue Jung etal. [184]
Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. &
L.M.Perry)
Tabebuia avellanedae Lorentz ex Griseb Bignoniaceae Inner bark of the tree Prevention of adipocyte accumulation Iwamoto etal. [185]
Fabaceae Stem bark Decreases BW, fat weight, food intake, serum TG, TC,
Tamarindus indica L. Fabaceae Pulp Decreases plasma levels of TC, LDL, TG, reduces BW,
Taxillus chinensis (DC.) Danser Loranthaceae Stems Reduces BW and appetite Wang etal. [190]
Tetrapleura tetraptera (Schumach. &
Thonn.) Taub.
Thespesia populnea Sol. Ex Correa Malvaceae Stem bark Hypophagic and hypolipidemic activity Retnasamy and Adikey
seeds
Rutaceae Leaves Reduces BW, BMI, body fat content, and resistive index Putro etal. [193]
Boraginaceae Leaves Reduces liver fat, glucose, and serum TG Simao etal. [194]
asiatica (L.) Lam.)
Tournefortia paniculata Vent. (syn. for
Thrinax parviora Sw. Arecaceae Fruit pericarps and
Toddalia aculeata Pers. (syn. for Toddalia
Myriopus paniculatus (Cham.) Feuillet)
Tribulus terrestris L. Zygophyllaceae Fruits Increases ghrelin and adiponectin levels, attenuates leptin
Tricholepis glaberrima DC. Asteraceae Aerial parts Reduces BW, TC, TG, LDL, VLDL, increases HDL Rani and Kiranmai [196]
Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. Ulmaceae Bark Increases browning in white adipose tissue, increases
Urtica urens L. Urticaceae Aerial parts Anti-lipase Jaradat etal. [66]
Caprifoliaceae Aerial parts Suppresses lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, BW
Vaccinium ashei J.M.Reade Ericaceae Pulp Reduces BW, serum glucose, improves lipid proles,
Vaccinium myrtillus L. Leaves Reduces BW gain, visceral fat mass, serum TAG, free fatty
Valeriana dageletiana Nakai ex. F.Maek
(syn. for Valeriana excelsa subsp.
sambucifolia (J.C.Mikan ex. Pohl) Holub
Vateria indica C.F.Gaertn. Dipterocarpaceae Stem bark Reduces BW, cholesterol, TG, LDL, VLDL Smitha etal. [201]

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Yamasaki etal. [203]
Shalaby and Saifan [79]
decreases TG accumulation in adipose tissue, and increases
fatty acid oxidization
decreases BG and leptin, and increases serum insulin levels
Kim etal. [205, 206]
excretion via feces, downregulates mRNA expression of
Deshpande etal. [208]
genes associated with adipogenesis
fecal fat mass, inhibition of pancreatic lipase
Asteraceae Leaves Regulates appetite Egedigwe etal. [202]
Vernonia amygdalina Del. (syn. for
Gymnanthemum amygdalinum (Delile)
Sch. Bip)
Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. Fabaceae Leaves Decrease in BMI, food intake, and serum lipid levels Nderitu etal. [48]
Roots Inhibits BW gain and adipose tissue, increases lipid
Fruits Reduces BW gain, serum lipids, insulin, leptin levels Nazish etal. [204]
Brassicaceae Leaves Decreases TG synthesis and accumulation in the liver,
Wasabia japonica (Miq.) Matsum (syn. for
Eutrema japonicum Koidz.)
Zingiber ofcinale Roscoe Zingiberaceae Rhizomes Reduces BW, body fat mass, improves lipid prole,
Fruits Decrease in BW, increase in HDL levels Patil and Kothavale [207]
Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. Rhamnaceae Bark Decreases insulin resistance and BW gain and increases
AW adipose weight, BG blood glucose, BMI body mass index, BW body weight, HDL-c HDL-cholesterol, LDL-C LDL-cholesterol, TAG triacylglycerol, TC total cholesterol, TG triglycerides

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Fig. 4 (a) General appearance of M. charantia; (b) ripening fruit; (c) ripened and simultaneously opened fruit with seeds covered with red aril;
and (d) squeezed fruit pulp maceration in olive oil
be obtained by combining multiple products or products
having multiple activities in the reduction and prevention
of diet-induced obesity.
Some of these mixtures are provided in Table2 along
with the Latin names of the plants and families involved,
and the parts that are used and their anti-obesity
activities.
In addition to studies performed on plant extracts, there are
also studies performed on compoundswithanti-obesity activity isolated from various plant species. Some of these studies
are given in Table3. The compound/agent, Latin names of the
plants and families that they are isolated from (unless purchased from chemical companies as pure compounds), and
their contribution to anti-obesity activity are provided.

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Krishnaraju etal. [211]
breakdown in mature adipocytes
Said etal. [212]
Reduces BW, increases thermogenesis
Gopinathan and Naveenraj
[82, 83]
gastrointestinal absorption of dietary sugar and fat
Brenesel etal. [214]
Decreases BW gain, plasma lipid concentrations as TC and
LDL)
Yimam etal. [216]
Kim etal. [217, 218]
cholesterol, and LDL
and serum lipid parameters
Kim etal. [217, 218]
levels and fat accumulation in the liver
Kumar etal. [221]
thermogenesis
Component of the mixture/formulation Family name Used part Contribution to anti-obesity activity/mechanism of action References
Moringa oleifera Lam. Moringaceae Leaves Inhibits differentiation of preadipocyte, increases lipid
Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. Rutaceae Leaves
Curcuma longa L. Zingiberaceae Rhizomes
Alchemilla vulgaris Willd. Rosaceae Leaves “Weighlevel tablets”
Olea europaea Oleaceae Leaves
Table 2 Plant species that are involved in some plant mixtures/combinations
Mentha longifolia (L.) L. Lamiaceae Leaves
Combretaceae Barks Decreases BW, alters lipid prole positively Avanapu and Reddy [213]
Cuminum cyminum L. Apiaceae Seeds
Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb. Ex DC.) Wall. Ex Guill. &
Perr. (syn. for Terminalia anogeissiana Gere &
Boatwr.)
Apocynaceae Whole plant
Boraginaceae Roots
Holostemma annularis (Roxb.) liede & Khanum (syn.
for Cynanchum annularium (Roxb.) Liede & Khanum)
Trichodesma amplexicaule Roth (syn. for Trichodesma
Clusiaceae Fruits
indicum var. amplexicaule (Roth) T.Cooke
Clerodendrum phlomidis L.f Lamiaceae Leaves Inhibits pancreatic amylase and lipase activity and thus delays
Garcinia cambogia Roxb (syn. for Garcinia cowa
Roxb.)
Rhamnus frangula L. (syn. for Frangula alnus Mill.) Rhamnaceae Bark “Vitalplant”
Mentha x piperita L. Lamiaceae Leaves
Carum carvi L. Apiaceae Fruits
Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss Apiaceae Fruits
Hypericum perforatum L. Hypericaceae Tea Lowers serum cholesterol, TAG, VLDL, LDL, increases HDL Akinseye [215]
Matricaria chamomilla Blanco Asteraceae
Morus alba L. Moraceae Root bark Suppresses appetite, decreases BW gain, calorie intake,
Magnolia ofcinalis Rehder & E.H.Wilson Magnoliaceae Stem bark
Rutaceae Peel Inhibits pancreatic lipase, suppresses visceral fat accumulation
Ilex paraguariensis A.St.-Hil. Aquafoliaceae Leaves
Citrus unshiu (Swingle) Marcow (syn. for Citrus
deliciosa Ten)
Diospyros kaki L.f. Ebenaceae Fruit
Poaceae Leaves Reduces serum lipid prole, glucose, leptin, and adiponectin
Phyllostachys Morus alba pubescens Mazel ex.
J.Houz. (Syn. for Phyllostachys edulis J.Houz.)
Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi Lamiaceae Roots
Phyllanthus emblica L. Phyllanthaceae Fruits Reduces BW, BMI, abdominal circumference, lipid prole Nimmi and George [219]
Curcuma longa L. Zingiberaceae Rhizome
Plumbago zeylanica L. Plumbaginaceae Roots
Macrotyloma uniorum (Lam.) Verdc. Fabaceae Seeds
Lauraceae Stem bark Reduces BW, has pyretic effect resulting in hypolipidemia and
Cissus quadrangularis L. Vitaceae Stem Reduces weight and serum cholesterol Talreja etal. [220]
Achyranthes aspera L. Amaranthaceae Seeds
Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (syn. for
Cinnamomum verum J.Presl)
Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. Rutaceae Leaves
BW body weight, BMI body mass index, TAG triacylglycerol, TC total cholesterol

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Kim etal. [205, 206]
Contribution to anti-obesity activity/mechanism of
action References
levels
Park etal. [224]
leptin and glucose levels
Han etal. [226]
Fabaceae Inhibits pancreatic lipase Kumar etal. [225]
Poudel etal. [228]
Park etal. [229]
intestinal absorption of dietary fat
modulates BW and fat accumulation
Euphorbiaceae Inhibits adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cells via AMPK
pathway activation
Hsu and Yen [230]
Tu and Tawata [231]
insulin, and leptin levels
Wang etal. [232]
Wang etal. [233]
Su etal. [234]
reduces TG content, and increases intracellular
cAMP and glycerol release
LDL-C, increases HDL-c
via reducing expression of C/EBP α and PPAR γ
Decreases serum glucose levels, regulates lipid
metabolism
Zheng etal. [237]
Zingiberaceae Inhibits pancreatic lipase and lipid accumulation,
Gwon etal. [240]
Han etal. [241]
metabolism, inhibits progression of nonalcoholic
fatty liver disease
Asteraceae Improves obesity-associated hyperlipidemia Lin etal. [239]
increases fatty acid oxidation
intestinal absorption of dietary fat
Boraginaceae Suppresses adipogenesis and lipogenesis,
Theaceae Inhibits pancreatic lipase and thus inhibits
Name of the compound Plant name Family name
Aloe vera polysaccharides Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. Asphodelaceae Alternative insulin sensitizer, lowers fasting BG
Anthocyanins Glycine max (L.) Merr. Fabaceae Reduces BW and food intake Badshah etal. [222]
Asperuloside – – Alters nutrient-sensing receptors Ishaq etal. [223]
Table 3 Compounds conrmed to have anti-obesity activity
Berberine – – Reduces BW, food intake, fat contents, serum
siamea (Lam.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Cassiamin A Cassia siamea Lam. (syn. for Senna
Chikusetsusaponins Panax japonicus (T.Nees) C.A.Mey Araliaceae Inhibits pancreatic lipase activity and thus delays
Crocin, crocetin, safranal Crocus sativus L. Iridaceae Anti-adipogenic Jafari etal. [227]
Dioscin – – Anti-adipogenic via AMPK/MAPK pathway,
L.
Euphorbiasteroid Euphorbia Panax japonicus lathyrus
Eurycomanone Eurycoma longifolia Jack Simaroubaceae Increases lipolysis Lahrita etal. [101]
Gallic acid – – Reduces serum phospholipid, TC, LDL-C,
R.M.Sm.
Zanthoxylum bungeanum maxim Rutaceae Decreases serum and liver levels of TC, TG,
Hispidin Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B.L.Burtt &
Hydroxy-α-sanshool
Myricetin – – Suppresses 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation
– – Inhibits 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation Hwang etal. [238]
Myricitrin-5-methyl ether Illicium verum Hook.f Schisandraceae Inhibits gastric lipase Kamoun etal. [235]
Quassinoids Brucea javanica Merr. Simaroubaceae Stimulates lipolysis Lahrita etal. [236]
Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides Polygonatum sibiricum Redoute Asparagaceae Decreases body mass, promotes hepatic lipid
Resveratrol derivative
(4[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)vinyl]pyridine
Scutellarein Erigeron breviscapus (Vaniot)
Hand.-Mazz.
& Zucc.
) Thea sinensis L. (syn. for Camellia
2
and E
1
Shikonin Lithospermum erythrorhizon Siebold.
Teasaponin (theasaponin E
sinensis (L.) Kuntze)
BW body weight, BG blood glucose, HDL-c HDL-cholesterol, LDL-C LDL-cholesterol, TC total cholesterol, TG triglycerides

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3 Challenges andFuture
Recommendation
Obesity is a signicant health problem that is not specic to
some countries; it threatens the world as a whole[242, 243].
Due to this fact, March 4 is known as the World Obesity Day
as an awareness precaution. According to 2022 data of
WHO, 1 billion people in the world are obese; 650 million
of them are adults, 340 million are adolescents, and 39 million are children. WHO also predicts that 167 million people
will be overweight or obese by the year 2025 (www.who.
int). According to the World Obesity Atlas 2022, the coun-
tries with highest percentages of obese adults by 2030 are
the Cook Islands, Nauru, and American Samoa, all having
the percentage of 67.4% followed by Palau with 66.4% and
Tuvalu with 64.1%. Countries with the lowest percentage
are Vietnam with 3.4% followed by Bangladesh with 5.8%
and Cambodia with 6.0% (www.worldobesity.org) [244].
Obesity rates continue to increase both in developed and
underdeveloped countries, and efcient measures have to be
taken. According to the WHO, approximately 80% of the
world’s population use traditional medicine for the treatment and prevention of diseases/disorders including both
developed and underdeveloped countries (www.who.int).
From these data, we can predict that medicinal plants, herbal
medicines, and plant products will continue to be used in the
near and far future for the treatment and prevention of various diseases and disorders and obesity will not be an
exception.
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